Associations Between Food Insufficiency and Health Conditions Among New York City Adults, 2017-2018.

Food insecurity, a critical social determinant of health, has been measured nationwide in the United States for years. This analysis focuses on food insufficiency, a more severe form of food insecurity, in New York City (NYC) and its association with self-reported physical and mental health conditions. Data from the 2017-2018 NYC Community Health Survey were used to estimate the prevalence of food insufficiency citywide, by neighborhood, and across selected socioeconomic characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the associations between food insufficiency and hypertension, diabetes obesity, and depression, adjusting for selected sociodemographic characteristics. Approximately 9.4% (95% CI:8.8-10.0%]) of adult New Yorkers aged 18 + reported food insufficiency, with neighborhood variation from 1.7% (95% CI:0.5-6.2%) to 19.4% (95% CI:14.2-25.8%). Food insufficiency was more prevalent among Latinos/as (16.9%, 95% CI:15.5-18.3%, p < 0.001), Black (10.1%, 95% CI:8.8-11.5%, p < 0.001) and Asian/Pacific Islanders (6.6%, 95% CI:5.4-8.1%, p = 0.002) compared to White New Yorkers (4.2%, 95% CI:3.5-5.1%). Prevalence of food insufficiency was higher among NYC adults with less than a high school education, (19.6%, 95% CI:17.7-21.6%), compared to college graduates (3.8%, 95% CI:3.2-4.4%, p < 0.001). In the adjusted logistic regression model, food insufficiency was associated with diabetes (OR = 1.36; 95% CI:1.12-1.65), hypertension (OR = 1.58; 95% CI:1.32-1.89]) and depression (OR = 2.98; 95% CI:2.45-3.59), but not with obesity (OR = 0.99; 95% CI:0.84-1.21). Our findings highlight food insufficiency at an important intersection of inequity and disease burden which is critical to informing public health interventions in the context of a large, densely populated metropolis like NYC.

Data on location and retail price of a standard food basket in supermarkets across New York City.

Previous work has suggested that the price of food sold at supermarkets may vary according to the socioeconomic characteristics of a neighborhood. Given the importance of food prices in securing access to food, understanding how food prices vary across neighborhoods is crucial to assessing affordability. To study food pricing in New York City (NYC) a defined standard food basket (SFB) was collected in supermarkets across NYC neighborhoods. A dataset was created that includes pricing data collected in-person for ten pre-determined food items from 163 supermarkets across 71 of the 181 NYC neighborhoods during March through August of 2019. Included in these data are raw and processed pricing data files that illustrate the complexity of standardizing pricing across items. An additional dataset includes neighborhood-level variables of selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics from the 2014-2018 American Community Survey that is publicly available via the Census API. The pricing data and the data on neighborhood-level characteristics were merged. Basic statistical measures suggest some distributional differences in the price of a SFB by socioeconomic differences between neighborhoods. This database can be used to describe spatial patterns in food pricing in a dense urban setting, while exploring pricing inequities across neighborhoods. In addition, by working with these data, researchers, policy analysts and educators will gain an understanding of the methodologies used to generate pricing data for an SFB.

Data for Equity: Creating an Antiracist, Intersectional Approach to Data in a Local Health Department.

OBJECTIVE: To develop recommendations to embed equity into data work at a local health department and a framework for antiracist data praxis. DESIGN: A working group comprised staff from across the agency whose positions involved data collection, analysis, interpretation, or communication met during April-July 2018 to identify and discuss successes and challenges experienced by staff and to generate recommendations for achieving equitable data practices. SETTING: Local health department in New York City. RESULTS: The recommendations encompassed 6 themes: strengthening analytic skills, communication and interpretation, data collection and aggregation, community engagement, infrastructure and capacity building, and leadership and innovation. Specific projects are underway or have been completed. CONCLUSIONS: Improving equity in data requires changes to data processes and commitment to racial and intersectional justice and process change at all levels of the organization and across job functions. We developed a collaborative model for how a local health department can reform data work to embed an equity lens. This framework serves as a model for jurisdictions to build upon in their own efforts to promote equitable health outcomes and become antiracist organizations.

Associations between Experiences of Police Contact and Discrimination by the Police and Courts and Health Outcomes in a Representative Sample of Adults in New York City.

Communities marginalized because of racism, heterosexism, and other systems of oppression have a history of being aggressively policed, and in those contexts, researchers have observed associations between a range of negative experiences with police and poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. However, past studies have been limited in that experiences of police contacts were aggregated at the neighborhood level and, if police contacts were self-reported, the sample was not representative. To address these limitations, we employed NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 2017 Social Determinants of Health Survey (n = 2335) data to examine the associations of self-reported police contacts and discrimination by police and the courts with measures of physical (poor physical health), mental (poor mental health, serious psychological distress), and behavioral health (binge drinking). Residents marginalized because of racial, ethnic, and sexual minority status were more likely to be stopped, searched, or questioned by the police; threatened or abused by the police; and discriminated against by the police or in the courts; those experiences were associated with poor physical, mental, and behavioral health outcomes. The associations between experiences with police and poor health outcomes were strongest among Black residents and residents aged 25-44. Our findings suggest that the health of NYC residents who have had exposure to police and experienced discrimination by the police and courts is poorer than those who have not, and build on a growing body of evidence that aggressive policing practices have implications for public health.

Conflicto empleo-familia y autopercepción de la salud desde una perspectiva de género / Employment-family conflict and self-perception of health from a gender perspective

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las desigualdades de género en la relación del conflicto empleo familia (CEF) con el estado de salud de la población trabajadora de Quito y Guayaquil. Se trata de un estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de la población trabajadora no agrícola, con edad igual o mayor a 18 años y afiliada a la seguridad social, que fue entrevistada entre 2016-2017 en la I Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo de Quito y Guayaquil (n=1729). Se emplearon modelos de regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta, separados por sexo, para calcular las razones de prevalencia ajustadas de seis indicadores de salud. En ambos sexos, el CEF se asoció con mala salud autopercibida, mala salud mental, dolor o molestias de cabeza y de espalda, aunque la magnitud de asociación fue mayor en las mujeres. Además, en las mujeres el CEF se asoció con problemas digestivos (RPa=1,65; IC 95%: 1,17-2,34). En ninguno de los dos sexos se observó asociación entre el CEF y los accidentes de trabajo. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que el CEF se asocia con malas condiciones de salud en la población trabajadora, particularmente en las mujeres. Las políticas públicas e intervenciones en los centros de trabajo dirigidas a alcanzar un equilibrio entre el empleo y la vida familiar desde una perspectiva de género podrían resultar en una reducción en los daños a la salud y en las desigualdades de género en salud.

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze gender inequalities in the relationship between employment-family conflict (EFC) and health status in the working population of Quito and Guayaquil. This is a cross-sectional study of non-agricultural employees, aged 18 or older and covered by social security, who were interviewed between 2016-2017 in the First Survey of Safety Conditions and Health at Work of Quito and Guayaquil (n = 1729). Poisson regression models with robust variance separated by sex were used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios for six health indicators. In both sexes, EFC was associated with poor self-perceived health, poor mental health, and head or back pain or discomfort, although the magnitude of the association was greater in women. Furthermore, EFC was associated with digestive problems only in women (aPR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.17-2.34). In neither sex was there an association between EFC and occupational accidents. The results of this study show that EFC is associated with poor health conditions in the working population, particularly among women. Public policies and workplace interventions aimed at achieving a balance between employment and family life from a gender perspective could help reduce impairments to health and gender inequalities in health.

Valoración optométrica y socioeconómica de personas asociadas a Corpocima de la localidad de Bosa / Optometric and socio-economic assessment of people associated

Introducción: este proyecto de investigación se inició en el 2008 y culminó en el 2010. Fue realizado por un grupo interdisciplinario conformado por profesionales del área de economía, trabajo social, psicología y optometría. Objetivo: potenciar capacidades y empoderamiento de hombres y mujeres con discapacidad visual con miras al fortalecimiento de la gobernabilidad democrática, la incidencia en las políticas públicas, consecución del desarrollo humano y desarrollo de circuitos económicos en la localidad de Bosa. Desde el punto de vista de la optometría, el objetivo específico fue generar alternativas desde la perspectiva del desarrollo humano sustentable, mediante la valoración del estado visual y el diagnóstico de personas con discapacidad visual. Metodología: se realizó una valoración visual completa que incluyó: agudeza visual, pentacam, sensibilidad al contraste, cámara retinal y refracción a 48 pacientes, en dos jornadas en la Universidad de La Salle. Resultados: se encontró un porcentaje del 8,33% de personas ciegas, frente a un 25% de personas con limitación visual o baja visión, lo que permite el conocimiento real del problemaque representa cualquier tipo de limitación, cuya consecuencia es el aumento de personas no activas laboral, económica y socialmente, ocasionando un problema serio de salud pública.

Introducción: este proyecto de investigación se inició en el 2008 y culminó en el 2010. Fue realizadopor un grupo interdisciplinario conformado por profesionales del área de economía, trabajo social, psicología y optometría. Objetivo: potenciar capacidades y empoderamiento de hombres ymujeres con discapacidad visual con miras al fortalecimiento de la gobernabilidad democrática, la incidencia en las políticas públicas, consecución del desarrollo humano y desarrollo de circuitos económicos en la localidad de Bosa. Desde el punto de vista de la optometría, el objetivo específico fue generar alternativas desde la perspectiva del desarrollo humano sustentable, mediante la valoración del estado visual y el diagnóstico de personas con discapacidad visual. Metodología: se realizó una valoración visual completa que incluyó: agudeza visual, pentacam, sensibilidad al contraste, cámara retinal y refracción a 48 pacientes, en dos jornadas en la Universidad de La Salle. Resultados: se encontró un porcentaje del 8,33% de personas ciegas, frente a un 25% de personas con limitación visual o baja visión, lo que permite el conocimiento real del problemaque representa cualquier tipo de limitación, cuya consecuencia es el aumento de personas no activas laboral, económica y socialmente, ocasionando un problema serio de salud pública.

Introduction: This research project began in 2008 and culminated in 2010. It was carried out by an interdisciplinary group made of professionals in the areas of economics, social work, psychology and optometry. Objective: To improve the skills and empowerment of men and women with vision impairment, aiming to strengthen democratic governance, incidence in public policies,attainment of human development and development of economic circuits in the Bosa locality.From the point of view of optometry, the specific purpose was to generate alternatives from aperspective of sustainable human development through the assessment of visual condition and the diagnosis of people with vision impairment. Methodology: A complete visual assessment was made that included: visual acuity, pentacam, contrast sensitivity, retinal camera and refraction to 48 patients during two days at La Salle University. Results: A percentage of 8.33% of blind people was found, next to a 25% of people with visual limitation or low vision. This makes it possible to get a real knowledge of the problem represented by any type of limitation, the consequence of which is a higher number of non-active people in the work market, as well as in the economic and social world, thus generating a serious public health problem.

Self-rated general and oral health in New York City adults: assessing the effect of individual and neighborhood social factors.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the independent and joint effects of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on self-rated general and oral health before and after controlling for selected characteristics in adults aged 18 years and older in New York City. METHODS: Data for 1168 individuals who participated in the 2004 Social Indicators Survey were linked to neighborhood data from the 2000 US Census. Log-binomial regression models fitted using generalized estimating equations were used to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). sudaan was used to accommodate the complex sampling design of the survey and the intra-neighborhood correlation of outcomes of individuals residing within the same neighborhoods. RESULTS: After adjusting for selected characteristics, survey participants with 12 years of education or less were almost twice more likely to rate their general health as fair/poor than counterparts with more than 12 years of education [PRs 1.86 (95%CI: 1.16, 3.00) and 1.82 (95%CI: 1.18, 2.82)]. Participants earning <$20,000 (PR: 2.29; 95%CI: 1.23, 4.29) or between $20,000 to $39,999 yearly (PR: 2.24; 95%CI: 1.11, 4.53) were more than twice as likely to rate their general health as fair/poor compared to their counterparts earning over $40,000 yearly. When compared to participants with more than 12 years of education and those reporting an annual income ≥$40,000, the probability of rating oral health as fair/poor was at least 50% greater in participants with <12 years of education (PR: 1.58; 95%CI: 1.11, 2.26) and in participants earning an annual income of <$20,000 (PR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.10, 2.19). No association was found between neighborhood characteristics for either self-rated general or oral health. CONCLUSIONS: Individual socioeconomic characteristics may be important for both self-rated general and oral health by affecting individuals' behaviors and access to resources.

Racial/ethnic disparities in obesity among US-born and foreign-born adults by sex and education.

This study examines sex and education variations in obesity among US- and foreign-born whites, blacks, and Hispanics utilizing 1997-2005 data from the National Health Interview Survey on 267,585 adults aged > or =18 years. After adjusting for various demographic, health, and socioeconomic factors via logistic regression, foreign-born black men had the lowest odds for obesity relative to US-born white men. The largest racial/ethnic disparity in obesity was between US-born black and white women. High educational attainment diminished the US-born black-white and Hispanic-white disparities among women, increased these disparities among men, and had minimal effect on foreign-born Hispanic-white disparities among women and men. Comprehension of these relationships is vital for conducting effective obesity research and interventions within an increasingly diverse United States.