Prognostic values of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular events in South African health promotion.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing at an alarming rate among the South African population. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of modifiable CVD risk factors for fatal and non-fatal events to inform cardiovascular health promotion practices in the South African public health system. METHODS: Data was collected from individuals participating in the South African leg of a multi-national prospective cohort study. Binary logistic regression was applied to estimate odds of total, non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Binary logistic regression analyses identified age as a predictor of non-fatal and fatal CV events, with ORs of 1.87 to 3.21, respectively. Hypertension increased the odd of suffering a non-fatal CV event by almost two and a half (OR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.26, 4.85). Moreover, being physically active reduced the odd of non-fatal CVD events by 38% (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.83 for 1 Standard deviation increase of the weighted physical activity index score (WPA)). On the one hand, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) was associated with a higher fatal cardiovascular disease risk OR = 2.45 (95% CI = 1.36, 4.42) for a standard deviation increase. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated blood pressure, GGT, and physical activity have significant prognostic values for fatal or non-fatal CV events. These findings emphasise the importance of highlighting hypertension and physical activity when planning cardiovascular health education and intervention programmes for this population, with attention to the monitoring of GGT.

Potassium excretion and blood pressure are associated with heart rate variability in healthy black adults: The African-PREDICT study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Heart rate variability (HRV) is a main determinant of autonomic function and related to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular (CV) disease. Hypertension develops in black populations at an earlier age, which could be due to differences in the autonomic nervous system activity and sodium/potassium handling in black and white populations. We investigated whether HRV is associated with 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion and blood pressure (BP) in a young bi-ethnic cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined 423 black and 483 white healthy adults (aged 24.5 ± 3.1 years) for 24 h HRV, including standard deviation of normal RR intervals (SDNN) reflecting autonomic variations over time, and root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) reflecting parasympathetic activity. We measured 24 h urinary sodium and potassium concentration and BP. The black group had lower SDNN and potassium excretion as well as higher RMSSD, sodium and Na/k ratio compared to the white group (all p < 0.05). Only in black individuals, urinary potassium excretion was independently and negatively associated with SDNN (ß[95% CI];-0.26[-0.50;-0.02]ms) and RMSSD (-0.14[-0.27;-0.01]ms, p < 0.05). One unit increase in sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio was associated with higher SDNN (ß[95% CI]; 3.04[0.89; 5.19]ms) and RMSSD (1.60[0.41; 2.78]ms) in the black cohort only (both p < 0.001). In both groups elevated 24 h diastolic BP was associated with lower RMSSD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lower potassium excretion and higher Na/K ratio related independently to higher HRV in young and healthy black adults. A better ethnic-specific understanding of sodium and potassium handling is required as part of preventive cardiology, especially in black individuals. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03292094; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03292094.