Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS: ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION: Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí / Plano de amostragem e aspectos metodológicos: inquérito de saúde domiciliar no Piauí

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de "não-resposta" (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí / Plano de amostragem e aspectos metodológicos: inquérito de saúde domiciliar no Piauí

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de "não-resposta" (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

National prevalence survey in Brazil to evaluate the quality of microbiology laboratories: the importance of defining priorities to allocate limited resources.

This report describes a survey of microbiology laboratories (n = 467) serving Brazilian hospitals with ≥10 intensive care beds and/or involved in the government health care adverse event reporting system. Coordinators were interviewed and laboratories classified as follows: Level 0 (no minimal functioning conditions-85.4% of laboratories); Level 1 (minimal functioning conditions but inadequate execution of basic routine-6.7%); Level 2 (minimal functioning conditions and adequate execution of basic routine but no adequate procedures for quality control-5.8%); Level 3 (minimal functioning conditions, adequate execution of basic routine, and adequate procedures for quality control, but no direct communication with the infection control department-0.9%); Level 4 (minimal functioning conditions, adequate execution of basic routine, adequate procedures for quality control, and direct communication with infection control, but no available advanced resources-none); and Level 5 (minimal functioning conditions, adequate execution of basic routine, adequate procedures for quality control, direct communication with infection control, and available advanced resources-0.9%). Twelve laboratories did not perform Ziehl-Neelsen staining; 271 did not have safety cabinets; and >30% without safety cabinets had automated systems. Low quality was associated with serving hospitals not participating in government adverse-event program; private hospitals; nonteaching hospitals; and those outside state capitals. Results may reflect what occurs in many other countries where defining priorities is important due to limited resources.

National prevalence survey in Brazil to evaluate the quality of microbiology laboratories: the importance of defining priorities to allocate limited resources / Encuesta de prevalencia nacional para evaluar la calidad de los laboratorios de microbiología en el Brasil: importancia de la definición de prioridades para asignar recursos limitados

This report describes a survey of microbiology laboratories (n = 467) serving Brazilian hospitals with >10 intensive care beds and/or involved in the government health care adverse event reporting system. Coordinators were interviewed and laboratories classified as follows: Level 0 (no minimal functioning conditions-85.4% of laboratories); Level 1 (minimal functioning conditions but inadequate execution of basic routine-6.7%); Level 2 (minimal functioning conditions and adequate execution of basic routine but no adequate procedures for quality control-5.8%); Level 3 (minimal functioning conditions, adequate execution of basic routine, and adequate procedures for quality control, but no direct communication with the infection control department-0.9%); Level 4 (minimal functioning conditions, adequate execution of basic routine, adequate procedures for quality control, and direct communication with infection control, but no available advanced resources-none); and Level 5 (minimal functioning conditions, adequate execution of basic routine, adequate procedures for quality control, direct communication with infection control, and available advanced resources-0.9%). Twelve laboratories did not perform Ziehl-Neelsen staining; 271 did not have safety cabinets; and >30% without safety cabinets had automated systems. Low quality was associated with serving hospitals not participating in government adverse-event program; private hospitals; nonteaching hospitals; and those outside state capitals. Results may reflect what occurs in many other countries where defining priorities is important due to limited resources.

Este artículo describe una encuesta realizada en Brasil en laboratorios de microbiología (n = 467) que prestaban servicio a hospitales que contaban al menos con 10 camas de cuidados intensivos. Se entrevistó a los coordinadores y los laboratorios se clasificaron de la siguiente manera: nivel 0 (sin condiciones de funcionamiento mínimas: 85,4% de los laboratorios), nivel 1 (condiciones de funcionamiento mínimas pero ejecución inadecuada del trabajo habitual básico: 6,7%), nivel 2 (condiciones de funcionamiento mínimas y ejecución adecuada del trabajo habitual básico, pero sin procedimientos de control de calidad apropiados: 5,8%), nivel 3 (condiciones de funcionamiento mínimas, ejecución adecuada del trabajo habitual básico y procedimientos de control de calidad apropiados, pero sin comunicación directa con el departamento de control de infecciones: 0,9%), nivel 4 (condiciones de funcionamiento mínimas, ejecución adecuada del trabajo habitual básico, procedimientos de control de calidad apropiados y comunicación directa con el departamento de control de infecciones, pero sin recursos avanzados disponibles: ningún laboratorio) y nivel 5 (condiciones de funcionamiento mínimas, ejecución adecuada del trabajo habitual básico, procedimientos de control de calidad apropiados, comunicación directa con el departamento de control de infecciones y recursos avanzados disponibles: 0,9%). Doce laboratorios no realizaban la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen, 271 no contaban con cámaras de seguridad biológica, y más de 30% de los laboratorios que carecían de cámaras de seguridad biológica tenían sistemas automatizados. La escasa calidad se asoció a la falta de participación en el programa gubernamental de notificación de acontecimientos adversos, a los hospitales privados, a los hospitales no docentes y a la ubicación de los hospitales fuera de las capitales de los estados. Los resultados pueden reflejar lo que ocurre en muchos otros países con recursos limitados, donde es importante definir las prioridades.

Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for monitoring patients using cochlear implants.

PURPOSE: To characterize the profile of patients with cochlear implant as proposed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY). METHODS: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study, which examined 30 medical records of patients using the cochlear implant of Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas; To characterize the profile of the patients, the ICF-CY was used. Regarding the assessment, researchers relied on procedures performed in clinical routine, besides information registered in the medical record. After reviewing the information, it was related to codes from the ICF-CY; with the addition of a qualifier afterwards. RESULTS: Overall, 55 codes from the ICF were related to the instruments to characterize this population. Regarding the Body Functions field, most participants did not have disabilities related to reception and expression of oral language and auditory functions, with only written language disabilities being found. These same findings were observed in the Activity and Participation Field. Regarding environmental factors, noise and the non-availability of technology resources to assist in the auditory comprehension of noise were characterized as a barrier, as well as the absence of speech therapy. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that most of the participating children showed no deficiency in the body functions, with difficulties being only reported in relation to school performance. Environmental factors (noise, non-availability of technological resources, absence of speech therapy) were characterized as a barrier. The need to expand assessments in the clinical routine was also noted.

O uso da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde para acompanhamento de pacientes usuários de Implante Coclear / Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for monitoring patients using Cochlear Implants

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil dos pacientes usuários de Implante Coclear a partir do proposto pela Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde para Crianças e Jovens (CIF-CJ). MÉTODOS: Tratou-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo transversal, em que foram analisados 30 prontuários de pacientes usuários de Implante Coclear do Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas. Para caracterização do perfil dos pacientes, foi utilizada a CIF-CJ. Para avaliação, os pesquisadores basearam-se em procedimentos realizados na rotina clínica, além de informações registradas no prontuário. Após a revisão dessas informações, estas foram relacionadas com o código da CIF-CJ, sendo acrescido posteriormente um qualificador. RESULTADOS: No total, 55 códigos da CIF foram relacionados com os instrumentos para caracterização desta população. Com relação ao domínio Funções do Corpo, a maioria dos participantes não apresentava deficiência quanto aos aspectos relacionados à recepção e expressão da linguagem oral e funções auditivas, sendo apenas encontrada deficiência na linguagem escrita. Esse mesmo achado foi observado no domínio Atividade e Participação. Quanto aos Fatores Ambientais, o ruído e a não disponibilidade de recursos tecnológicos para auxiliar na compreensão auditiva no ruído foram caracterizados como barreira, além da não realização da terapia fonoaudiológica. CONCLUSÃO: Este trabalho permitiu-nos concluir que a maioria das crianças participantes não apresentou deficiência nas Funções do Corpo, sendo observadas apenas dificuldades no desempenho escolar. Os fatores ambientais (ruído, não disponibilidade de recursos tecnológicos, não realização da terapia fonoaudiológica) foram caracterizados como barreira. Notou-se também a necessidade de ampliar as avaliações na rotina clínica.

PURPOSE: To characterize the profile of patients with cochlear implant as proposed by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY). METHODS: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study, which examined 30 medical records of patients using the cochlear implant of Centro de Pesquisas Audiológicas; To characterize the profile of the patients, the ICF-CY was used. Regarding the assessment, researchers relied on procedures performed in clinical routine, besides information registered in the medical record. After reviewing the information, it was related to codes from the ICF-CY; with the addition of a qualifier afterwards. RESULTS: Overall, 55 codes from the ICF were related to the instruments to characterize this population. Regarding the Body Functions field, most participants did not have disabilities related to reception and expression of oral language and auditory functions, with only written language disabilities being found. These same findings were observed in the Activity and Participation Field. Regarding environmental factors, noise and the non-availability of technology resources to assist in the auditory comprehension of noise were characterized as a barrier, as well as the absence of speech therapy. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that most of the participating children showed no deficiency in the body functions, with difficulties being only reported in relation to school performance. Environmental factors (noise, non-availability of technological resources, absence of speech therapy) were characterized as a barrier. The need to expand assessments in the clinical routine was also noted.

Vaccination coverage among children under two years of age based on electronic immunization registry in Southern Brazil / Cobertura vacinal em menores de dois anos a partir de registro informatizado de imunização em Curitiba, PR

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o programa de imunização de crianças de 12 e de 24 meses de idade, com base no registro informatizado de imunização. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo em amostra probabilística de 2.637 crianças nascidas em 2002 e residentes em Curitiba, PR. As fontes de dados foram: registro informatizado de imunização do município, Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos e inquérito domiciliar para casos com registro incompleto. As coberturas foram estimadas aos 12 e aos 24 meses de vida e analisadas segundo características socioeconômicas de cada distrito sanitário e o vínculo das crianças aos serviços de saúde. Foram analisadas a abrangência, completude e duplicidades do registro informatizado de imunização. RESULTADOS: A cobertura do esquema de imunização foi de 95,3 por cento aos 12 meses sem diferenças entre os distritos e de 90,3 por cento aos 24 meses, tendo sido mais elevada em um distrito com piores indicadores socioeconômicos (p = 0,01). A proporção de vacinas, segundo o tipo, aplicadas antes e após a idade recomendada foi de até 0,9 por cento e até 32,2 por cento, respectivamente. A cobertura do registro informatizado de imunização foi de 98 por cento na amostra estudada, o sub-registro de doses de vacinas foi de 11 por cento e a duplicidade de registro foi de 20,6 por cento. Os grupos que apresentaram maiores coberturas foram: crianças com cadastro definitivo, aquelas com três ou mais consultas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde e as atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde que adotam plenamente a Estratégia de Saúde da Família. CONCLUSÕES: A cobertura vacinal em Curitiba mostrou-se elevada e homogênea entre os distritos, e o vínculo com os serviços de saúde foi fator importante para tais resultados. O registro informatizado de imunização mostrou-se útil no monitoramento da cobertura vacinal; no entanto, é importante a prévia avaliação do seu custo-efetividade para que seja amplamente utilizado pelo Programa Nacional de Imunização.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunization program for 12 and 24-month-old children based on electronic immunization registry. METHODS: A descriptive study of a random sample of 2,637 children born in 2002 living in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil was performed. Data was collected from local electronic immunization registers and the National Live Birth Information System, as well as from a household survey for cases with incomplete records. Coverage at 12 and 24 months was estimated and analyzed according to the socioeconomic characteristics of each administrative district and the child's enrollment status in the health care service. The coverage, completeness, and record duplication in the registry were analyzed. RESULTS: Coverage of immunization was 95.3% at 12 months, with no disparities among administrative districts, and 90.3% at 24 months, with higher coverage in a district with lower socioeconomic conditions (p < 0.01). The proportion of vaccines, according to type, given before and after the recommended age reached 0.9% and 32.2%, respectively. In the surveyed sample, electronic immunization registry coverage was 98%, underreporting of vaccine doses was 11%, and record duplication was 20.6%. Groups with highest coverage included children with permanent records, children with three or more appointments through the National Unified Health Care System, and children seen within Primary Health Care Facilities fully adopting the Family Health Strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination coverage in Curitiba was high and homogeneous among districts, and health service enrollment status was an important factor in these results. The electronic immunization registry was a useful tool for monitoring vaccine coverage; however, it will be important to determine cost-effectiveness prior to wide-scale adoption by the National Immunization Program.

Vaccination coverage among children under two years of age based on electronic immunization registry in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunization program for 12 and 24-month-old children based on electronic immunization registry. METHODS: A descriptive study of a random sample of 2,637 children born in 2002 living in the city of Curitiba, Southern Brazil was performed. Data was collected from local electronic immunization registers and the National Live Birth Information System, as well as from a household survey for cases with incomplete records. Coverage at 12 and 24 months was estimated and analyzed according to the socioeconomic characteristics of each administrative district and the child's enrollment status in the health care service. The coverage, completeness, and record duplication in the registry were analyzed. RESULTS: Coverage of immunization was 95.3% at 12 months, with no disparities among administrative districts, and 90.3% at 24 months, with higher coverage in a district with lower socioeconomic conditions (p < 0.01). The proportion of vaccines, according to type, given before and after the recommended age reached 0.9% and 32.2%, respectively. In the surveyed sample, electronic immunization registry coverage was 98%, underreporting of vaccine doses was 11%, and record duplication was 20.6%. Groups with highest coverage included children with permanent records, children with three or more appointments through the National Unified Health Care System, and children seen within Primary Health Care Facilities fully adopting the Family Health Strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination coverage in Curitiba was high and homogeneous among districts, and health service enrollment status was an important factor in these results. The electronic immunization registry was a useful tool for monitoring vaccine coverage; however, it will be important to determine cost-effectiveness prior to wide-scale adoption by the National Immunization Program.

Association of dental enamel lead levels with risk factors for environmental exposure / Associação de níveis de chumbo no esmalte dentário com fatores de risco para exposição ambiental / Asociación de niveles de plomo en el esmalte dental con factores de riesgo a la exposición ambiental

OBJECTIVE: To analyze household risk factors associated with high lead levels in surface dental enamel. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 160 Brazilian adolescents aged 1418 years living in poor neighborhoods in the city of Bauru, southeastern Brazil, from August to December 2008. Body lead concentrations were assessed in surface dental enamel acid-etch microbiopsies. Dental enamel lead levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and phosphorus levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The parents answered a questionnaire about their children's potential early (05 years old) exposure to well-known lead sources. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between dental enamel lead levels and each environmental risk factor studied. Social and familial covariables were included in the models. RESULTS: The results suggest that the adolescents studied were exposed to lead sources during their first years of life. Risk factors associated with high dental enamel lead levels were living in or close to a contaminated area (OR = 4.49; 95 percent CI: 1.69;11.97); and member of the household worked in the manufacturing of paints, paint pigments, ceramics or batteries (OR = 3.43; 95 percent CI: 1.31;9.00). Home-based use of lead-glazed ceramics, low-quality pirated toys, anticorrosive paint on gates and/or sale of used car batteries (OR = 1.31; 95 percent CI: 0.56;3.03) and smoking (OR = 1.66; 95 percent CI: 0.52;5.28) were not found to be associated with high dental enamel lead levels. CONCLUSIONS: Surface dental enamel can be used as a marker of past environmental exposure to lead and lead concentrations detected are associated to well-known sources of lead contamination.

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores de risco no ambiente domiciliar associados com altos níveis de chumbo no esmalte dentário superficial. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido com 160 adolescentes brasileiros (14 a 18 anos), residentes em bairros pobres do município de Bauru, SP, de agosto a dezembro de 2008. A concentração de chumbo no esmalte dentário foi avaliada por microbiópsias ácidas do esmalte dentário superficial, quantificada por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite e a concentração de fósforo foi medida por espectrometria de absorção óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Os pais dos adolescentes responderam a questionário sobre possível exposição prévia (cinco primeiros anos de vida do adolescente) a chumbo decorrente de fontes de contaminação bem conhecidas. Usou-se regressão logística para identificar associações entre concentração de chumbo no esmalte e fatores de risco ambientais. Covariáveis familiares e sociais foram incluídas nos modelos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados sugerem que os jovens avaliados foram expostos a fontes de chumbo durante seus primeiros anos de vida. Os fatores de risco associados com o desfecho foram residir em área contaminada por chumbo ou nas suas proximidades (OR = 4,49; IC 95 por cento: 1,69;11,97) e ter convivido, no mesmo domicílio, com pessoa que trabalhava em fábrica de tintas, pigmentos, cerâmicas ou baterias (OR = 3,43; IC 95 por cento: 1,31;9,00). Ter usado, em casa, cerâmica vitrificada, brinquedos de baixa qualidade ou piratas, ter aplicado zarcão em portões de ferro sem cobertura esmaltada ou armazenar baterias de carro usadas na residência (OR = 1,31; IC 95 por cento: 0,56;3,03) e hábito de fumar não foram associados com altas concentrações de chumbo no esmalte dentário (OR = 1,66; IC 95 por cento: 0,52;5,28). CONCLUSÕES: O esmalte dentário superficial pode ser utilizado como marcador de exposição ambiental passada ao chumbo e as concentrações encontradas desse metal estão ligadas a fontes bem conhecidas de contaminação por chumbo.

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores de riesgo en el ambiente domiciliar asociados con altos niveles de plomo en el esmalte dental superficial. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio transversal con 160 adolescentes brasileros (14 a 18 años), residentes en urbanizaciones pobres del municipio de Bauru, SP, de agosto a diciembre de 2008. La concentración de plomo en el esmalte dental fue evaluada por micro biopsias ácidas del esmalte dental superficial, cuantificada por espectrometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito y la concentración de fósforo fue medida por espectrometría de absorción óptica con plasma inductivamente acoplado. Los padres de los adolescentes respondieron a cuestionario sobre posible exposición previa (5 primeros años de vida del adolescente) al plomo producto de fuentes de contaminación bien conocidas. Se usó regresión logística para identificar asociaciones entre concentración de plomo en el esmalte y factores de riesgo ambientales. Covariables familiares y sociales fueron incluidas en los modelos. RESULTADOS: Los resultados sugieren que los jóvenes evaluados fueron expuestos a fuentes de plomo durante sus primeros años de vida. Los factores de riesgo asociados con el resultado fueron residir en área contaminada por plomo o en sus proximidades (OR=4,49; IC 95 por ciento: 1,69;11,97) y haber convivido, en el mismo domicilio, con persona que trabajaba en fábrica de tintas, pigmentos, cerámicas o baterías (OR= 3,43; IC 95 por ciento: 1,31;9,00). Haber usado, en casa, cerámica vitrificada, juegos de baja calidad o piratas, haber aplicado zircón en portones de hierro sin cobertura esmaltada o almacenar baterías de carro usadas en la residencia (OR= 1,31; IC 95 por ciento: 0,56-3,03) y hábito de fumar no fueron asociados con altas concentraciones de plomo en el esmalte dental (OR=1,66; IC 95 por ciento: 0,52;5,28). CONCLUSIONES: El esmalte dental superficial puede ser utilizado como marcador de exposición ambiental pasada al plomo y las concentraciones encontradas de dicho metal están relacionadas con fuentes bien conocidas de contaminación por plomo.

Association of dental enamel lead levels with risk factors for environmental exposure.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze household risk factors associated with high lead levels in surface dental enamel. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 160 Brazilian adolescents aged 1418 years living in poor neighborhoods in the city of Bauru, southeastern Brazil, from August to December 2008. Body lead concentrations were assessed in surface dental enamel acid-etch microbiopsies. Dental enamel lead levels were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and phosphorus levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The parents answered a questionnaire about their children's potential early (05 years old) exposure to well-known lead sources. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between dental enamel lead levels and each environmental risk factor studied. Social and familial covariables were included in the models. RESULTS: The results suggest that the adolescents studied were exposed to lead sources during their first years of life. Risk factors associated with high dental enamel lead levels were living in or close to a contaminated area (OR = 4.49; 95% CI: 1.69;11.97); and member of the household worked in the manufacturing of paints, paint pigments, ceramics or batteries (OR = 3.43; 95% CI: 1.31;9.00). Home-based use of lead-glazed ceramics, low-quality pirated toys, anticorrosive paint on gates and/or sale of used car batteries (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 0.56;3.03) and smoking (OR = 1.66; 95% CI: 0.52;5.28) were not found to be associated with high dental enamel lead levels. CONCLUSIONS: Surface dental enamel can be used as a marker of past environmental exposure to lead and lead concentrations detected are associated to well-known sources of lead contamination.

Assessment of food intake in infants between 0 and 24 months with congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also deficiency in nutrient intake, due to the control of fluids required by some patients which restrains the nutrient intake of some cardiac children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the food intake of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized in the pediatric heart unit of a "Public Teaching Hospital". METHODS: The intake of food and nutrients was calculated based on the food consumed during three days (direct weighting method) and the calories and nutrients were calculated using the Virtual Nutri software. RESULTS: The intake of calories per kilogram of body weight, of daily proteins, sodium and vitamin A was within the recommended levels (p < 0.05). However, the intake of daily calories, fats, fiber, potassium and iron was below the recommended levels (p < 0.05) and the intake of proteins per kilogram, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, and therefore, need nutritional guidance to foster adequate dietary intake and the resulting improvement in growth and weight and height development, guaranteeing better quality of life to the patients.

Diferenças de gênero ao acolhimento de pessoas vivendo com HIV em serviço universitário de referência de São Paulo, Brasil / Gender differences among persons with HIV admitted to a university reference center in São Paulo, Brazil

O número de mulheres brasileiras vivendo com HIV aumentou, exigindo dos serviços especializados atenção às demandas femininas. Neste estudo avaliaram-se diferenças de gênero ao acolhimento em serviço de referência no cuidado a pessoas vivendo com HIV em São Paulo, com revisão de 1.072 prontuários de pacientes atendidos entre 1998 e 2002. As mulheres eram mais jovens, mais freqüentemente casadas e heterossexuais e apresentavam menor escolaridade do que os homens à admissão. Enquanto 36 por cento das mulheres realizaram teste anti-HIV por possuírem parceiro soropositivo, 43 por cento dos homens o fizeram por apresentarem sintomas. Ao acolhimento, 55 por cento dos homens e 38 por cento das mulheres tinham AIDS. As mulheres apresentaram contagem de linfócitos CD4+ mais elevada e, mais freqüentemente, carga viral indetectável. Não houve diferença entre os sexos no acesso ao tratamento anti-retroviral após estratificação por estádio clínico. Embora as diferenças sócio-demográficas observadas à admissão apontem para a vulnerabilidade social das mulheres, estas buscaram cuidado especializado em estágios clínicos menos avançados. O conhecimento de características distintivas entre homens e mulheres ao acolhimento pode contribuir para estruturar serviços, aprimorar a assistência e otimizar os benefícios do cuidado.

The number of women living with HIV has increased in Brazil, demanding special attention to women's needs. To evaluate gender differences at an HIV reference center in São Paulo, 1,072 patient medical records from 1998 and 2002 were reviewed. As compared to male counterparts, women tended to be younger and have less schooling, and higher proportions of women were married and heterosexual. Thirty-six percent of women had undergone HIV testing because of an HIV+ partner. In contrast, 43 percent of men had undergone testing because of AIDS symptoms. At admission, 55 percent of men and 38 percent of women had an AIDS diagnosis. Women presented higher CD4+ cell counts and a higher proportion of undetectable HIV viral loads. No difference in access to antiretroviral therapy was seen after stratification for clinical status. Although the observed gender differences in socio-demographic characteristics emphasize women's social vulnerability to HIV, as compared to men, women in this cohort sought specialized care at earlier stages of infection. Knowledge about particular gender characteristics at admission to a reference center may contribute to organizing services delivery, improving care, and maximizing benefits.

[Gender differences among persons with HIV admitted to a university reference center in São Paulo, Brazil]. / Diferenças de gênero ao acolhimento de pessoas vivendo com HIV em serviço universitário de referência de São Paulo, Brasil.

The number of women living with HIV has increased in Brazil, demanding special attention to women's needs. To evaluate gender differences at an HIV reference center in São Paulo, 1,072 patient medical records from 1998 and 2002 were reviewed. As compared to male counterparts, women tended to be younger and have less schooling, and higher proportions of women were married and heterosexual. Thirty-six percent of women had undergone HIV testing because of an HIV+ partner. In contrast, 43% of men had undergone testing because of AIDS symptoms. At admission, 55% of men and 38% of women had an AIDS diagnosis. Women presented higher CD4+ cell counts and a higher proportion of undetectable HIV viral loads. No difference in access to antiretroviral therapy was seen after stratification for clinical status. Although the observed gender differences in socio-demographic characteristics emphasize women's social vulnerability to HIV, as compared to men, women in this cohort sought specialized care at earlier stages of infection. Knowledge about particular gender characteristics at admission to a reference center may contribute to organizing services delivery, improving care, and maximizing benefits.

Avaliação do consumo alimentar de crianças de 0 a 24 meses com cardiopatia congênita / Assessment of food intake in infants between 0 and 24 months with congenital heart disease

FUNDAMENTO: As crianças com cardiopatia congênita geralmente são desnutridas e apresentam algum grau de comprometimento funcional e/ou estrutural dos orgãos. Existe, ainda, uma deficiência na ingestão de nutrientes, corroborada pelo controle hídrico, que limita o aporte nutricional de alguns cardiopatas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo alimentar de crianças com cardiopatia congênita internadas na Unidade de Pediatria Cardiológica de hospital-escola público. MÉTODOS: O consumo de alimentos e nutrientes foi calculado pelo consumo alimentar de três dias (método direto de pesagem) e o cálculo das calorias e nutrientes foi feito pelo software Virtual Nutri. RESULTADOS: O consumo de calorias/kg peso, de proteínas diárias, de sódio e de vitamina A esteve dentro do recomendado (p < 0,05). Todavia, as calorias diárias, os lipídios, as fibras, o potássio e o ferro estiveram abaixo do recomendado (p < 0,05) e, as proteínas/kg peso, os carboidratos, o cálcio e a vitamina C estiveram acima do recomendado (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Crianças com cardiopatia congênita têm dietas inadequadas e, portanto, necessitam de orientação nutricional para haver ingestão dietética adequada e conseqüente melhora do crescimento e do desenvolvimento pondo-estatural, garantindo melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease are usually malnourished and present some degree of functional and/or structural impairment of organs. There is also deficiency in nutrient intake, due to the control of fluids required by some patients which restrains the nutrient intake of some cardiac children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the food intake of children with congenital heart disease hospitalized in the pediatric heart unit of a "Public Teaching Hospital". METHODS: The intake of food and nutrients was calculated based on the food consumed during three days (direct weighting method) and the calories and nutrients were calculated using the Virtual Nutri software. RESULTS: The intake of calories per kilogram of body weight, of daily proteins, sodium and vitamin A was within the recommended levels (p < 0.05). However, the intake of daily calories, fats, fiber, potassium and iron was below the recommended levels (p < 0.05) and the intake of proteins per kilogram, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin C was above the recommended levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with congenital cardiopathy have inadequate diets, and therefore, need nutritional guidance to foster adequate dietary intake and the resulting improvement in growth and weight and height development, guaranteeing better quality of life to the patients.

Morbidade referida e utilizaçäo de serviços de saúde em localidades urbanas brasileiras: metodologia / Referred morbidity and the utilization of health services in urban areas of southern-eastern Brazil: methodology

A reformulaçäo do sistema de saúde, que vem ocorrendo em nível nacional e particularmente no Estado de Säo Paulo, tem motivado revisöes do processo de planejamento, criando novas necessidades na área de informaçöes. A criaçäo do Sistema Unico de Saúde e o processo de municipalizaçäo retomaram as propostas de integraçäo das atividades curativas e preventivas, bem como a estruturaçäo de sistemas de saúde regionalizados e hierarquizados. Nesse contexto, surgem como áreas do conhecimento, de particular interesse, o perfil de morbidade populacional e o padräo de utilizaçäo de serviços de saúde. As respostas a essas necessidades podem ser dadas por inquéritos domiciliares de saúde. Descreve-se a metodologia utilizada em um inquérito domiciliar realizado em municípios da regiäo sudoeste da Area Metropolitana de Säo Paulo, SP, Brasil, no período de julho de 1989 a junho de 1990. Esse inquérito apresenta algumas características metodológicas específicas, entre elas o processo amostral utilizado, que definiu domínios para a amostra que permitiram análise de grupos pouco representados na populaçäo, como os menores de um ano de idade e a populaçäo idosa, bem como o ajuste da amostra a partir dos dados censitários de 1991