RESUMO
Here a solution for a Microchip Health Monitoring (MHM) system using MTOL (Multi-Temperature Operational Life) reliability testing assessment data is proposed. The module monitors frequency degradation over time compared to lab tested data. Since trends in performance degradation in recently developed devices have transitioned from multiple failure mechanisms to a single dominant failure mechanism, development of the monitor is greatly simplified. The monitor uses a novel circuit customized to deliver optimum accuracy by combining the concepts of ring oscillator (RO) and phase locked loop (PLL) circuits. The modified circuit proposed is a new form of the frequency locked loop (FLL) circuit. We demonstrate that the collection of frequency degradation data from the ring circuits of each test produces Weibull distributions with steep slopes. This implies that the monitor can predict accurate end-of-life (EOL) predictions at early stages of chip degradations. The design of the microchip health monitoring system projected in this work can have great benefit in all systems using FPGA and ASIC devices.
Assuntos
Honorários e Preços/legislação & jurisprudência , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Cobertura do Seguro/economia , Cobertura do Seguro/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguro Saúde/economia , Seguro Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Hospitais Filantrópicos , Humanos , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Betacoronavirus , Política de Saúde , Pandemias/legislação & jurisprudência , Quarentena/legislação & jurisprudência , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Pneumonia Viral/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2 , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaAssuntos
Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/etiologia , Descrição de Cargo , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Saúde Ocupacional , Terminologia como Assunto , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/classificação , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/diagnóstico , Humanos , Doenças Profissionais/classificação , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Avaliação da Capacidade de Trabalho , Indenização aos TrabalhadoresAssuntos
Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Medicare , National Health Insurance, United States , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde , Regulamentação Governamental , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Medicare/economia , Medicare/legislação & jurisprudência , National Health Insurance, United States/economia , National Health Insurance, United States/legislação & jurisprudência , Formulação de Políticas , Estados Unidos , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/economia , Cobertura Universal do Seguro de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Generic pharmaceuticals should have very little price dispersion. Economics' Law of One Price suggests that identical goods, in the absence of trade frictions and under conditions of free competition and price flexibility, should sell for the same price, and the FDA ensures that generics are identical. In this study, we examine whether generic pharmaceuticals indeed have the low price dispersion that theory predicts, and if not, whether the dispersion seen for pharmaceuticals used to treat neuropsychiatric conditions is substantially higher than that of other drugs. Such a difference may offer an explanation for the price dispersion seen: namely, a strategy that takes advantage of buyers' cognitive constraints and impaired ability to comparison shop. We thus assembled a list of generic pharmaceuticals and their prices using www.GoodRx.com, based on a convenience sample of the 5 most popular drugs for 10 common medical conditions listed there. Three neuropsychiatric diagnoses were used: Alzheimer's disease, depression and schizophrenia. Seven other diagnoses served as controls: asthma; diabetes mellitus-type II; high cholesterol; hypertension; osteoarthritis; osteoporosis; and urinary tract infection. For each drug, we identified the highest and lowest prices and calculated the mean, median and coefficient of variation (CV). We further calculated the ratios of the highest price to the median price and of the highest to lowest price. We found that the mean price CV was 43%. For neuropsychiatric drugs and controls, it was 61% and 35%, respectively. The mean high-to-median ratio was3.7 for neuropsychiatric drugs and 1.9 for controls. The mean high-to-low ratio was 5.9 for neuropsychiatric drugs and 2.8 for controls. In short, generic medications have high price dispersion, despite public availability of prices. Although our study did not examine why this price dispersion is present, the especially large high-to-low price ratio for neuropsychiatric medications suggests a strategy that exploits vulnerable patients.
Assuntos
Comércio , Custos de Medicamentos , Medicamentos Genéricos/economia , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , HumanosAssuntos
Distinções e Prêmios , Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economia , Pesquisadores/economia , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto/economia , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Comportamento Competitivo , Análise Custo-Benefício , Difusão de Inovações , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Pesquisadores/psicologia , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Escolha da Profissão , Cirurgiões Ortopédicos/psicologia , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Renda , Satisfação no Emprego , Masculino , Cirurgiões Ortopédicos/economia , Cirurgiões Ortopédicos/provisão & distribuição , Apoio ao Desenvolvimento de Recursos HumanosAssuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/educação , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/métodos , Internato e Residência , Cirurgiões Ortopédicos/educação , Ortopedia/educação , Pesquisa Biomédica/economia , Competência Clínica , Credenciamento , Currículo , Humanos , Ortopedia/economia , Revisão da Pesquisa por Pares , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Apoio à Pesquisa como AssuntoAssuntos
Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Gastos em Saúde , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/economia , Segurança do Paciente/economia , Seleção de Pacientes , Mecanismo de Reembolso/economia , Procedimentos Desnecessários/economia , Redução de Custos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Humanos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/efeitos adversos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Procedimentos Desnecessários/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Performance on visiting rotations during the senior year of medical school is consistently cited by residency program directors as a critical factor in selecting residents. Nevertheless, the frequency with which visiting rotations are undertaken and the associated financial costs they impose have not been systematically examined. METHOD: Under the auspices of the Electronic Residency Application Service, a survey was sent in March 2015 to all U.S. applicants for residency programs in the 2014-15 academic year. Students were asked how many visiting rotations they performed; the estimated cost of performing each rotation; their perception of their educational value and primary motivation for performing them; and the Match outcome of their residency application. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 2817 applicants, yielding a response rate of 11.3 %. 1898 applicants (67.4 %) performed visiting rotations: 647 applicants (30.0 %) performed one; 640 (22.7 %) performed two; 322 (11.4 %) performed three; and 289 (10.3 %) reported four or more. When accounting for potential response bias, the true prevalence of away rotators was estimated to be 58.7 % of all fourth-year medical students (95 % CI 54.0-63.4 %). The mean number of rotations for participating students was 2.1. Most students performed rotations equally as an audition for residency placement and for education, with some of the more competitive subspecialties reporting more of an audition experience. The mean estimated cost for performing a single rotation was $958. Thirty-six percent of applicants reported matching at an institution where they had rotated, either their home institution or one at which a visiting rotation was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Visiting rotations are prevalent, expensive, and only partly educational. As such, these rotations may impede optimal use of the senior year of medical school and limited student financial resources.