Perspectives of economic losses due to condemnation of cattle and buffalo carcasses in the northern region of Brazil.

The work aims to study the economical losses of the condemnation of bovine and buffalo carcasses, in order to estimate the losses in animals slaughtered in Santarém-Pará, Brazil, between 2016 and 2018, with data obtained from the Municipal Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. Sex, age, origin, total number of animals slaughtered and causes of condemnation of carcasses were considered. All analyzes were performed in RStudio version 1.1.463. In this study, 71,277 bovine carcasses and 2,016 buffalo carcasses were inspected, of which 300 bovine and 71 buffalo were condemned. The highest prevalence of causes of condemnation in cattle was recorded for brucellosis (0.0020%) and tuberculosis (0.0019%). In buffaloes, tuberculosis (0.0307%) peritonitis (0,0019%) were the main causes of condemnations. Economical losses were more evident in females, for both species. The projection of economical losses related to the condemnation of carcasses showed a sharp growth for the next three years, if the average growth remains constant. The biggest projected loss was for bovine females, with an accumulated projection of $ 5,451.44. The smallest estimated loss was for buffalo males, projected at more than thirty-two thousand reais. The most important causes of condemnation report the diseases brucellosis and tuberculosis, as the ones with the greatest impact. In the buffalo species this was even more accentuated, even though the number of buffaloes slaughtered is more than 35 times smaller than the number of cattle.

Episodic Cancer Pain: Patient Reporting, Prevalence, and Clinicodemographic Associations at Initial Cancer Pain Clinic Assessment.

Background: Better understanding of the episodic cancer pain (CP) spectrum, including pains that occur in addition to its conventionally defined breakthrough CP (BTcP) and incident CP (IcP) components, may inform CP assessment and management. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of episodic patient-reported CP and the prevalence and associations of study-defined BTcP (S-BTcP) and IcP (S-IcP) in patients with CP. Methods: In a cross-sectional study at their first CP clinic attendance, participants with CP had the following assessments: Brief Pain Inventory (BPI); Pain Management Index (PMI), with PMI-negative status indicating undertreatment; standardized neuropathic pain component (NPC) status; S-BTcP (no trigger identified) and S-IcP (trigger identified) status, based on a preceding 7-day history of transitory pain flares distinct from background pain, and BPI-Worst or BPI-Now pain intensity ≥ 4. Clinicodemographic variables' association with S-BTcP and S-IcP was examined in logistic regression analyses. Results: Of 371 participants, 308 (83%) had episodic CP by history alone; 140 (37.7%) and 181 (48.8%) had S-BTcP and S-IcP, respectively. Multivariable analyses demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) associations (odds ratios: 95% CIs) for 6 variables with S-BTcP: head and neck pain location (2.53; 1.20-5.37), NPC (2.39; 1.34-4.26), BPI average pain (1.64; 1.36-1.99), abdominal pain (0.324; 0.120-0.873), S-IcP (0.207; 0.116-0.369), and PMI-negative status (0.443; 0.213-0.918). Similar independent associations (p < 0.05) occurred for S-IcP with NPC, BPI average pain, and PMI-negative status, in addition to radiotherapy, S-BTcP, soft tissue pain, and sleep interference. Conclusions: Episodic or transient patient-reported CP flares often do not meet the more conventional criteria that define BTcP and IcP, the principal episodic CP types. Both BTcP and IcP occur frequently and both are associated with a NPC, higher pain intensity, and less opioid underuse in the management of CP. Further studies are warranted to both better understand the complex presentations of episodic CP and inform its classification.

Assessment of Collateral Circulation Using Perfusion CT in Middle Cerebral Artery Thrombectomy-Treated Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The prognostic value of leptomeningeal collateral circulation in thrombectomy-treated patients remains unclear. We evaluated the construct validity of assessing leptomeningeal collateral circulation using a new regional perfusion CT source image-based approach, the Perfusion Acquisition for THrombectomy Scale (PATHS). We also compared the prognostic value of PATHS with a further 6 scales based on various techniques: CT-angiography, perfusion CT, and digital subtraction angiography. Additionally, we studied the relationship between the scores for the different scales. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of consecutive patients with stroke and M1/terminal carotid occlusion treated with thrombectomy in our center. Leptomeningeal collateral circulation was prospectively evaluated using 7 scales: Tan and Miteff (CT Angiography); Calleja, Cao, American Society of Intervention and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology, and PATHS (perfusion); and Christoforidis (Digital Subtraction Angiography). Correlations were studied using the Spearman method. RESULTS: The study population comprised 108 patients. All scales predicted the modified Rankin Scale at 3 months (P ≤ .02) and all but 1 (Christoforidis) correlated with 24-hour brain infarct volume (P ≤ .02). These correlations were higher with PATHS (rho = -0.47, P < .001 for 3-month modified Rankin Scale; rho = -0.35, P < .001 for follow-up infarct volume). The multivariate analysis showed PATHS to be an independent predictor of modified Rankin Scale at 3 months less than equal to 2. A crosscorrelation analysis revealed a better correlation between scales that used the same techniques. CONCLUSIONS: PATHS can be used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation. PATHS had better prognostic value than other scales; therefore, it might be considered for assessment of leptomeningeal collateral circulation in candidates for thrombectomy. The moderate correlation between scales suggests that scores are not interchangeable.

Caregiving and bereavement in palliative care: A cross-cultural study between Brazil and Portugal.

Caregiving and bereavement outcomes are strongly influenced by socio-cultural context. Past research has found higher levels of caregiver burden and psychological morbidity in Portuguese compared to Brazilian caregivers. This study compared Brazilian and Portuguese family caregivers in palliative care to identify differences in psychological morbidity and caregiver burden and their relationship with psychosocial factors such as sociodemographic variables, circumstances of end-of-life care and dying, social support, family functioning, and perception of quality of care. Prospective data were collected from convenience samples of family caregivers in Brazil (T0 n = 60; T1 n = 35) and Portugal (T0 n = 75; T1 n = 29) at two separate time points-during caregiving (T0), and during the first two months of bereavement (T1). The study samples consisted mostly of women, offspring, and spouses. In both countries, family caregivers devoted most of their day to taking care of their sick relatives and reported a lack of practical support. Portuguese caregivers had higher levels of burden than Brazilian caregivers, and in both populations a greater burden was associated with more psychopathological symptoms. Higher caregiver burden among Portuguese caregivers was associated with the circumstances of death and the perceived lack of emotional support. Among Portuguese caregivers, symptomatology persisted during bereavement, reaching significantly higher levels of anxiety, somatization, and peritraumatic symptoms compared to the Brazilian sample. These results show differences between family caregiver samples in Portugal and Brazil during the bereavement process. Understanding the underlying cultural patterns and mechanisms requires future research.

How much does it cost to save a species from extinction? Costs and rewards of conserving the Lear's macaw.

Although the limited resources available to save species from extinction necessitate the optimization of conservation actions, little is known about their costs and effectiveness. We developed a costs-rewards framework that integrates information on which sectors of society contribute to funding conservation, how much is contributed, how funds are distributed among conservation targets and how these investments drive not only conservation rewards but also the economic and ecosystem services that benefit society. We applied this framework to the Lear's macaw (Anodorhynchus leari), a species discovered in the wild in 1978 with only 60 individuals. Funds invested over the last 25 years reached US$3.66 million. The contribution of governments, non-governmental organizations and private funders varied over time, as did the funding targets. Funds were proportionally invested to mitigate the main causes of mortality, while no funds were devoted to protecting foraging habitats. Conservation rewards were satisfactory, with the cost and time needed to downlist the species from critically endangered to endangered being similar to those invested in other bird species. However, economic rewards (through ecotourism and handicrafts linked to the conservation of the species) were low and require promotion, while ecosystem services provided by Lear's macaws have yet to be quantified.

[Circumstances and consequences of care: characterization of the family caregiver in palliative care]. / Circunstâncias e consequências do cuidar: caracterização do cuidador familiar em cuidados paliativos.

Family caregivers play an important role in advanced disease patient care. The goal of this study was to characterize the family caregiver in palliative care, evaluating the circumstances and consequences of care and preparation for the loss of the loved one. This is a quantitative, prospective and longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 60 family caregivers, mostly women, married with an average age of 44.53 years. Most caregivers cohabit with the patient, and they spend the greater part of their day caring for the patient and a significant part quit their jobs or reduce working hours to be with the patient. The highest burden caregivers also showed higher levels of anxiety, depression, somatization and less social support. The most dysfunctional family caregivers reported little social support and those caregivers who were less prepared for the death of the patient showed more symptoms of peritraumatic dissociative experience. Most caregivers were aware of the severity of the illness of their family member and the proximity of death, and considered that the patient was very well taken care of in the palliative care service.

Circunstâncias e consequências do cuidar: caracterização do cuidador familiar em cuidados paliativos / Circumstances and consequences of care: characterization of the family caregiver in palliative care

Resumo Os cuidadores familiares desempenham um importante papel ao cuidar de um paciente em situação de doença avançada. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o cuidador familiar de cuidados paliativos, avaliando as circunstâncias e as consequências da prestação de cuidados e a preparação para a perda do ente querido. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, prospectivo e longitudinal. A amostra foi constituída por 60 cuidadores familiares, maioritariamente mulheres, casadas, com idade média de 44,53 anos. A maioria dos cuidadores coabita com o paciente, dedica a maior parte do seu dia aos cuidados ao doente e uma parcela significativa deixou de trabalhar ou reduziu as horas de trabalho para poder acompanhar o paciente. Os cuidadores mais sobrecarregados apresentaram maiores níveis de ansiedade, depressão, somatização e menos apoio social. As familiares mais disfuncionais referiram pouco apoio social e os familiares que estavam menos preparados para a morte do paciente apresentaram mais sintomas de experiência dissociativa peritraumática. A maioria dos cuidadores tinha conhecimento sobre a gravidade da doença do seu familiar e a proximidade da morte, e consideraram que o paciente foi muito bem cuidado no serviço de cuidados paliativos.

Abstract Family caregivers play an important role in advanced disease patient care. The goal of this study was to characterize the family caregiver in palliative care, evaluating the circumstances and consequences of care and preparation for the loss of the loved one. This is a quantitative, prospective and longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 60 family caregivers, mostly women, married with an average age of 44.53 years. Most caregivers cohabit with the patient, and they spend the greater part of their day caring for the patient and a significant part quit their jobs or reduce working hours to be with the patient. The highest burden caregivers also showed higher levels of anxiety, depression, somatization and less social support. The most dysfunctional family caregivers reported little social support and those caregivers who were less prepared for the death of the patient showed more symptoms of peritraumatic dissociative experience. Most caregivers were aware of the severity of the illness of their family member and the proximity of death, and considered that the patient was very well taken care of in the palliative care service.

Caregiver anticipatory grief: phenomenology, assessment and clinical interventions.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to synthesize recent findings on anticipatory grief in caregivers, referring to its phenomenology, assessment and clinical interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent literature illustrates the wide scope of the current use of the term anticipatory grief, reflecting caregivers' experiences in different end-of-life trajectories. The anticipation of death is the distinctive aspect of anticipatory grief in the predeath grief continuum, encompassing several progressive losses, past and future. Recently developed assessment instruments capture key aspects of this experience, such as separation anxiety, anticipation of death and future absence of the person, denial and relational losses. Recent findings on prevalence of clinically significant predeath symptoms in caregivers range from 12.5 to 38.5%. Beyond personal and relational factors, difficult circumstances of end-of-life care significantly interfere in adjustment to anticipatory grief. Useful therapeutic interventions were identified, such as validation of grief feelings, increased coping and self-care, anticipation of future losses and reframing roles. However, rigorous interventional studies are needed to create guidelines and the manualization of specific therapeutic approaches to caregiver anticipatory grief. SUMMARY: Findings suggest that anticipatory grief dynamics in different end-of-life trajectories should be recognized and adequately assessed. Clinical interventions considered useful to support anticipatory grief caregivers are presented, but further research is needed to verify effectiveness.

Adaptação e validação brasileira do instrumento de avaliação do luto prolongado: PG-13 / Adaptation and validation for the brazilian population to assessment instrument prolonged grief disorder: PG-13 / Adaptación y validación para la población brasileña la herramienta de evaluación de duelo prolongado: PG-13

O luto pode ser definido como um conjunto de reações emocionais, físicas, comportamentais e sociais que surgem como resposta a uma perda significativa. O objetivo do estudo foi traduzir, adaptar e validar para a população brasileira o instrumento de avaliação do luto prolongado PG-13. A amostra foi constituída por 115 familiares enlutados que preencheram um questionário on-line. Desses familiares, 76,5% eram do sexo feminino, 50,4% casados, idade média de 41,32 anos, e com tempo médio de luto de 29,29 meses. A incidência de luto prolongado foi de 10,43%. Todos os itens do modelo reestruturado do PG-13 apresentaram pesos fatoriais superiores a 0,5, eram estatisticamente significativos e com confiabilidades individuais adequadas. A consistência interna foi de 0,940 e a validade convergente avaliada pela VEM foi de 0,593. É possível concluir que o PG-13 apresenta confiabilidade individual, de construto e validade convergente, podendo assim contribuir para o diagnóstico do luto prolongado.

Grief may be defined as a set of emotional, physical, behavioral, and social reactions that appear in response to a significant loss. The study aims at translating, adapting and validating, for the Brazilian population, the assessment tool of prolonged grief PG-13. The sample consisted of 115 bereaved family members who completed a questionnaire online. Of these families, 76,5% were female, 50,4% were married, mean age of 41,32 years and a mean time of grief 29,29 months. The incidence of prolonged grief was 10,43%. All items on the restructured model PG-13 showed higher factor weights 0,5, they were statistically significant and had appropriate individual reliabilities. The Cronbach's alpha was 0,940 and the convergent validity assessed by VEM was 0,593. Therefore, we conclude that the PG-13 has individual and construct reliability and convergent validity that could also contribute to the diagnosis of prolonged grief.

El duelo puede ser definido como un conjunto de reacciones emocionales, físicas, conductuales y sociales que surgen en respuesta a una pérdida significativa. El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir, adaptar y validar para la población brasileña la herramienta de evaluación de duelo prolongado PG-13. La muestra está formada por 115 familiares en duelo que han cumplimentado el cuestionario en línea. De estas familias, el 76,5% eran mujeres, el 50,4% estaban casadas, la edad media de 41,32 años y con una media de 29,29 meses de duelo. La incidencia de duelo prolongado fue 10,43%. Todos los elementos del modelo reestructurado PG-13 mostraron pesos factoriales superiores 0.5, fueron estadísticamente significativos y con fiabilidades individuales adecuados. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,940 y la validez convergente evaluado por VEM fue 0,593. Se concluyó que PG-13 tiene fiabilidad individual, de constructo y validez convergente, que contribuyen al diagnóstico de duelo prolongado.

Desafios na organização de parcerias público-privadas em saúde no Brasil: análise de projetos estruturados entre janeiro de 2010 e março de 2014 / Challenges in the organization of health public-private partnerships in Brazil: analysis of projects designed between January 2010 and March 2014

A saúde é um dos setores de serviços que sofrem intensa pressão de demanda. As estruturas disponíveis no SUS e sua insuficiente capacidade de investimento têm comprometido a atenção prestada. A estruturação de PPP apresenta-se como abordagem alternativa para reduzir déficit de serviços. O estudo, baseado em metodologia analítica com o uso da tríade tese-antítese-síntese, observou a implantação de 24 PPP no Brasil com a análise de seus perfis, fatores críticos, limitações e tendências, levando em consideração a observância dos critérios técnicos dos processos, a existência de estudos epidemiológicos que os justificassem, o cumprimento das etapas legais e a participação do setor saúde e instâncias jurídicas. Conclui-se que existem quatro grupos de projetos com diferentes características de implantação e sugerem-se medidas de solução das situações que garantam a isonomia contratual.

La salud es uno de los sectores de servicios que sufren una fuerte presión de la demanda. Las estructuras disponibles en el SNS y su insuficiente capacidad de inversión han comprometido la atención recibida. La estructuración de las APP se presenta como un enfoque alternativo para reducir el déficit em los servicios. El estudio, basado en la metodología analítica utilizando la tesis-antítesis-síntesis tríada, observó la aplicación de 24 APP en Brasil con el análisis de sus perfiles, los factores críticos, limitaciones y tendencias. Se concluye que hay 4 grupos de proyectos con diferentes modelos de aplicación y las medidas que sugieren soluciones a las situaciones que aseguren la igualdad contractual.

Health Care is one of the service sectors that suffers intense demand pressure. The structures available in Brazilian Health Unified System (SUS) and its insufficient investment capacity have compromised the care provided. The structuring of PPP is presented as an alternative approach to reduce the service deficit. The study, based on analytical methodology using the triad thesis-antithesis-synthesis, observed the implementation of 24 PPP in Brazilian hospitals with analysis of their profiles, critical factors, limitations and trends. It was taken into consideration the observation of the processes’ technical criteria, the existence of epidemiological studies that justified them, the accomplishment of legal steps and the participation of the health sector and legal bodies. In conclusion, there are 4 groups of projects with different implementation characteristics and solution measures are suggested to the situations that ensure contractual equality.

Ovarian reserve assessment for infertility investigation.

The current trends to postpone motherhood and the increase in demand for assistance in reproductive medicine highlight the need for seeking guidelines for the establishment of individualized treatment protocols. Currently available ovarian reserve tests do not provide sufficient evidence to be solely considered ideal, but they may occupy important place in initial counseling, predicting unsatisfactory results that could be improved by individualized induction schemes and reducing excessive psychological and financial burdens, and adverse effects. In this paper, we revise the role of hormonal basal and dynamic tests, as well as ultrasonographic markers, as ovarian reserve markers, in order to provide embasement for propaedeutic strategies and their interpretation in order to have reproductive success.

Relational ethics and psychosomatic assessment.

The main ethical perspective in the clinical relationship takes into consideration the vulnerability of the clinical condition before threats and risks that can undermine the integrity and dignity of the person. Psychosomatic medicine faces complex cases whose ethical problems cannot only be solved by applying top-down deontological or utilitarian approaches, principlism, which is limited mainly to easing ethical tensions, or a bottom-up approach, the casuistic model, case-based reasoning. In introducing vulnerability as the core of ethical questioning as a principle ontological priority over other principles, relational ethics refers to the appreciation of the responsibility of health professionals through which a health care professional and the patient 'together' can construct more reasonable and prudential courses of action with, for, and by the patient. The model of relational ethics is based on three main aspects, clinically integrated approach, science/philosophy partnership, and deliberative process, that when taken together, form an intermediate model that ensures prudent and reasonable decision-making. The three structural elements and characteristics of relational ethics create and maintain a responsible relationship between the professional and the patient being aware that the mutual vulnerability of health professional and the patient has a moral value and recognizing that their relationship will allow for personal development of each. I conceptualized the model of relational ethics as one that embraces the meta-ethical principles of vulnerability, dignity, responsibility, and respect for autonomy as they are considered by many international declarations or conventions. This model integrates three key polarities: ensure conditions of authenticity, facilitate a process of cooperative mutuality, and promote opportunities for growth and development. Relational ethics can be used to solve major ethical problems in psychosomatic medicine, capacity , informed consent, and confidentiality.

[Depression in palliative care: prevalence and assessment]. / Depressão em cuidados paliativos: prevalência e avaliação.

Depression is the most common mental health problem in palliative care, yet it's widely misunderstood, underdiagnosed, undertreated and considered a complex medical task. Psychological distress is a major cause of suffering among patients and families and it's highly correlated with reduced quality of life and amplification of pain. Terminally-ill individuals who suffer from depression are also at high risk of suicide and desire for a hastened death. Every patient receiving palliative care should receive a complete personal and familial psychiatric history, with risk factors, as well as the typical signs and symptoms in the terminal disease. There are two different approaches to assess depression in palliative care: Categorial vs Dimensional The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is the most used assessment method for depression in advanced disease and it's validated to the Portuguese population. HADS overcomes the biggest problem when evaluating depression in the terminally-ill: the influence of somatic symptoms due to the underlying disease on the results of the depression scales. In this article we revise other approaches for the assessment of depression in advanced disease: single question vs two-item question; structured clinical interview and diagnostic criteria. Clinicians who care for terminally-ill patients must develop competences on the psychological area, developing state-of-the-art clinical skills that provide quality of life and comfort to patients and their families.

Clinical evaluation of the use of three anesthetics in endodontics.

This study compared three anesthetics widely used in endodontics and analyzed the following variables: amount necessary to achieve adequate anesthesia; anesthetic efficacy, defined as no sensation during endodontic treatment; anesthetic duration; and cost-benefit. Sixty patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular molar were selected at the Dental Emergency Center of Universidade de Fortaleza, Brazil. Patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20 and were administered one of three anesthetic solutions for conventional regional block: 2% lidocaine with 1:2500 phenylephrine; 2% mepivacaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The following variables were studied: number of cartridges necessary to obtain anesthetic success; anesthetic efficacy, defined as no sensation during endodontic procedures; anesthetic duration; cost-benefit ratio for each anesthetic. Mean number of cartridges necessary to obtain anesthetic success was 2.76, and there was no statistically significant difference between the anesthetics used. Lidocaine had the best cost-benefit ratio. All anesthetics used were clinically efficient and had equivalent results for endodontic treatment.

Avaliação radiográfica de lesões periapicais / Periapical lesions radiographic assessment

Objetivo: Avaliar a concordância substancial inter-observadores e intra-observador na interpretação de radiografias periapicais de controle de tratamento endodôntico, analisando-se a evolução de lesões periapicais. Material e Métodos: O material consistiu de 40 radiografias periapicais (radiografia do pós-operatório imediato e radiografia de controle) de 20 tratamentos endodônticos realizados na Universidade de Pernambuco. Seis alunos do Curso de Especialização em Endodontia foram questionados para avaliar as radiografias dos 20 dentes e para responder um questionário com relação aos referidos casos. O mesmo procedimento foi repetido após uma semana com as mesmas radiografias, de forma aleatória, sem obedecer a mesma ordem, com o objetivo de verificar a variabilidade intra-examinador. A análise das radiografias foi realizada em condições padronizadas e próprias para sua devida interpretação. Resultados: Na primeira avaliação registrou-se um percentual de 50,3 por cento de coincidências entre os examinadores e na segunda avaliação de 49,7 por cento. Quando analisada a concordância intra-examinador, observou-se uma média de 55 por cento, o que equivale a um coeficiente Kappa 0,40 (regular). Conclusão: A pouca experiência profissional dos examinadores determinou uma pequena concordância intra-examinador e inter-examinador

O processo de distritalizaçäo e a utilizaçäo dos serviços de saúde - avaliaçäo do caso de Pau de Lina, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / District allocation and utilization of health care services in Pau da Lima, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Estudo transversal de utilizaçäo de serviços de saúde no distrito sanitário de Pau de Lima, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, em 1992, a partir do inquérito domiciliar com recurso à técnica de amostragem por conglomerados. Entre as 1887 pessoas moradoras dos 384 domicílios visitados, 236 haviam utilizado serviços de saúde nos útlimos 30 dias, correspondendo à taxa global de utilizaçäo de 12,5 por cento. Os serviços públicos do distrito foram responsáveis por 25,9 por cento do total dos atendimentos, tendo ocorrido maior utilizaçäo na faixa etária entre 15 e 29 anos (29,8 por cento) e no sexo feminino (73,7 por cento). A escolha do tipo de serviço foi influenciada principalmente por razoes relacionadas com a acessibilidade (63,7 por cento). A procura dos serviços decorreu sobretudo de motivos relacionados com a ocorrência de doença e com a busca de serviços curativos (75,7 por cento). Esses achados revelam incipiência no processo de distritalizaçäo, expresso tanto em insuficiências quantitativas relacionadas com a acobertura assistencial e a oferta de serviços, quanto em problemas organizacionais que fazem com que a produçäo ainda näo utilize preferencialmente os serviços do Distrito. Discutem estes resultados no atual contexto de expsansäo do setor privado e de colapso de financiamento setorial.

Qualidade em serviços de saúde: análise dos instrumentos utilizados na promoçäo e garantia da qualidade na prestaçäo de serviços hospitalares em um hospital geral de grande porte no município de Säo Paulo / Quality in health services: analysis of the instruments utilized in quality promotion and guarantee of hospitalar services delivery in a large capacity general hospital of Säo Paulo city

Trata dos programas de garantia da qualidade desenvolvidos no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Aborda os modelos implantados no laboratório clínico, nas unidades de terapia intensiva, nas clínicas médico-cirúrgicas com o controle de infecçöes hospitalares, no departamento de enfermagem, no seviço de atendimento aos clientes e os círculos de controle de qualidade. Apresenta as metodologias utilizadas em cada modelo, bem como critica aspectos dos mesmos. Demonstra experiências administrativas com o seu uso. Apresenta proposta de reformulaçäo tendo em vista o gerenciamento total da qualidade

Tratamento da peritonite em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (CAPD): reduçäo do custo com sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim / Treatment of peritonitis in continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): cost reduction with sulfametoxazole-trimethoprim

Dezesseis pacientes acometidos de peritonite durante a diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (CAPD) foram tratados com sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim (SMT) intraperitoneal. Nos 28 episódios de peritonite observados, 19(67,8%) foram causados por Staphylococcus aureus, três por Staphylococcus epidermitis (10,7%), em três episódios a cultura foi negativa (10,7%) e um episódio foi causado por E. coli. Nas 25 culturas positivas, obteve-se antibiograma em 17, sendo o S. aureus sensível à SMT em 14 ocasiöes (100%) e nas três infecçöes por S. epidermidis a sensibilidade a SMT ocorreu em duas ocasiöes (70%). todos os pacientes, com exceçäo de três, apresentaram melhora clínica em 48 horas. O custo do tratamento com SMT foi inferior a 10% do custo do tratamento clássico (cefalosporina + aminoglicosídio). Conclui-se que a SMT como droga de primeira escolha na peritonite da CAPD é uma alternativa eficaz e econômica