Why Performance-Based Financing in Chad Failed to Emerge on the National Policy Agenda.

Abstract-Supported by the World Bank (WB), Chad implemented a performance-based financing (PBF) scheme as a pilot, from October 2011 to May 2013. However, despite promising results and the government's stated commitment to ensure its continuation after the World Bank's departure, PBF failed to come onto the national policy agenda. This article aims to explain why this was the case, an especially interesting question given that several factors were favorable for project continuation. Data for this case study were collected through literature review and key informant interviews. We applied Kingdon's agenda setting theory to explain this failure. We found that though the potential of PBF to address challenges facing the Chadian health system was confirmed by internal and external evaluations of the pilot, it failed to move from the governmental agenda to the decision agenda. The main reason was a lack of dedicated policy entrepreneurs, resulting in a weak actual ownership of the policy by national authorities and key stakeholders. We tried to understand why such policy entrepreneurs failed to emerge.

Human and animal vaccination delivery to remote nomadic families, Chad.

Vaccination services for people and livestock often fail to achieve sufficient coverages in Africa's remote rural settings because of financial, logistic, and service delivery constraints. In Chad from 2000 through 2005, we demonstrated the feasibility of combining vaccination programs for nomadic pastoralists and their livestock. Sharing of transport logistics and equipment between physicians and veterinarians reduced total costs. Joint delivery of human and animal health services is adapted to and highly valued by hard-to-reach pastoralists. In intervention zones, for the first time approximately 10% of nomadic children (> 1-11 months of age) were fully immunized annually and more children and women were vaccinated per day during joint vaccination rounds than during vaccination of persons only and not their livestock (130 vs. 100, p < 0.001). By optimizing use of limited logistical and human resources, public health and veterinary services both become more effective, especially at the district level.