Vulnerabilities of Arab refugees in primary health care: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To map and analyze the vulnerabilities of Arab refugees in the context of primary health care. METHOD: Scoping review in which studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese languages from 2011 onwards were reviewed. The following databases were surveyed: Cochrane, Scopus, Health System Evidence, MedLine-PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, SciELO, NYAM Grey Literature, BVS, Capes Thesis and Dissertation Database, Refworld and Journal of Refugee Studies. Data were analyzed in light of the concept of vulnerability. RESULTS: Of the 854 studies identified, 40 articles were held for analysis and extraction of vulnerability indicators in the individual, social and programmatic dimensions. Regarding the individual dimension, the main indicators identified were unemployment, unstable and overcrowded housing, lack of sanitation and access to water, mental disorders, communicable and chronic noncommunicable diseases, etc. In the programmatic dimension, were identified, mainly, health teams with work overload, lack of preparation to deal with cultural and linguistic barriers, and delays in providing care. In relation to the social dimension, lack of access to schools, to information about health programs in the host countries, and to rights, among others, were found. CONCLUSION: Vulnerabilities found highlight the disadvantage of refugees regarding health programs, services and system in host countries, in addition to highlighting the deep inequalities that affect this group. It is pointed out the need for programs and policies that promote actions, within the scope of primary health care, which recognize and respond to the health needs of refugees.

Vulnerabilities of Arab refugees in primary health care: a scoping review / Vulnerabilidades de refugiados árabes na atenção primária à saúde: uma revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To map and analyze the vulnerabilities of Arab refugees in the context of primary health care. METHOD Scoping review in which studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese languages from 2011 onwards were reviewed. The following databases were surveyed: Cochrane, Scopus, Health System Evidence, MedLine-PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, SciELO, NYAM Grey Literature, BVS, Capes Thesis and Dissertation Database, Refworld and Journal of Refugee Studies. Data were analyzed in light of the concept of vulnerability. RESULTS Of the 854 studies identified, 40 articles were held for analysis and extraction of vulnerability indicators in the individual, social and programmatic dimensions. Regarding the individual dimension, the main indicators identified were unemployment, unstable and overcrowded housing, lack of sanitation and access to water, mental disorders, communicable and chronic noncommunicable diseases, etc. In the programmatic dimension, were identified, mainly, health teams with work overload, lack of preparation to deal with cultural and linguistic barriers, and delays in providing care. In relation to the social dimension, lack of access to schools, to information about health programs in the host countries, and to rights, among others, were found. CONCLUSION Vulnerabilities found highlight the disadvantage of refugees regarding health programs, services and system in host countries, in addition to highlighting the deep inequalities that affect this group. It is pointed out the need for programs and policies that promote actions, within the scope of primary health care, which recognize and respond to the health needs of refugees.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Mapear e analisar as vulnerabilidades de refugiados árabes no contexto da atenção primária à saúde. MÉTODO Revisão de escopo em que foram analisados estudos publicados nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, a partir de 2011. As bases foram Cochrane, Scopus, Health System Evidence , MedLine-PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science , SciELO, NYAM Grey Literature , BVS, Banco de teses e dissertações Capes, Refworld e Journal of Refugee Studies. A análise dos dados foi realizada à luz do conceito de vulnerabilidade. RESULTADOS Dos 854 estudos identificados, restaram 40 artigos para análise e extração dos indicadores de vulnerabilidade nas dimensões individual, social e programática. Em relação à dimensão individual, os principais indicadores identificados foram desemprego, moradias instáveis e superlotadas, falta de saneamento e de acesso à água, agravos mentais, doenças transmissíveis e crônicas não transmissíveis etc. Na dimensão programática foram identificadas, principalmente, equipes de saúde com sobrecarga de trabalho, falta de preparo para lidar com as barreiras culturais e linguísticas, demora para o atendimento. Em relação à dimensão social, constatou-se falta de acesso às escolas, à informação sobre os programas de saúde dos países de acolhida, aos direitos, entre outros. CONCLUSÃO As vulnerabilidades constatadas evidenciam desvantagem dos refugiados perante os programas, serviços e sistema de saúde nos países de acolhida, além de colocar em evidência as profundas desigualdades que incidem nesse grupo. Aponta-se a necessidade de programas e políticas que promovam ações, no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde, que reconheçam e respondam às necessidades de saúde de refugiados.

Assessment of compliance with malaria treatment monitoring and cure verification activities. / Avaliação do cumprimento das atividades de monitoramento do tratamento e de verificação de cura da malária.

OBJECTIVE: To assess compliance with treatment monitoring and cure verification activities by Malaria Control Program professionals. METHOD: This is an evaluation research carried out through systematic observation, with the aid of a Likert-type scale form, adopting a numerical score to assess the fulfillment of activities. Data collection was carried out in the Amazonian municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul in Acre State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Fifteen endemic disease control agents, five nurses and five microscopists were observed in the performance of their functions in the program. Treatment monitoring and cure verification activities obtained the respective total compliance percentages of 72.0% and 12.1%. Microscopists, assessed in 9 activities, obtained a higher percentage of compliance with activities, while nurses and endemic disease control agents had a partial compliance rate or did not perform certain activities. CONCLUSION: Malaria Control Program performs below the recommended level, not meeting the established gold standard, which may mean maintaining or increasing malaria cases.

Avaliação do cumprimento das atividades de monitoramento do tratamento e de verificação de cura da malária / Evaluación del cumplimiento de las actividades de seguimiento del tratamiento de la malaria y verificación de la curación / Assessment of compliance with malaria treatment monitoring and cure verification activities

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o cumprimento das atividades de monitoramento do tratamento e verificação de cura pelos profissionais do Programa de Controle da Malária. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa, realizada por meio de observação sistemática, com auxílio de formulário com escala Likert, adotando escore numérico para avaliar o cumprimento das atividades. A coleta dos dados foi realizada no município amazônico de Cruzeiro do Sul no estado do Acre. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: Foram observados 15 agentes de controle de endemias, 5 enfermeiros e 5 microscopistas, no desempenho de suas funções no programa. As atividades de monitoramento do tratamento e verificação de cura obtiveram os respectivos percentuais totais de cumprimento: 72,0% e 12,1%. Os microscopistas, avaliados em 9 atividades, obtiveram maior percentual de cumprimento de atividades, enquanto que enfermeiros e agentes de controle de endemias tiveram índice de cumprimento parcial ou não realizam determinadas atividades. Conclusão: O Programa de Controle da Malária apresenta desempenho abaixo do preconizado, não atendendo ao padrão ouro estabelecido, podendo significar a manutenção ou a elevação dos casos de malária.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento de las actividades de seguimiento del tratamiento y verificación de curación por parte de los profesionales del Programa de Control de la Malaria. Método: Se trata de una investigación evaluativa, realizada a través de la observación sistemática, con la ayuda de una forma de escala Likert, adoptando una puntuación numérica para evaluar el cumplimiento de las actividades. La recolección de datos se realizó en el municipio amazónico de Cruzeiro do Sul en el estado de Acre. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Se observaron 15 agentes de control endémico, 5 enfermeros y 5 microscopistas en el desempeño de sus funciones en el programa. Las actividades de seguimiento del tratamiento y verificación de curación obtuvieron los respectivos porcentajes totales de cumplimiento: 72,0% y 12,1%. Los microscopistas, evaluados en 9 actividades, obtuvieron un mayor porcentaje de cumplimiento de las actividades, mientras que las enfermeras y agentes de control endémico tuvieron una tasa de cumplimiento parcial o no realizaron determinadas actividades. Conclusión: El Programa de Control de la Malaria se desempeña por debajo del nivel recomendado, sin cumplir con el estándar de oro establecido, lo que puede significar mantener o aumentar los casos de malária.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess compliance with treatment monitoring and cure verification activities by Malaria Control Program professionals. Method: This is an evaluation research carried out through systematic observation, with the aid of a Likert-type scale form, adopting a numerical score to assess the fulfillment of activities. Data collection was carried out in the Amazonian municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul in Acre State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Fifteen endemic disease control agents, five nurses and five microscopists were observed in the performance of their functions in the program. Treatment monitoring and cure verification activities obtained the respective total compliance percentages of 72.0% and 12.1%. Microscopists, assessed in 9 activities, obtained a higher percentage of compliance with activities, while nurses and endemic disease control agents had a partial compliance rate or did not perform certain activities. Conclusion: Malaria Control Program performs below the recommended level, not meeting the established gold standard, which may mean maintaining or increasing malaria cases.

The incidence of tuberculosis and its relation to social inequalities: Integrative Review Study on PubMed Base / La incidencia de la tuberculosis y su relación con las desigualdades sociales: Estudio de revisión integradora en la Base PubMed / A ocorrência da tuberculose e sua relação com as desigualdades sociais: Estudo de revisão Integrativa na Base PubMed

Abstract Objective: to identify how the literature presents the relation between tuberculosis and social inequalities. Method: integrative review in which the combination of the descriptors "tuberculosis" and "social iniquity" guided the search for articles available in PubMed. A total of 274 articles were identified, and after reading the title and abstract, 13 studies were selected. The empirical material was analyzed according to the hermeneutics, highlighting the variables related to social inequalities, seeking to understand the main themes that embody the association between tuberculosis and social inequalities. Results: In general, the literature presents the social inequalities as factors that can interfere in the cure and/or control of the disease, such as age, income, unemployment, unskilled labor, access to health services, among others. Therefore, it does not include a deeper relationship between the organization of society and the production of the disease. Conclusion and implications for practice: A comprehensive understanding of tuberculosis disease is required, in order to expand interventions to support the control and elimination of the disease and, above all, the reduction of social inequalities. The understanding of tuberculosis as a disease enables expanding strategies to face it.

Resumen Objetivo: identificar cómo la literatura presenta la relación de la tuberculosis y desigualdades sociales. Método: revisión integrativa en que la combinación de los descriptores "tuberculosis" y "social iniquity" orientaron la investigación de artículos disponibles en el PubMed. Se identificaron 274 artículos, y después de la lectura del título y resumen, se seleccionaron 13 estudios. El material empírico fue analizado según la hermenéutica, con destaque a las variables relacionadas a las desigualdades sociales, buscando aprehender los principales temas que corporifican la asociación entre tuberculosis y desigualdades sociales. Resultados: En general, la literatura presenta las desigualdades sociales como factores que pueden interferir en la cura y/o control de la enfermedad, especialmente: edad, ingresos, desempleo, trabajo no calificado, acceso a servicios de salud, entre otros. No incluye, por lo tanto, una relación más profunda entre la organización de la sociedad y la producción de la enfermedad. Conclusión e implicación para la práctica: Se requiere comprensión totalizante de la enfermedad por tuberculosis, con la finalidad de ampliar intervenciones para que apoyen el control y la eliminación de la enfermedad y, sobre todo, la reducción de las desigualdades sociales. La comprensión de la tuberculosis como una enfermedad relacionada con la determinación social posibilita ampliar las estrategias para su enfrentamiento.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar como a literatura apresenta a relação entre a tuberculose e as desigualdades sociais. Método: Revisão integrativa em que a combinação dos descritores "tuberculosis" e "social inequity" orientaram a pesquisa de artigos disponíveis no PubMed. Foram identificados 274 artigos e, após a leitura do título e resumo, foram selecionados 13 estudos. O material empírico foi analisado segundo a hermenêutica, com destaque às variáveis relacionadas às desigualdades sociais, buscando-se apreender os principais temas que corporificam a associação entre a tuberculose e as desigualdades sociais. Resultados: De modo geral, a literatura apresenta as desigualdades sociais como fatores, que podem interferir na cura e/ou no controle da doença, com destaque para: idade, renda, desemprego, trabalho não qualificado, acesso aos serviços de saúde, entre outros. Não inclui, portanto, uma relação mais profunda entre a organização da sociedade e a produção da doença. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática: Requer-se compreensão totalizante do adoecimento por tuberculose, com a finalidade de ampliar intervenções que apoiem o controle e a eliminação da enfermidade e, sobretudo, a redução das desigualdades sociais. A compreensão da tuberculose como uma doença relacionada à determinação social possibilita ampliar as estratégias para o seu enfrentamento.

[Evaluation of tuberculosis control actions in a large Brazilian municipality]. / Avaliação de ações de controle da tuberculose em um município brasileiro de grande porte.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate tuberculosis control actions in one large Brazilian municipality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative, cross-sectional study, with a population (N=137) of patients with tuberculosis notified in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (Brazilian Case Registry Database). The final sample (n = 75) was obtained based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studied variables were: "health center in charge of diagnosing tuberculosis", "time elapsed since the onset of signs and symptoms until diagnosis of tuberculosis", "health center in charge of providing treatment of tuberculosis" and "type of tuberculosis treatment". Data were collected between March and July of 2015, and were obtained from structured interviews and analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics by Chi square test method, using the R software. CONCLUSION: The study identified that tuberculosis control actions are focused on specialized services and the private network, which contributes to a late diagnosis, and hinder the interruption of disease transmission. Self-administered treatment was also observed, modality that favors the antagonistic outcome of the treatment.

Tuberculosis control from the perspective of health professionals working in street clinics.

PURPOSE: to present the opinion of professionals about street dwellers undergoing treatment of tuberculosis and identify strategies of control of tuberculosis in this population. METHOD: an exploratory and descriptive study involving 17 health professionals working in street clinics. A semi-structured study composed of closed questions and a guiding question. The statements were analyzed using the discourse analysis technique, resulting in the identification of two analytical categories: 1. Meanings attributed to street dwellers with tuberculosis, and 2. Control of tuberculosis in homeless people. RESULTS: the analysis identified situations that limited adherence to tuberculosis treatment, including the reasons for staying in the streets, living conditions, and risk factors (dependence on alcohol and other drugs, short-sightedness, constant relocations, and lack of perspectives). Street dwellers were knowledgeable about the disease. Furthermore, there were difficulties in solving several problems of people living in the streets, including living conditions and lifestyle, social stigma, relocations, drug abuse, and lack of life project. CONCLUSION: coping with the complexity of situations related to living in the streets limits to the work of health professionals because these situations go beyond health care and require intersectoral actions.

Representations on adherence to the treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify representations regarding adherence to the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from the perspective of patients who were discharged upon being cured. METHOD: A qualitative study with patients who completed the drug treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in São Paulo. Social Determination was used to interpret the health-disease process, and the testimonies were analyzed according to dialectical hermeneutics and the discourse analysis technique. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were interviewed. The majority (80.9%) were men, in the productive age group (90.4%) and on sick leave or unemployed (57.2%) during the treatment. Based on the testimonies, three categories associated with adherence to treatment emerged: the desire to live, support for the development of treatment and care provided by the health services. CONCLUSION: For the study sample, adherence to the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was related to having a life project and support from the family and health professionals. Free treatment is fundamental for adherence, given the fragilities arising from the social insertion of people affected by the disease. Therefore, special attention is required from the health services to understand patient needs.

"Health for All" in England and Brazil?

This article discusses the achievements and challenges that England and Brazil face in relation to their capacity to address inequalities in health through health promotion and public health policies. Using secondary data (policy texts and related documents), this article contextualizes, explains, and critically appraises health promotion and public health efforts for the reduction of inequalities in health in the 2 countries. A historic documentary analysis was undertaken, with hermeneutics as the methodological framework. The global economic crisis has prompted the so-called developed economies of Europe to reconsider their economic and social priorities. England represents a state facing this kind of challenge. Equally, Brazil is assuming new positions not only on the world stage but also in terms of the relationship it has with its citizens and the priorities it has for state welfare. The United Kingdom continues to finance a health care system allowing universal access in the form of the National Health Service, and state concern about the public health task of reducing inequalities has recently been underlined in policy. For Brazil, although there have been recent achievements related to population access to healthcare, challenges continue, especially with regard to the quality of care.

Necessidades em saúde segundo percepções de pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar / Health needs according to the perception of people with pulmonary tuberculosis / Necesidades en salud según percepciones de personas con tuberculosis pulmonar

O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as percepções sobre necessidades em saúde de pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido no distrito administrativo Capão Redondo, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados em janeiro de 2010 por meio de entrevista semidiretiva. Foram entrevistadas onze pessoas em tratamento contra tuberculose, com idade mínima de 18 anos e sem limites de cognição. O material empírico foi decodificado a partir de técnica de análise de discurso. As percepções sobre necessidades em saúde estão relacionadas às dificuldades enfrentadas no processo saúde-doença, e o reconhecimento das necessidades em saúde mostrou-se condicionado à vigência do agravo à saúde. As necessidades identificadas decorrem de alterações biológicas, do cotidiano e de insuficiências no processo de produção dos serviços de saúde. A qualidade da assistência às pessoas com tuberculose está, entre outros fatores, condicionada à identificação e ao atendimento de suas necessidades em saúde.

The objective of this study was to identify the perceptions of people with tuberculosis regarding their health needs. This qualitative study was performed in the administrative district of Capão Redondo, São Paulo. Data collection was performed in January of 2010 via semi-directed interviews. The interviews were conducted with eleven people undergoing tuberculosis treatment. The participants were at least eighteen years of age and presented no cognition limitations. The empirical material was decoded through discourse analysis. The health needs perceptions are related to the difficulties that emerge in the health-disease process, and acknowledging health needs appeared to be tied to the current illness. The identified needs result from biological alterations, changes to their daily lives, and the limited availability of healthcare services. The quality of assistance offered to people with tuberculosis is a condition of factors related to identifying and meeting their health needs.

Se apuntó a conocer las percepciones sobre necesidades sanitarias de personas con tuberculosis pulmonar. Estudio cualitativo, desarrollado en el distrito administrativo de Capão Redondo-SP. Datos recolectados en enero 2010 mediante entrevista semidirigida. Fueron entrevistadas once personas en tratamiento antituberculoso, con edad mínima de 18 años, sin limitación de tipo educativo. El material empírico se decodificó mediante análisis del discurso. Las percepciones sobre necesidades en salud están relacionadas a las dificultades enfrentadas en el proceso salud-enfermedad y el reconocimiento de necesidades en salud se mostró condicionado a la vigencia del padecimiento. Las necesidades identificadas derivan de alteraciones biológicas y cotidianas, y de insuficiencias en el proceso de producción de los servicios sanitarios. La calidad asistencial a personas con tuberculosis está, entre otras, condicionada a la identificación y atención de sus necesidades sanitarias.

Family health team knowledge concerning the health needs of people with tuberculosis.

The purposes of the study were to get to know conceptions on tuberculosis and health needs and to describe the care provided to people with tuberculosis, according to health professionals' perspective. Qualitative study developed at family health units in Capão Redondo, São Paulo. The data were collected through open interviews in January 2010 and submitted to discourse analysis, resulting in three categories: meanings attributed to tuberculosis and health needs and care characteristics. The conceptions regarding the disease are supported by the multi-causal theory of the health-disease process. The care is characterized by interventions that go beyond the biological dimension. The precarious living conditions define the needs of most people with tuberculosis, and can be more important to the ill than the very diagnosis of the disease, influencing treatment adherence, and should gain relevance in care.

A compreensão das necessidades de saúde segundo usuários de um serviço de saúde: subsídios para a enfermagem / Understanding the health needs according to health service users: elements for nursing

Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, com objetivo de conhecer o conceito de necessidades de saúde, segundo a percepção de usuários de um serviço de saúde do Município de São Paulo. Foram realizadas 15 entrevistas por meio de roteiro semiestruturado, em dezembro de 2008. A leitura exaustiva do material permitiu a apreensão de elementos que compõem a classificação baseada na Taxonomia de Necessidades. As necessidades de saúde foram relacionadas à presença de emprego, moradia e condições de saneamento básico, bem como acesso às consultas médicas, medicação e realização de exames. Também foi reconhecida a necessidade relacionada ao vínculo entre usuário e equipe de saúde, manifesta como desejo de atendimento gentil e com maior disponibilidade de tempo. Ressalta-se a necessidade de instrumentos que auxiliem o profissional da área da Saúde Coletiva a identificar as necessidades de saúde dos usuários, que não se limitam às de âmbito biológico.

It is a qualitative study aiming at knowing the concept of health needs according to the user´s perceptions of any health service in São Paulo. 15 interviews were conducted through semistructured script, in December, 2008. A thorough reading of the material led to the gather elements that make up the classification based on the Taxonomy Needs. The health needs were related to the presence of employment, housing and sanitation conditions and access to medical appointments, medication and laboratory tests. It also recognized the need related to the bond between the user and the health care team, it manifested as a desire of gentle care and greater availability of time. We stress the need for tools that assist the professional in the field of Public Health to identify the health needs of users, which are not limited to the biological field.

Family health team knowledge concerning the health needs of people with tuberculosis / Conhecimento da equipe de saúde da família acerca das necessidades de saúde das pessoas com tuberculose / Conocimiento del equipo de Salud de la Familia acerca de las necesidades de salud de las personas con tuberculosis

The purposes of the study were to get to know conceptions on tuberculosis and health needs and to describe the care provided to people with tuberculosis, according to health professionals' perspective. Qualitative study developed at family health units in Capão Redondo, São Paulo. The data were collected through open interviews in January 2010 and submitted to discourse analysis, resulting in three categories: meanings attributed to tuberculosis and health needs and care characteristics. The conceptions regarding the disease are supported by the multi-causal theory of the health-disease process. The care is characterized by interventions that go beyond the biological dimension. The precarious living conditions define the needs of most people with tuberculosis, and can be more important to the ill than the very diagnosis of the disease, influencing treatment adherence, and should gain relevance in care.

Os objetivos do estudo foram conhecer concepções sobre tuberculose e necessidades de saúde e descrever o tipo de assistência prestada às pessoas com tuberculose, pelos profissionais de saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo desenvolvido em duas unidades de saúde da família de Capão Redondo, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista aberta, em janeiro de 2010, submetidos à técnica de análise de discurso, resultando em três categorias: significados atribuídos à tuberculose, significados atribuídos às necessidades de saúde e características da assistência. As concepções sobre a doença estão ancoradas na teoria da multicausalidade do processo saúde/doença. A assistência se caracteriza por intervenções que extrapolam a dimensão biológica. As condições precárias de vida definem as necessidades da maioria das pessoas com tuberculose, podendo ser mais importantes para os doentes do que o próprio diagnóstico da doença, influenciando a adesão ao tratamento e devendo ter maior relevância na assistência.

Los objetivos del estudio fueron conocer concepciones sobre la tuberculosis y las necesidades de salud, y describir la asistencia realizada a las personas con tuberculosis, en la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo desarrollado en dos unidades de salud de la familia en Capao Redondo, Sao Paulo; los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevista abierta, en enero de 2010, sometidos a la técnica de análisis de discurso, resultando en tres categorías: significados atribuidos a la tuberculosis, significados atribuidos a las necesidades de salud y características de la asistencia. Las concepciones sobre la enfermedad están basadas en la teoría de la multicausalidad del proceso salud-enfermedad. La asistencia se caracteriza por intervenciones que extrapolan la dimensión biológica. Las condiciones precarias de vida definen las necesidades de la mayoría de las personas con tuberculosis, pudiendo ser más importantes para los enfermos que el propio diagnóstico de la enfermedad, influenciando la adhesión al tratamiento y debiendo tener mayor relevancia en la asistencia.

[Health needs according to the perception of people with pulmonary tuberculosis]. / Necessidades em saúde segundo percepções de pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar.

The objective of this study was to identify the perceptions of people with tuberculosis regarding their health needs. This qualitative study was performed in the administrative district of Capão Redondo, São Paulo. Data collection was performed in January of 2010 via semi-directed interviews. The interviews were conducted with eleven people undergoing tuberculosis treatment. The participants were at least eighteen years of age and presented no cognition limitations. The empirical material was decoded through discourse analysis. The health needs perceptions are related to the difficulties that emerge in the health-disease process, and acknowledging health needs appeared to be tied to the current illness. The identified needs result from biological alterations, changes to their daily lives, and the limited availability of healthcare services. The quality of assistance offered to people with tuberculosis is a condition of factors related to identifying and meeting their health needs.

As necessidades de saúde e vulnerabilidades de pessoas com tuberculose segundo as dimensões acesso, vínculo e adesão / The health needs and vulnerabilities of tuberculosis patients according to the accessibility, attachment and adherence dimensions / Las necesidades de salud y vulnerabilidad de personas con tuberculosis según las dimensiones de acceso, vínculo y adhesión

Os objetivos foram conhecer a vivência das pessoas com tuberculose e identificar necessidades de saúde e vulnerabilidade frente ao adoecimento, no que diz respeito ao acesso ao tratamento, ao vínculo com a equipe de saúde e à adesão ao tratamento. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido em unidades de saúde da família. Entrevistaram-se pessoas em tratamento, utilizando-se o critério de saturação das informações. Na análise dos depoimentos utilizou-se o software Alceste. O diagnóstico tardio reflete a falta de conhecimento sobre a doença e o despreparo de alguns profissionais. O apoio constituiu um determinante no seguimento das pessoas que, sentindo-se acolhidas, foram incentivadas a seguir o esquema terapêutico. As necessidades de saúde relacionaram-se às boas condições de vida, como direito à alimentação, trabalho, moradia, educação, lazer e adoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis. Ressalta-se a valorização da vivência das pessoas em tratamento para apoiar a prática assistencial dos profissionais focada nas necessidades de saúde e vulnerabilidades da população.

The objective was to know the experience of people with tuberculosis, identify their health needs and vulnerability in face of the disease, and in terms of their accessibility to treatment, their attachment to the health team, and adherence to the treatment. This qualitative study was performed at family health care units. Interviews were performed with patients following treatment, using the criterion of information saturation. The statements were analyzed using Alceste software. The late diagnosis reflects the lack of knowledge about the disease and come professionals' lack of preparation. The support consists a determinant aspect in patient follow up, who, by feeling welcomed, were encouraged to follow the therapeutic scheme. The health needs were related to the good life conditions, such as the right to food, work, housing, education, leisure, and taking on healthy life habits. The authors emphasize on the valorization of the experience of people following treatment to support the health care practice of professionals centered on the health needs and vulnerabilities of the population.

Se objetivó conocer la experiencia de personas con tuberculosis, identificar necesidades de salud y vulnerabilidad al padecimiento, en perspectiva del acceso al tratamiento, del vínculo con el equipo de salud y de adhesión al tratamiento. Estudio cualitativo, desarrollado en unidades de salud familiar. Se entrevistaron personas en tratamiento, utilizándose el criterio de saturación de información. Se analizaron los testimonios mediante software Alceste. El diagnóstico tardío refleja falta de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y baja calificación de algunos profesionales. El apoyo constituyó un determinante en el seguimiento de personas que, sintiéndose acogidas, incentivaron su interés en seguir el esquema terapéutico. Las necesidades de salud se relacionaron con las buenas condiciones de vida, como derecho a la alimentación, trabajo, domicilio, educación, placer y adopción de hábitos saludables. Se resalta la valorización de la experiencia de personas en tratamiento para apoyar la práctica asistencial del profesional, enfocada en necesidades sanitarias y vulnerabilidad poblacional.

[Perceptions of primary health care needs according to users of a health center]. / Percepções sobre necessidades de saúde na Atenção Básica segundo usuários de um serviço de saúde.

This qualitative, exploratory study was performed with the purpose of identifying the concept of health needs according to the perception of health service users located in the State of São Paulo. Fifteen interviews were performed using a semi-structured script, in January 2009. The exhaustive reading of the interviews allow for identifying the elements that comprise the categories, which had been previously defined according to the Taxonomy of Health Needs. It was observed that users view themselves as holders of needs: the social context may strongly affect their health, and therefore the users have the need for autonomy in making decisions. As for attachment, it is observed that it is closely related to the autonomy/self care needs, as, in a certain way, it is necessary to strengthen the trust relationship so that the potentials to face the health-disease process may also be strengthened. In conclusion, there is a need for instruments that help collective health professionals to identify the health need of users.

Percepções sobre necessidades de saúde na Atenção Básica segundo usuários de um serviço de saúde / Perceptions of primary health care needs according to users of a health center / Percepciones sobre necesidades de salud en la atención básica, según usuarios de un servicio de salud

Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, com o objetivo de conhecer o conceito de necessidades de saúde, segundo a percepção de usuários de um serviço de saúde do interior paulista. Realizou-se 15 entrevistas, por meio de roteiro semi-estruturado, em janeiro de 2009. A leitura exaustiva das entrevistas permitiu a apreensão de elementos constitutivos das categorias, definidas a priori, segundo a Taxonomia das Necessidades de Saúde. Identificou-se que os usuários perceberam-se como detentores de necessidades; o contexto social pode apresentar forte influência na sua saúde, verificando-se que a autonomia na tomada de decisões é uma necessidade. Quanto ao vínculo, percebe-se que está intimamente ligado às necessidades de autonomia/autocuidado, pois de certo modo é reforçando a relação de confiança que será possível fortalecer os potenciais para o enfrentamento do processo saúde-doença. Conclui-se que existe a necessidade de instrumentos que auxiliem o profissional da área da Saúde Coletiva a identificar as necessidades de saúde dos usuários.

This qualitative, exploratory study was performed with the purpose of identifying the concept of health needs according to the perception of health service users located in the State of São Paulo. Fifteen interviews were performed using a semi-structured script, in January 2009. The exhaustive reading of the interviews allow for identifying the elements that comprise the categories, which had been previously defined according to the Taxonomy of Health Needs. It was observed that users view themselves as holders of needs: the social context may strongly affect their health, and therefore the users have the need for autonomy in making decisions. As for attachment, it is observed that it is closely related to the autonomy/self care needs, as, in a certain way, it is necessary to strengthen the trust relationship so that the potentials to face the health-disease process may also be strengthened. In conclusion, there is a need for instruments that help collective health professionals to identify the health need of users.

Se trata de una investigación cualitativa de carácter exploratorio, con el objetivo de conocer el concepto de necesidades de salud, según la percepción de usuarios de un servicio de salud del interior paulista. Fueron realizadas 15 entrevistas, a través de guión semiestructurado, en el mes de enero de 2009. La lectura exhaustiva de las entrevistas permitió el aprendizaje de elementos constitutivos de las categorías, que fueron definidas a priori según la Taxonomía de las Necesidades de Salud. Se identificó que los usuarios se percibieron como detentores de necesidades, el contexto social puede presentar fuerte influencia en su salud, verificándose que la autonomía en la toma de decisiones es una necesidad. En cuanto al vínculo, se percibe que está íntimamente ligado a las necesidades de autonomía/autocuidado, pues de cierto modo, reforzándose la relación de confianza, será posible fortalecer los potenciales para el enfrentamiento del proceso salud-enfermedad. Se concluye respecto de la necesidad de instrumentos que auxilien al profesional que actúa en el área de Salud Colectiva a identificar las necesidades de salud de los usuarios.

The health needs and vulnerabilities of tuberculosis patients according to the accessibility, attachment and adherence dimensions. / As necessidades de saúde e vulnerabilidades de pessoas com tuberculose segundo as dimensões acesso, vínculo e adesão.

The objective was to know the experience of people with tuberculosis, identify their health needs and vulnerability in face of the disease, and in terms of their accessibility to treatment, their attachment to the health team, and adherence to the treatment. This qualitative study was performed at family health care units. Interviews were performed with patients following treatment, using the criterion of information saturation. The statements were analyzed using Alceste software. The late diagnosis reflects the lack of knowledge about the disease and come professionals' lack of preparation. The support consists a determinant aspect in patient follow up, who, by feeling welcomed, were encouraged to follow the therapeutic scheme. The health needs were related to the good life conditions, such as the right to food, work, housing, education, leisure, and taking on healthy life habits. The authors emphasize on the valorization of the experience of people following treatment to support the health care practice of professionals centered on the health needs and vulnerabilities of the population.

Vulnerabilidades em pacientes com tuberculose no distrito sanitário de santa felicidade _ Curitiba, PR / Vulnerabilidades en pacientes con tuberculosis en el distrito sanitario de santa felicidade _ Curitiba, PR / With tuberculosis patients' vulnerabilities in the health district of santa felicidade _ Curitiba, PR

Objetivou-se identificar características dos pacientes com tuberculose e as variáveis potenciais de desgaste evulnerabilidades para essas pessoas em relação à doença num estudo conduzido sob o marco teórico da vulnerabilidade.Integraram o estudo 26 sujeitos matriculados em unidades básicas de saúde do Distrito Sanitário de Santa Felicidade,Curitiba, Paraná. Os dados foram coletados usando um questionário e os resultados mostraram que 73% eram do sexomasculino, 84,6% apresentavam tuberculose pulmonar, 11,5% já tinham sido tratados anteriormente e 15,4% submeteramseao tratamento supervisionado. O estudo mostrou características pessoais relativas ao processo saúde-doença e dereprodução social, sendo que alguns sujeitos apresentavam vulnerabilidade individual em maior escala que outros.Revelou-se também vulnerabilidades para o enfrentamento da vida como moradia, grau de instrução, acesso a bens de consumo e a serviços de saúde.

The study aimed to identify characteristics of patients suffering from tuberculosis and identify variables whichmay entail potentials for distress and vulnerability for those people. Guided by the vulnerability theoretical landmark, 26subjects at primary health units from Santa Felicidade Sanitary District, Curitiba/PR, Brazil joined the study. Data collectionwas held between July and August/2005 by means of a questionnaire. Results pointed out that 73% of the patients were male,84.6% suffered from lung tuberculosis, and among these ones, 11.5% had formerly been under treatment, and 15.4% have gota follow-up treatment. The study evidenced personal, of the health-disease process, and of social reproduction characteristics;some subjects presented individual vulnerability in a higher degree than others. It also unveiled vulnerabilities for life copingsuch as housing, educational level, access to consuming assets and to health services.

Se objetivó identificar características de los pacientes con tuberculosis y las variables potenciales de desgastey vulnerabilidades para esas personas en relación a la enfermedad. Conducido bajo el marco teórico de la vulnerabilidad.Integraron el estudio 26 sujetos matriculados en unidades básicas de salud del Distrito Sanitario de Santa Felicidade,Curitiba, Paraná. Los datos fueron recogidos usando un cuestionario y los resultados mostraron que 73% eran de sexomasculino, 84,6% presentaban tuberculosis pulmonar, 11.5% ya se habían tratado anteriormente y el 15,4% se sometieronal tratamiento supervisado. El estudio mostró características personales, relativas al proceso salud-enfermedad y dereproducción social siendo que algunos sujetos presentaban vulnerabilidad individual en mayor escala que otros. Revelótambién vulnerabilidades para el enfrentamiento de la vida como vivienda, grado de instrucción, acceso a bienes deconsumo y servicios de salud.

Necessidades de saúde na atenção primária: percepção de profissionais que atuam na educação permanente / Health necessities in primary attention: the perception of professionals acting in permanent education / Necesidades de salud en la atención primaria: percepción de profesionales que actúan en la educación permanente

OBJETIVO: Conhecer o conceito de necessidades em saúde, segundo a percepção dos preceptores que integram uma equipe de Educação Permanente na Atenção Primária em Saúde de uma organização social. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com cinco preceptores vinculados à Educação permanente dessa Instituiçao e os achados foram categorizados e analisados, conforme a Taxonomia de Necessidades de Saúde e a luz da Teoria da Determinação Social do Processo Saúde-Doença. Os cinco profissionais da equipe de preceptoria de uma organização social da zona Leste paulistana participaram da pesquisa. RESULTADOS: Os participantes abordaram as quatro categorias propostas pela taxonomia, além de discorrerem sobre a identificação das necessidades e sua satisfação. CONCLUSÃO: Os profissionais acreditam que as necessidades de saúde da população não são atendidas em razão de questões relacionadas às condições de vida, políticas públicas e visão de mundo dos profissionais.

OBJECTIVE: To know the concept of necessities in health, according to the perception of the mentors who integrate a team of Permanent Education in Primary Attention of Health, in a social organization. METHODS: It was used the semi-structured interview with five mentors linked to the constant Education of that Institution; the findings were categorized and analyzed according to the Taxonomy of Health Necessities, using the Social Determination Theory of the Health-Disease Process. The five mentors of the team of preceptors of a social organization in the Sao Paulo's Eastern zone participated of the inquiry. RESULTS: The participants examined the four categories proposed by the taxonomy, besides analyzing the identification of the necessities and its fulfillment. CONCLUSION: The professionals think that the populations' health necessities are not attended due to: 1) life conditions, 2) public policies, and 3) mentors' world vision.

OBJETIVO: Conocer el concepto de necesidades de la salud, según la percepción de los instructores que integran un equipo de Educación Permanente en la Atención Primaria de la Salud de una organización social. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada con cinco instructores vinculados a la Educación permanente de esa Institución; lo encontrado fue categorizado y analizado, conforme la Taxonomía de Necesidades de la Salud utilizando la Teoría de la Determinación Social del Proceso Salud-Enfermedad. Los cinco profesionales del equipo de instructores de una organización social de la zona Leste paulistana participaron de la investigación. RESULTADOS: Los participantes examinaron las cuatro categorías propuestas por la taxonomía, además de analizar la identificación de las necesidades y su satisfacción. CONCLUSIÓN: Los profesionales piensan que las necesidades de la salud de la población no son atendidas debido a cuestiones relacionadas a: 1) condiciones de vida, 2) políticas públicas, y 3) visión de mundo de los profesionales.