Development, Validity, and Cross-Context Equivalence of the Child Food Insecurity Experiences Scale for Assessing Food Insecurity of School-Age Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Children ages 6 to 17 years can accurately assess their own food insecurity, whereas parents are inaccurate reporters of their children's experiences of food insecurity. No globally applicable scale to assess the food insecurity of children has been developed and validated. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop a globally applicable, experience-based measure of child and adolescent food insecurity and establish the validity and cross-contextual equivalence of the measure. METHODS: The 10-item Child Food Insecurity Experiences Scale (CFIES) was based on items previously validated from questionnaires from the United States, Venezuela, and Lebanon. Cognitive interviews were conducted to check understanding of the items. The questionnaire then was administered in 15 surveys in 13 countries. Other items in each survey that assessed the household socioeconomic status, household food security, or child psychological functioning were selected as criterion variables to compare to the scores from the CFIES. To investigate accuracy (i.e., criterion validity), linear regression estimated the associations of the CFIES scores with the criterion variables. To investigate the cross-contextual equivalence (i.e., measurement invariance), the alignment method was used based on classical measurement theory. RESULTS: Across the 15 surveys, the mean scale scores for the CFIES ranged from 1.65 to 5.86 (possible range of 0 to 20) and the Cronbach alpha ranged from 0.88 to 0.94. The variance explained by a 1-factor model ranged from 0.92 to 0.99. Accuracy was demonstrated by expected associations with criterion variables. The percentages of equivalent thresholds and loadings across the 15 surveys were 28.0 and 5.33, respectively, for a total percentage of nonequivalent thresholds and loadings of 16.7, well below the guideline of <25%. That is, 83.3% of thresholds and loadings were equivalent across these surveys. CONCLUSIONS: The CFIES provides a globally applicable, valid, and cross-contextually equivalent measure of the experiences of food insecurity of school-aged children and adolescents, as reported by them.

Experiences and Situations of Shame among Food-insecure Adolescents in South Carolina and Oregon.

Shame experienced with food insecurity and participating in food assistance may affect adolescents. We investigated adolescents' experiences of shame related to food insecurity and situations for these experiences in an ethnically diverse sample of 40 adolescents aged 9-15 years from South Carolina and Oregon. In-depth interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed. Participants described feelings of sadness, anger, and internalized shame with food insecurity. Salient situations were participating in food assistance, seeking food assistance from others or community services, and social encounters at school among peers. Adolescents felt shame knowing that peers were aware of their food insecurity and about them participating in food assistance through school.

El derecho a la alimentación en venezuela / The right to food

En la Declaración del Milenio, aprobada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 2000, los Estados se comprometieron a reducir a la mitad para el año 2015 el número de personas que padecieran hambre. En 2004 la FAO aprobó las Directrices Voluntarias, del derecho a una alimentación adecuada en el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria nacional y dio orientación práctica a los Estados. El ejercicio del derecho, presenta inequidades de tipo socioeconómico, cultural, geográficos y políticos, que limitan su cumplimiento, entre ellas, desequilibrio en la disponibilidad y acceso a los alimentos que conduce a una situación de alta vulnerabilidad alimentaria y nutricional en los grupos con menores recursos. La alimentación sufre el impacto de la alta inflación y del desabastecimiento que alcanzó 13% en 2012, leche, harina de maíz y aceite están entre los alimentos más críticos. Algunas de las leyes y la política de expropiación, confiscación e invasión de empresas de alimentos y de fincas productivas, ha provocado una caída de la producción nacional, de modo que los alimentos en su mayoría son importados, algunos deficientes en calidad e inocuidad. En la nutrición, está la doble carga, desnutrición (17-31%) y sobrepeso-obesidad (13-20%) en niños y adolescentes, en los más pobres y en los adultos aumentan las enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, desde 2007 los datos oficiales del SISVAN no se publican. El cumplimiento del Derecho a la Alimentación, presenta debilidades que deben corregirse para darle más y mejor alimentación a la población(AU)

In The United Nations Millenium Declarations on the Developmental Goals approved by the general assembly in 2000, the countries made a commitment to reduce the number of persons suffering from hunger by the year 2015. In 2004, FAO approved the Voluntary Guidelines on the right to adequate food in the context of national Food Security and provided a practical guidance to the states. The exercise of this right presents inequities in the socioeconomic, cultural, geographical and political levels that limit their achievement, amongst them the instability in the availability and access to food that results in a high vulnerability in food consumption and nutritional status of the poorest populations groups. Food consumption suffers the impact o high inflation and food shortage that reached 13% in 2012; milk, maize flour and oil are amongst the most critical Some laws and the policy of expropriation and invasions of food companies and productive farms have produced scarcity due to a drop in productivity with the result that most food products are imported, some deficient in quality and innocuousness. We carry the double burden of under nutrition (13-20%) and overweight (13-20%) in children and adolescents and in adults, chronic diseases are rising. Nonetheless, SISVAN does not publish data on nutritional status since 2007. The right to food presents weaknesses that should be corrected to ensure a better nutrition for the population(AU)

Children live, feel, and respond to experiences of food insecurity that compromise their development and weight status in peri-urban Venezuela.

Children's experiences of food insecurity (FI) may be conceptually distinct and different from those of adults. Previous study of children's experiences of FI has relied primarily on their parents' perspective. This study explored, described, and conceptualized experiences of FI in children attending 5 public schools in peri-urban areas of the Miranda State, Venezuela, South America using a naturalistic approach. Children aged 10-17 y were studied through focus groups (n = 42) and individual interviews (n = 13). Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using grounded theory. Children were cognitively aware of FI, worry in their parents, and causes both external and internal to their households. Children were also emotionally aware of FI, with feelings of concern, anguish, and sadness, and manifestations such as crying. Children reported being physically hungry, experiencing reduced quantity and quality of food intake, having smaller meals, and recognizing thinness and fainting as consequences. Children's responses to FI included reduction of quality and quantity of food, child labor, sacrifice in food consumption, food from waste, support from extended family members, and strategies for purchasing, acquiring, preparing, and cooking food. Children were not always protected, especially when the head of the family was unemployed, had drug-alcohol problems, or was extremely poor. Protection could come from parents to children and from older children to parents and younger children. Children should have certain access to food that is dignified, timely, efficient, and adequate in harmonious social conditions to prevent and resolve situations that compromise their physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional well-being.

Investigación en alimentación y nutrición para la toma de acciones en la política pública en Venezuela / Research for actions in the food and nutrition public policy in Venezuela

Cerrar la brecha entre el conocimiento generado por los científicos y su aplicación en la nutrición pública continúa siendo un reto para la sociedad venezolana. Los diagnósticos, prevalencias, estudios descriptivos, conocimiento de causas y consecuencias, deben contribuir a la apreciación, análisis y toma de acciones en el área alimentaria y nutricional. El objetivo del documento es identificar elementos para la toma de decisiones y acciones en la política alimentaria y nutricional en Venezuela, extraídos de una selección y análisis de la literatura científica e informes técnicos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en Internet a través de la página Google scholar (revisiones científicas) que incluyó palabras claves. Se seleccionó cuatro artículos y tres informes realizados por investigadores e instituciones reconocidas. Se presentan los resultados considerando el esquema de disponibilidad, consumo y aprovechamiento biológico de los alimentos. Instituciones gubernamentales como el Instituto Nacional de Nutrición reporta datos sobre la oferta de alimentos y el aprovechamiento biológico en menores de 15 años, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística informa sobre el consumo aparente de alimentos y los científicos investigan principalmente temas vinculados al acceso y aprovechamiento biológico de alimentos. Las poblaciones más estudiadas son: niños, mujeres y embarazadas. Los temas de investigación podrían contribuir a la planificación de los temas de agenda propuestos para el diseño, monitoreo, evaluación y/o relanzamiento de políticas y programas destinados a mejorar la situación alimentaria y nutricional de la población. Es necesario continuar estableciendo puentes entre investigadores y planificadores de políticas en alimentación y nutrición

Closing the gap between the knowledge generated by the scientists and the application in the public nutrition continues being a challenge for the Venezuelan society. The diagnoses, prevalence, descriptive studies, knowledge of reasons and consequences, must help to appreciate, analyze and take actions related to the food and nutritional area. The aim of the document is to identify elements for the capture of decisions and actions in the food and nutritional policy in Venezuela, extracted from a selection and analysis of the scientific literature and technical reports. A bibliographical review realized in Internet across the page Google scholar (scientific reviews) that in cludedkey words. There were selected four articles and three reports realized by researchers and institutions recognized. They present the results according to the availability, consumption and biological utilization of the food. Governmental institutions like The National Institute of Nutrition reports information on availability and food utilization in =15-year-old children, The National Institute of Statistics reports on the apparent consumption of food and the scientists investigate mainly topics related to the access and biological utilization of food. The most studied populations were: children, women and pregnant women. The topics of research might contribute to the planning of the topics of agenda proposed to the design, monitoring, evaluation and/or recovery of policies and programs destined to improve the food and nutritional situation of the population. It is necessary to continue establishing bridges among researchers and policy planners in food and nutrition topics

[Scales to measure parents and caretakers satisfaction with the food and nutrition component of Child care Centers]. / Escalas de satisfacción alimentaria-nutricional para representantes y madres cuidadoras de niños atendidos en multihogares de cuidado diario.

Two Likert-type scales for measuring parents' and caretakers' level of satisfaction with the food and nutrition services offered at childcare multi-centers in a peri-urban community in Caracas, were developed and validated. An intentional sample of 20 parents and caretakers were interviewed within the naturalistic-constructivist perspective, to capture their perceptions of distinct aspects of the food and nutrition components of the program. Categories emerged from the interviews that served to construct the items for two scales that measure level of satisfaction of parents and caretakers with the food and nutrition aspects of the program. To validate the scales, they were applied to 73 parents and 32 caretakers. Factor and multiple components analysis showed that overall, the scales explained 61% and 69% of the variation in level of satisfaction of parents and caretakers respectively. Confiability measured with Alpha Cronbach coefficient was 0.74 and 0.77 for parents' and caretakers' scales respectively. These results reveal scales that have content validity and good reliability. Besides, the scales detect specific aspects of the food and nutrition service that should be reinforced or modified, to make the Child-care Centers program more effective and efficient. External validation of the scales is recommended, since they provide an instrument capable of capturing useful information for monitoring and evaluating the Child-care Centers program nation-wide, from the perspective of program managers and parents of program users.

Escalas de satisfacción alimentaria-nutricional para representantes y madres cuidadoras de niños atendidos en multihogares de cuidado diario / Scales to measure parents and caretakers satisfaction with the food and nutrition component of Child care Centers

Two Likert-type scales for measuring parents' and caretakers' level of satisfaction with the food and nutrition services offered at childcare multi-centers in a peri-urban community in Caracas, were developed and validated. An intentional sample of 20 parents and caretakers were interviewed within the naturalistic-constructivist perspective, to capture their perceptions of distinct aspects of the food and nutrition components of the program. Categories emerged from the interviews that served to construct the items for two scales that measure level of satisfaction of parents and caretakers with the food and nutrition aspects of the program. To validate the scales, they were applied to 73 parents and 32 caretakers. Factor and multiple components analysis showed that overall, the scales explained 61 and 69 of the variation in level of satisfaction of parents and caretakers respectively. Confiability measured with Alpha Cronbach coefficient was 0.74 and 0.77 for parents' and caretakers' scales respectively. These results reveal scales that have content validity and good reliability. Besides, the scales detect specific aspects of the food and nutrition service that should be reinforced or modified, to make the Child-care Centers program more effective and efficient. External validation of the scales is recommended, since they provide an instrument capable of capturing useful information for monitoring and evaluating the Child-care Centers program nation-wide, from the perspective of program managers and parents of program users.

Características socieconómicas y alimentarias en hogares de niños y madres cuidadoras de guarderías de una zona de bajos recursos en Caracas-Venezuela / Social-economics and food characteristics of children and child-caretakers in child care centers of an underprivileged area in Caracas-Venezuela

Este estudio busca caracterizar el perfil socieconómico y alimentario de hogares de niños y madres cuidadoras y la disponibilidad alimentaria en Multihogares de Cuidado Diario (MCD) de una zona de bajo recursos en Caracas. Se estudió una muestra intencional de 93 representantes y 25 cuidadoras en 9 MCD, recolectando información sobre las características socioeconómicas (Método Graffár modificado) y la adquisición de alimentos; se utilizó un método de registro de alimentos adquiridos en el hogar validado para tal fin. Se observó mayor uso de los MCD por niños pobres comparado con niños muy pobres, un aporte apreciable de energía (69 por ciento) y proteínas (142 por ciento) en la alimentación de estos niños, lo cual realza su seguridad alimentaria, aunque éste no sea uno de los objetivos específicos del programa. Sin embargo, el programa no cubre con la meta de suministrar 85 por ciento de las necesidades energéticas de los niños, indicando la necesidad de buscar alternativas para el logro de dicha meta. Se sugiere la selección de usuarios de manera más rigurosa, focalizando en la población con pobreza crítica, debido al impacto positivo que ejerce el programa sobre la seguridad alimentaria de los niños e indirectamente de los hogares involucrados