RESUMO
Objective: Our goal was to explore prenatal practices and birthing experiences among Black women living in an urban North Florida community. Design: Non-random qualitative study. Setting: Private spaces at a convenient location selected by the participant. Participants: Eleven Black women, aged 25-36 years, who were either pregnant or had given birth at least once in the past five years in North Florida. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were completed in July 2017, followed by thematic analysis of interview transcripts. Results: Four main themes emerged: a) decision-making strategies for employing alternative childbirth preparation (ie, midwives, birthing centers, and doulas); b) having access to formal community resources to support their desired approaches to perinatal care; c) seeking advice from women with similar perspectives on birthing and parenting; and d) being confident in one's decisions. Despite seeking to incorporate "alternative" methods into their birthing plans, the majority of our participants ultimately delivered in-hospital. Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest that culturally relevant and patient-centered decision-making might enhance Black women's perinatal experience although further research is needed to see if these findings are generalizable to a heterogenous US Black population. Implications for childbirth educators and health care professionals include: 1) recognizing the importance of racially and professionally diverse staffing in obstetric care practices; 2) empowering patients to communicate and achieve their childbirth desires; 3) ensuring an environment that is not only free of discrimination and disrespect, but that embodies respect (as perceived by patients of varied racial backgrounds) and cultural competence; and, 4) providing access to education and care outside of traditional work hours.
Assuntos
Parto , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Parto Obstétrico , Feminino , Florida , Humanos , Motivação , Gravidez , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
Racial disparities persist in adverse perinatal outcomes such as preterm birth, low birthweight (LBW), and infant mortality across the U.S. Although pervasive, these disparities are not universal. Some communities have experienced significant improvements in black (or African American) birth outcomes, both in absolute rates and in rate ratios relative to whites. This study assessed county-level progress on trends in black and white LBW rates as an indicator of progress toward more equal birth outcomes for black infants. County-level LBW data were obtained from the 2003 to 2013 U.S. Natality files. Black LBW rates, black-white rate ratios and percent differences over time were calculated. Trend lines were first assessed for significant differences in slope (i.e., converging, diverging, or parallel trend lines). For counties with parallel trend lines, intercepts were tested for statistically significant differences (sustained equality vs. persistent disparities). To assess progress, black LBW rates were compared to white LBW rates, and the trend lines were tested for significant decline. Each county's progress toward black-white equality was ultimately categorized into five possible trend patterns (n = 408): (1) converging LBW rates with reductions in the black LBW rate (decreasing disparities, n = 4, 1%); (2) converging LBW rates due to worsening white LBW rates (n = 5, 1%); (3) diverging LBW rates (increasing disparities, n = 9, 2%); (4) parallel LBW rates (persistent disparities, n = 373, 91%); and (5) overlapping trend lines (sustained equality, n = 18, 4%). Only four counties demonstrated improvement toward equality with decreasing black LBW rates. There is significant county-level variation in progress toward racial equality in adverse birth outcomes such as low birthweight. Still, some communities are demonstrating that more equitable outcomes are possible. Further research is needed in these positive exemplar communities to identify what works in accelerating progress toward more equal birth outcomes.
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/tendências , Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Coeficiente de Natalidade/etnologia , Coeficiente de Natalidade/tendências , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Education of health care clinicians on racial and ethnic disparities has primarily focused on emphasizing statistics and cultural competency, with minimal attention to racism. Learning about racism and unconscious processes provides skills that reduce bias when interacting with minority patients. This paper describes the responses to a relationship-based workshop and toolkit highlighting issues that medical educators should address when teaching about racism in the context of pernicious health disparities. METHODS: A multiracial, interdisciplinary team identified essential elements of teaching about racism. A 1.5-hour faculty development workshop consisted of a didactic presentation, a 3-minute video vignette depicting racial and gender microaggression within a hospital setting, small group discussion, large group debrief, and presentation of a toolkit. RESULTS: One hundred twenty diverse participants attended the workshop at the 2016 Society of Teachers of Family Medicine Annual Spring Conference. Qualitative information from small group facilitators and large group discussions identified some participants' emotional reactions to the video including dismay, anger, fear, and shame. A pre/postsurvey (N=72) revealed significant changes in attitude and knowledge regarding issues of racism and in participants' personal commitment to address them. DISCUSSION: Results suggest that this workshop changed knowledge and attitudes about racism and health inequities. Findings also suggest this workshop improved confidence in teaching learners to reduce racism in patient care. The authors recommend that curricula continue to be developed and disseminated nationally to equip faculty with the skills and teaching resources to effectively incorporate the discussion of racism into the education of health professionals.
Assuntos
Medicina de Família e Comunidade/educação , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Saúde das Minorias/educação , Racismo , Ensino/educação , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Competência Cultural/educação , Currículo , Educação Médica , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Objective: To explore the success of community-based participatory research [CBPR] in engaging African American women to achieve health equity by elucidating community, trust, communication and impact. Recommendations helpful for researchers interested in engaging communities to achieve health equity in the USA are included. Inroduction: African American women experience health disparities of multifactorial etiology and are underrepresented in research. CBPR is a collaborative approach that incorporates perspectives, which address the intricate determinants of health and has been reported as an effective means to address health disparities. Yet, the science of CBPR seems elusive to researchers in the medical field. The opportunity exists to better understand and expand the use of the principles of engagement, replication, and sustainability in engaging African American women in health research. Methods: A variety of literature regarding engaging African American women in community-based participatory research was reviewed. Results: CBPR focused on robust engagement of marginalized groups continues to be validated as a vital approach to the elimination of disparities and improved health for all, especially ethnic and racial minority populations. However, limited evidence of focused engagement of African American women was found. Making specific outreach to African American women must be a community and patient engagement priority to achieve health equity. Conclusions: Continued research is needed which specifically focuses on building and sustaining engagement with African American women and their communities. This research can transform healthcare access, experiences and outcomes by yielding actionable information about what African American women need and want to promote wellness for themselves and their communities.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Pesquisa Participativa Baseada na Comunidade/métodos , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Comunicação , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Family physicians have been involved in the care of rural and urban underserved populations since the founding of the specialty. In the early 1970s family medicine training programs specifically focused on training residents to work with the underserved were established in both urban and rural settings. Key to the success of these programs has been a specific focus on improving access to care, understanding and eliminating health disparities, cultural competency and behavioral science training that recognizes the challenges often faced by patients and families living in poor rural and urban areas of the country. In keeping with a focus on the underserved, several urban underserved residencies also became national models for the provision of primary care to patients and families affected by HIV/AIDS. Family medicine training programs focused on the underserved have resulted in the development of a cohort of family physicians who care for those most in need in the United States. Despite these achievements, persistent challenges remain in providing adequate access to care for many living in rural and inner city settings. New strategies will need to be developed by family medicine programs and others to better meet these challenges.
Assuntos
Medicina de Família e Comunidade/história , Área Carente de Assistência Médica , Médicos de Família/psicologia , Populações Vulneráveis/psicologia , Competência Cultural , Medicina de Família e Comunidade/educação , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Internato e Residência , Médicos de Família/história , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess state-level progress on eliminating racial disparities in infant mortality. METHODS: Using linked infant birth-death files from 1999 to 2013, we calculated state-level 3-year rolling average infant mortality rates (IMRs) and Black-White IMR ratios. We also calculated percentage improvement and a projected year for achieving equality if current trend lines are sustained. RESULTS: We found substantial state-level variation in Black IMRs (range = 6.6-13.8) and Black-White rate ratios (1.5-2.7), and also in percentage relative improvement in IMR (range = 2.7% to 36.5% improvement) and in Black-White rate ratios (from 11.7% relative worsening to 24.0% improvement). Thirteen states achieved statistically significant reductions in Black-White IMR disparities. Eliminating the Black-White IMR gap would have saved 64 876 babies during these 15 years. Eighteen states would achieve IMR racial equality by the year 2050 if current trends are sustained. CONCLUSIONS: States are achieving varying levels of progress in reducing Black infant mortality and Black-White IMR disparities. Public Health Implications. Racial equality in infant survival is achievable, but will require shifting our focus to determinants of progress and strategies for success.
Assuntos
População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Causas de Morte , Feminino , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Health disparities among African Americans are an historic and pervasive problem in US health care. We examined the presence, requirements, and content of curricula in US medical schools dedicated to racial and ethnic health disparities. METHODS: We conducted a national CERA survey of Family Medicine department chairs. Chairs were asked about disparities curricula in their institutions. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent reported that their medical school curriculum included focus on racial and ethnic disparities. However, many were dissatisfied with the content and quality of their curricular offerings. There were no significant departmental predictors of the quality of health disparities curricula. CONCLUSION: The majority of medical schools address health disparities in their curricula, but optimally covering this important content remains a persistent challenge in medical school education.