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1.
Psychiatr Serv ; 75(8): 740-747, 2024 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38595118

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Churches in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods serve as safe havens in many Black communities. Churches provide faith and charitable services but often have limited resources to address the mental health needs of their communities. This article reports on a collaborative effort, driven by members of a Black church, to understand mental health needs, coping strategies, and resilience factors in a community of socioeconomically disadvantaged Black Americans. METHODS: A community-based participatory research effort was established among a church, a community mental health organization, clinicians, and researchers to interview and survey individuals residing near the church. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 59 adults, most of whom were ages 46-65 years, men (N=34, 58%), and unemployed (N=46, 78%). Mean scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (9.2±7.7) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (9.4±6.7) were almost three times higher than those reported by studies of other Black populations in the United States. Five themes emerged: prolonged poverty and daily exposure to violence trigger emotional distress, mental health stigma affects help seeking, spirituality promotes mental relief and personal recovery, spirituality helps in coping with poverty and unsafe neighborhoods, and church-based programs are needed. CONCLUSIONS: Uptake of traditional mental health services was low, and reliance on faith and resource distribution by the church was high. Church-led interventions are needed to promote mental health at the individual and community levels. Mental health stigma, and negative attitudes toward mental health promotion in the community, may be addressed by integrating traditional mental health services in church-based recreational and leisure activities.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Feminino , Idoso , Adulto , Pobreza , Populações Vulneráveis , Adaptação Psicológica , Estigma Social , Espiritualidade , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Estados Unidos , Saúde Mental , Resiliência Psicológica
2.
Int J Eat Disord ; 57(1): 62-69, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37953338

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This paper highlights the gap in understanding and meeting the needs of individuals with eating disorders (EDs) who are engaged in manual labor and proposes a novel solution for meeting those needs. METHODS: In this paper, we describe the rationale, considerations, and opportunities for research and practice that can be adapted and created to meet the needs of individuals with EDs who are engaged in manual labor, a group that may be underserved by current methods for treating EDs. We highlight the potential utility of the industrial athlete (IA) framework for this population, propose the term Relative Energy Deficit in Occupation ("RED-O"), and describe the potential applications of this framework and term for research, treatment, and public health promotion for EDs among individuals engaged in manual labor. RESULTS: The IA framework and RED-O provide opportunities to address the unique needs of individuals with EDs who are also engaged in manual labor and who are disproportionately of low socioeconomic status through new and adapted research and clinical applications as well as advocacy and public health promotion. DISCUSSION: Equitable recovery for people with EDs requires the ability to engage in activities necessary for occupational functioning, including the physical capacity necessary to participate fully in their work. As access to treatment increases, it is imperative that the needs of IAs are adequately addressed, especially those who are of lower socioeconomic status. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: The industrial athlete and relative energy deficit in occupation (RED-O) frameworks will enhance opportunities for identification and treatment of underserved and disadvantaged populations with eating disorders and reduce public health burden of eating disorders.


Assuntos
Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos , Ocupações , Humanos , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/terapia , Atletas , Classe Social , Promoção da Saúde
3.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci ; 376(1838): 20200298, 2021 11 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34601919

RESUMO

Performing a dramatic act of religious devotion, creating an art exhibit, or releasing a new product are all examples of public acts that signal quality and contribute to building a reputation. Signalling theory predicts that these public displays can reliably reveal quality. However, data from ethnographic work in South India suggests that more prominent individuals gain more from reputation-building religious acts than more marginalized individuals. To understand this phenomenon, we extend signalling theory to include variation in people's social prominence or social capital, first with an analytical model and then with an agent-based model. We consider two ways in which social prominence/capital may alter signalling: (i) it impacts observers' priors, and (ii) it alters the signallers' pay-offs. These two mechanisms can result in both a 'reputational shield,' where low quality individuals are able to 'pass' as high quality thanks to their greater social prominence/capital, and a 'reputational poverty trap,' where high quality individuals are unable to improve their standing owing to a lack of social prominence/capital. These findings bridge the signalling theory tradition prominent in behavioural ecology, anthropology and economics with the work on status hierarchies in sociology, and shed light on the complex ways in which individuals make inferences about others. This article is part of the theme issue 'The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling'.


Assuntos
Capital Social , Retroalimentação , Humanos , Índia , Idioma
4.
Evol Anthropol ; 28(2): 86-99, 2019 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30869833

RESUMO

Humans frequently perform extravagant and seemingly costly behaviors, such as widely sharing hunted resources, erecting conspicuous monumental structures, and performing dramatic acts of religious devotion. Evolutionary anthropologists and archeologists have used signaling theory to explain the function of such displays, drawing inspiration from behavioral ecology, economics, and the social sciences. While signaling theory is broadly aimed at explaining honest communication, it has come to be strongly associated with the handicap principle, which proposes that such costly extravagance is in fact an adaptation for signal reliability. Most empirical studies of signaling theory have focused on obviously costly acts, and consequently anthropologists have likely overlooked a wide range of signals that also promote reliable communication. Here, we build on recent developments in signaling theory and animal communication, developing an updated framework that highlights the diversity of signal contents, costs, contexts, and reliability mechanisms present within human signaling systems. By broadening the perspective of signaling theory in human systems, we strive to identify promising areas for further empirical and theoretical work.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Comunicação , Animais , Antropologia Física , Comportamento Apetitivo/fisiologia , Comportamento Ritualístico , Etnicidade , Humanos , Religião
5.
Biol Lett ; 13(3)2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28250206

RESUMO

Social interactions are often characterized by cooperation within groups and conflict or competition between groups. In certain circumstances, however, cooperation can arise between social groups. Here, we examine the circumstances under which inter-group cooperation is expected to emerge and present examples with particular focus on groups in two well-studied but dissimilar taxa: humans and ants. Drivers for the evolution of inter-group cooperation include overarching threats from predators, competitors or adverse conditions, and group-level resource asymmetries. Resources can differ between groups in both quantity and type. Where the difference is in type, inequalities can lead to specialization and division of labour between groups, a phenomenon characteristic of human societies, but rarely seen in other animals. The ability to identify members of one's own group is essential for social coherence; we consider the proximate roles of identity effects in shaping inter-group cooperation and allowing membership of multiple groups. Finally, we identify numerous valuable avenues for future research that will improve our understanding of the processes shaping inter-group cooperation.


Assuntos
Comportamento Cooperativo , Relações Interpessoais , Animais , Formigas/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal , Evolução Biológica , Comportamento Competitivo , Humanos , Comportamento Social
6.
PLoS Biol ; 14(2): e1002371, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26841169

RESUMO

Exploitation in cooperative interactions both within and between species is widespread. Although it is assumed to be costly to be exploited, mechanisms to control exploitation are surprisingly rare, making the persistence of cooperation a fundamental paradox in evolutionary biology and ecology. Focusing on between-species cooperation (mutualism), we hypothesize that the temporal sequence in which exploitation occurs relative to cooperation affects its net costs and argue that this can help explain when and where control mechanisms are observed in nature. Our principal prediction is that when exploitation occurs late relative to cooperation, there should be little selection to limit its effects (analogous to "tolerated theft" in human cooperative groups). Although we focus on cases in which mutualists and exploiters are different individuals (of the same or different species), our inferences can readily be extended to cases in which individuals exhibit mixed cooperative-exploitative strategies. We demonstrate that temporal structure should be considered alongside spatial structure as an important process affecting the evolution of cooperation. We also provide testable predictions to guide future empirical research on interspecific as well as intraspecific cooperation.


Assuntos
Simbiose , Animais , Fatores de Tempo
7.
Glob J Health Sci ; 8(2): 248-59, 2015 Jul 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26383217

RESUMO

Hypertension is an important public health issue in Zambia. Despite the need for early detection, treatment, and ongoing monitoring, there is little documented research on hypertension in Zambia. The study aims were to: 1) better understand risk factors for hypertension in urban and rural communities in Mongu and Limulunga Districts, Western Province; 2) identify current health practices for hypertension and prevention in these communities; and 3) explore intersections between culture and hypertension perceptions and practices for study participants. A mixed methods approach was used; 203 adults completed surveys including demographics, anthropometric measures, blood pressure (BP), physicial activity, diet, and salt intake at five health check stations. Two focus groups were conducted with rural and urban community members to better understand their perspectives on hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was 32.8% for survey participants. A further 24.6% had pre-hypertension. The mean total weight of salt added to food was nearly double the WHO recommendation with women adding significantly more salt to food than men. Significant differences in waist circumference were observed between men and women with men at low risk and women at substantialy high risk. In focus groups, participants cited westernized diets, lack of physical activity, stress, psychological factors, and urbanization as causative factors for hypertension. Participants lacked understanding of BP medications, healthy lifestyles, adherence to treatment, and ongoing monitoring. Focus group participants mentioned challenges in obtaining treatment for hypertension and desired to be active contributors in creating solutions. They recommended that government priorize hypertension initiatives that increase access to health education to reduce risk, enhance early detection, and support lifestyle changes and medication adherence. Our findings suggest that policy-makers need to engage communities more effectively to develop successful public health strategies to prevent, detect, and manage hypertension in Western Province, Zambia, particularly in rural areas.


Assuntos
Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometria , Características Culturais , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Adulto Jovem , Zâmbia/epidemiologia
8.
PLoS One ; 8(3): e58826, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23520535

RESUMO

Members of social groups face a trade-off between investing selfish effort for themselves and investing cooperative effort to produce a shared group resource. Many group resources are shared equitably: they may be intrinsically non-excludable public goods, such as vigilance against predators, or so large that there is little cost to sharing, such as cooperatively hunted big game. However, group members' personal resources, such as food hunted individually, may be monopolizable. In such cases, an individual may benefit by investing effort in taking others' personal resources, and in defending one's own resources against others. We use a game theoretic "tug-of-war" model to predict that when such competition over personal resources is possible, players will contribute more towards a group resource, and also obtain higher payoffs from doing so. We test and find support for these predictions in two laboratory economic games with humans, comparing people's investment decisions in games with and without the options to compete over personal resources or invest in a group resource. Our results help explain why people cooperatively contribute to group resources, suggest how a tragedy of the commons may be avoided, and highlight unifying features in the evolution of cooperation and competition in human and non-human societies.


Assuntos
Comportamento Competitivo , Comportamento Cooperativo , Jogos Experimentais , Modelos Teóricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
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