Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Brazil: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Brazil. METHODS: Systematic review of epidemiological studies conducted in Brazil with exclusive breastfeeding as outcome. Medline and LILACS databases were used. After the selection of articles, a hierarchical theoretical model was proposed according to the proximity of the variable to the outcome. RESULTS: Of the 67 articles identified, we selected 20 cross-sectional studies and seven cohort studies, conducted between 1998 and 2010, comprising 77,866 children. We identified 36 factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding, being more often associated the distal factors: place of residence, maternal age and education, and the proximal factors: maternal labor, age of the child, use of a pacifier, and financing of primary health care. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical model developed may contribute to future research, and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding may subsidize public policies on health and nutrition.

Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Brazil: a systematic review / Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses de vida no Brasil: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life in Brazil. METHODS Systematic review of epidemiological studies conducted in Brazil with exclusive breastfeeding as outcome. Medline and LILACS databases were used. After the selection of articles, a hierarchical theoretical model was proposed according to the proximity of the variable to the outcome. RESULTS Of the 67 articles identified, we selected 20 cross-sectional studies and seven cohort studies, conducted between 1998 and 2010, comprising 77,866 children. We identified 36 factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding, being more often associated the distal factors: place of residence, maternal age and education, and the proximal factors: maternal labor, age of the child, use of a pacifier, and financing of primary health care. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical model developed may contribute to future research, and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding may subsidize public policies on health and nutrition.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses de vida no Brasil. MÉTODOS Revisão sistemática de estudos epidemiológicos conduzidos no Brasil com o aleitamento materno exclusivo como desfecho. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados Medline e Lilacs. Após a seleção de artigos, foi proposto um modelo teórico hierarquizado, segundo a proximidade da variável com o desfecho. RESULTADOS Dos 67 artigos identificados, foram selecionados 20 estudos transversais e sete de coorte, conduzidos entre 1998 e 2010, compreendendo 77.866 crianças. Foram identificados 36 fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo, sendo mais frequentemente associados os fatores distais: local de residência, idade e escolaridade maternas, e os fatores proximais: trabalho materno, idade da criança, uso de chupeta e financiamento da atenção primária em saúde. CONCLUSÕES O modelo teórico desenvolvido pode contribuir para a condução de futuras pesquisas e os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo podem subsidiar políticas públicas em saúde e nutrição.

Factors associated with caesarean section among primiparous adolescents in Brazil, 2011-2012.

This paper presents the factors associated with caesarean section in primiparous adolescents in Brazil using data from a national hospital-based survey conducted between 2011 and 2012. Information was obtained from postpartum women through face-to-face and telephone interviews and a theoretical model with three levels of hierarchy was used to analyze associations with the dependent variable mode of delivery (caesarean or vaginal). The results show that the caesarean section rate among primiparous teenagers is high (40%). The most significant contributing factors for caesarean section were: considering this mode of delivery safer (OR=7.0; 95%CI: 4.3-11.4); giving birth under the private health system (OR=4.3; 95%CI: 2.3-9.0); being attended by the same health care professional throughout prenatal care and delivery (OR=5.7; 95%CI: 3.3-9.0) and clinical history of risk and complications during pregnancy (OR=10.8; 95%CI: 8.5-13.7). Adolescent pregnancy continues to be an important concern on the reproductive health agenda and the rates observed by this study are worrying given the effects of early exposure to caesarean section.

Fatores associados à cesariana entre primíparas adolescentes no Brasil, 2011-2012 / Factores asociados a la cesárea en adolescentes primíparas en Brasil, 2011-2012 / Factors associated with caesarean section among primiparous adolescents in Brazil, 2011-2012

Nesse artigo são apresentados os fatores associados à realização de cesariana em primíparas adolescentes no Brasil, utilizando-se dados de pesquisa nacional de base hospitalar realizada entre 2011 e 2012. As informações foram obtidas por meio de entrevista com a puérpera durante a internação hospitalar. Um modelo teórico conceitual foi estabelecido com três níveis de hierarquia e a variável dependente foi a via de parto – cesariana ou vaginal. Os resultados mostram proporção elevada de cesariana entre primíparas adolescentes (40%) e os fatores mais fortemente associados à cesariana foram considerar esta via de parto mais segura (OR = 7,0; IC95%: 4,3-11,4); parto financiado pelo setor privado (OR = 4,3; IC95%: 2,3-9,0); mesmo profissional de saúde assistindo pré-natal e parto (OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,3-9,0) e apresentar antecedentes clínicos de risco e intercorrências na gestação (OR = 10,8; IC95%: 8,5-13,7). A gravidez na adolescência permanece em pauta no campo da saúde reprodutiva, sendo preocupante a proporção do parto cirúrgico encontrada nesse estudo, haja vista a exposição precoce aos efeitos da cesariana.

This paper presents the factors associated with caesarean section in primiparous adolescents in Brazil using data from a national hospital-based survey conducted between 2011 and 2012. Information was obtained from postpartum women through face-to-face and telephone interviews and a theoretical model with three levels of hierarchy was used to analyze associations with the dependent variable mode of delivery (caesarean or vaginal). The results show that the caesarean section rate among primiparous teenagers is high (40%). The most significant contributing factors for caesarean section were: considering this mode of delivery safer (OR = 7.0; 95%CI: 4.3-11.4); giving birth under the private health system (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 2.3-9.0); being attended by the same health care professional throughout prenatal care and delivery (OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 3.3-9.0) and clinical history of risk and complications during pregnancy (OR = 10.8; 95%CI: 8.5-13.7). Adolescent pregnancy continues to be an important concern on the reproductive health agenda and the rates observed by this study are worrying given the effects of early exposure to caesarean section.

En este artículo se propone el estudio de los factores asociados a la cesárea en adolescentes primíparas en Brasil, utilizando los datos de una encuesta de base hospitalaria, realizada en 2011 y 2012. La información se obtuvo mediante entrevistas con mujeres después del parto, durante la hospitalización. Se estableció un modelo conceptual teórico con tres niveles de jerarquía, donde la variable dependiente fue el tipo de parto: cesárea o vaginal. Los resultados muestran una alta proporción de cesáreas en adolescentes primíparas (40%) y los factores más fuertemente asociados a la cesárea son: la consideraban más segura (OR = 7,0; IC95%: 4,3-11,4); era un parto financiado por el sector privado (OR = 4,3; IC95%: 2,3-9,0); o el hecho de que un mismo profesional de salud prestara atención en el periodo prenatal y parto (OR = 5,7; IC95%: 3,3-9,0), así como la historia clínica de los riesgos y complicaciones (OR = 10,8; IC95%: 8,5-13,7). El embarazo adolescente sigue estando en la agenda de la salud reproductiva, siendo preocupante la proporción de partos operatorios encontrados en este estudio, teniendo en cuenta la exposición temprana a los efectos de la cesárea.

[Cognitive development of premature children at school age: a proposal for a hierarchical model to investigate risk factors]. / Desenvolvimento cognitivo de prematuros à idade escolar: proposta de modelo hierarquizado para investigação dos fatores de risco.

Cognitive impairment is a neurodevelopmental sequela that is more prevalent in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature children. There are few Brazilian studies on this group's cognitive development at school age. The current study proposes a theoretical discussion on the determinants of cognitive development at school age in VLBW preterm children, using a hierarchical analytical model. According to this model, biological and environmental factors interrelate on several levels (distal, intermediate, and proximal), resulting in changes in cognitive development. The aim is to investigate the possible mediation of variables and their interrelationships and the resulting events that could lead to cognitive impairment as the outcome. Selection of risk factors was based on a literature review of factors associated with adverse cognitive outcomes. Better understanding of the interrelationships between these factors could lead to more appropriate prevention and intervention in this group, thereby increasing their chances of educational and social inclusion.

Desenvolvimento cognitivo de prematuros à idade escolar: proposta de modelo hierarquizado para investigação dos fatores de risco / Cognitive development of premature children at school age: a proposal for a hierarchical model to investigate risk factors

O déficit cognitivo é a sequela do neurodesenvolvimento mais prevalente na população de prematuros de muito baixo peso. Poucos são os trabalhos nacionais sobre o desenvolvimento desta população na idade escolar. Este estudo propõe uma discussão teórica sobre os fatores determinantes do desenvolvimento cognitivo na idade escolar de prematuros de muito baixo peso ao nascer, utilizando o modelo hierarquizado de análise. Neste modelo, fatores biológicos e ambientais se relacionariam em diversos níveis: distal, intermediário e proximal, resultando em alterações no desenvolvimento cognitivo. Pretende-se, desta forma, aprofundar a questão das mediações possíveis das variáveis e suas inter-relações e consequentes eventos que podem levar ao desfecho. Para a seleção dos fatores de risco foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre fatores associados a resultados cognitivos desfavoráveis. Pressupõe-se que o melhor conhecimento das inter-relações destes fatores auxiliaria na prevenção e intervenção mais adequada nesta população, aumentando suas chances de inclusão escolar e social.

Cognitive impairment is a neurodevelopmental sequela that is more prevalent in very low birth weight (VLBW) premature children. There are few Brazilian studies on this group's cognitive development at school age. The current study proposes a theoretical discussion on the determinants of cognitive development at school age in VLBW preterm children, using a hierarchical analytical model. According to this model, biological and environmental factors interrelate on several levels (distal, intermediate, and proximal), resulting in changes in cognitive development. The aim is to investigate the possible mediation of variables and their interrelationships and the resulting events that could lead to cognitive impairment as the outcome. Selection of risk factors was based on a literature review of factors associated with adverse cognitive outcomes. Better understanding of the interrelationships between these factors could lead to more appropriate prevention and intervention in this group, thereby increasing their chances of educational and social inclusion.

[Factors that affect time between birth and first breastfeeding]. / Fatores que interferem no tempo entre o nascimento e a primeira mamada.

The current study investigated factors associated with time between birth and first breastfeeding. A representative sample of mothers (10% of deliveries in 47 maternity hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was interviewed (n = 10,077). A random effects proportional risks survival model (at the maternity ward level) was employed, in a three-tier hierarchical approach. Models were fitted separately for normal and cesarean delivery. Time to initiation of breastfeeding in the first 24 hours of life differed between mothers with vaginal delivery (median 4 hours) versus cesarean section (10 hours). Common risk and protective factors were identified: maternal age; neonatal complications; neonatal care considered sub-optimal by the mother; admission of the newborn to the nursery; parity; birth weight. The model predicted 33% of variance in first breastfeeding. In conclusion, time from delivery to first breastfeeding was increased by biological factors, high cesarean rates, and inadequate childbirth and neonatal care practices.

[Proposal for a hierarchical framework applied to investigation of risk factors for neonatal mortality]. / Proposta de modelo hierarquizado aplicado à investigação de fatores de risco de óbito infantil neonatal.

Theoretical-conceptual models aim to integrate social, biological, behavioral, and other factors and to explain their interrelations in the determination of health outcomes. In the case of determination of neonatal death in Brazil, few studies have analyzed the mechanisms by which numerous variables and constructs interrelate. This article offers a theoretical discussion of the possible components of a hierarchical framework for studying neonatal mortality. The proposed model sought to include factors that have traditionally been identified as relevant to the occurrence of neonatal death and others that have been studied more recently (like race, social support, and violence during pregnancy). The components were distributed in 11 dimensions allocated to four hierarchical levels (one distal, two intermediary, and one proximal). The proposed framework should be adjusted to the Brazilian reality for neonatal death in large cities and raises various aspects for discussion that have not been explored previously in Brazil.

Proposta de modelo hierarquizado aplicado à investigação de fatores de risco de óbito infantil neonatal / Proposal for a hierarchical framework applied to investigation of risk factors for neonatal mortality

Modelos teórico-conceituais visam a integrar fatores sociais, biológicos, de comportamento, entre outros, e ainda elucidar as relações que se estabelecem entre eles na determinação de desfechos de saúde. No caso da determinação do óbito neonatal em nosso meio, poucos estudos analisam os mecanismos por meio dos quais as inúmeras variáveis e constructos se inter-relacionam. Este trabalho traz uma discussão teórica sobre os componentes que poderão compor um modelo hierarquizado para o estudo do óbito neonatal. Na proposição do modelo, buscou-se incluir fatores tradicionalmente apontados como importantes para a ocorrência desse evento e fatores que vêm sendo recentemente estudados (como raça, apoio social e violência durante a gravidez). Os componentes foram distribuídos em 11 dimensões alocadas em quatro níveis hierárquicos (um distal, dois intermediários e um proximal). O modelo proposto deve ser adequado à realidade brasileira referente ao óbito neonatal em grandes centros urbanos e traz à discussão aspectos ainda não muito explorados por estudos realizados no Brasil.

Theoretical-conceptual models aim to integrate social, biological, behavioral, and other factors and to explain their interrelations in the determination of health outcomes. In the case of determination of neonatal death in Brazil, few studies have analyzed the mechanisms by which numerous variables and constructs interrelate. This article offers a theoretical discussion of the possible components of a hierarchical framework for studying neonatal mortality. The proposed model sought to include factors that have traditionally been identified as relevant to the occurrence of neonatal death and others that have been studied more recently (like race, social support, and violence during pregnancy). The components were distributed in 11 dimensions allocated to four hierarchical levels (one distal, two intermediary, and one proximal). The proposed framework should be adjusted to the Brazilian reality for neonatal death in large cities and raises various aspects for discussion that have not been explored previously in Brazil.

As mortes "em domicílio" de menores de um ano na regiäo metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro em 1986 - um "evento-sentinela" na avaliaçäo dos serviços de saúde / Death among children uneer 1 year of age outside the hospital environment in the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, 1986

Foi investigada uma amostra de óbitos de menores de um ano na Regiäo Metropolitana di Rio de Janeiro por um período de 12 meses e complementadas as informaçöes disponíveis na Declaraçäo de Obito através de dados obtidos a partir de consultas a prontuários de entrevistas com a mäe das crianças. Verificou-se que o percentual de óbitos infantis que ocorre fora do ambiente hospitalar é de 13% (4% para o período neonatal e 23% para o pós-neonatal), subestimado portando, pelas estatísticas oficiais. Procedeu-se a análise desse grupo particular de óbitos em relaçäo aos principais grupos de causas, áreas de residência, realizaçäo de necrópsia e procura de serviços de saúde. A pneumonia destacou-se como primeira causa de morte no grupo pós-neonatal, com 40% dos óbitos fora do hospital. As áreas de residência que apresentam maior proporçäo de óbitos desse tipo säo a área 1 ( zona Sul) - RJ) para os neonatais e a área 7 (Niterói e Säo Gonçalo) para os pós natais. O percentual de realizaçäo de necrópsia nestes óbitos foi baixo (43% para os neonatais e 65% para os pós-neonatais e em 63% dos pós-neonatais as mäes haviam procurado os serviços de saúde na semana que antecedeu o óbito e nem assim estas crianças tiveram suas mortes assistidas, ou mesmo evitadas