[Gender inequity in health in contexts of environmental risk from mining and industrial activity in Mexico]. / Inequidad de género en salud en contextos de riesgos ambientales por actividades mineras e industriales en México.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze how gender inequity manifests in contexts of poverty in different environmental risk scenarios in Mexico. METHODS: Qualitative design based on six discussion groups and 54 in-depth interviews with women from six exposed communities: two to environmental manganese in a mining district, two in an industrial corridor, and two bordering a sanitary landfill. A document review of environmental and health studies in each area was done to relate them to the women's perspective on the problem. RESULTS: In the three case studies, by gender roles, women stay at home and do housework and, therefore, are subject to intense environmental exposure when carrying out their daily tasks, such as house cleaning. Interview and discussion group results were found to be related to epidemiological study results. In the case of the mining district, women's perceptions are consistent with study comments on adverse cognitive effects of manganese exposure. In all three cases, there are serious limitations on women's political participation in environmental risk management. CONCLUSIONS: Due to conditions of inequity, women are highly exposed to environmental health risks and their social participation in solving environmental problems is quite limited. These results have social and environmental policy implications in the areas studied, especially with regard to risk assessment, management, and communication.

Inequidad de género en salud en contextos de riesgos ambientales por actividades mineras e industriales en México / Gender inequity in health in contexts of environmental risk from mining and industrial activity in Mexico

Objetivo. Analizar cómo se manifiesta la inequidad de género en contextos de pobreza en diferentes escenarios de riesgo ambiental en México. Métodos. Diseño cualitativo basado en seis grupos de discusión y 54 entrevistas en profundidad con mujeres de seis comunidades expuestas, dos al manganeso ambiental en un distrito minero, dos en un corredor industrial y dos aledañas a un relleno sanitario. Se llevó a cabo una revisión documental de los estudios ambientales y de salud realizados en cada zona para relacionarlos con la visión que las mujeres tienen del problema. Resultados. En los tres casos de estudio, por los papeles de género, las mujeres permanecen en el hogar y realizan el trabajo doméstico y, como consecuencia, su exposición ambiental es intensa cuando llevan a cabo sus tareas cotidianas, como la limpieza de la vivienda. Se comprobó que los resultados de las entrevistas y de los grupos de discusión guardan relación con los de los estudios epidemiológicos. En el caso del distrito minero, lo que perciben las mujeres concuerda con lo que se señala en los estudios sobre los efectos cognitivos adversos por exposición al manganeso. En los tres casos, las mujeres tienen serias limitaciones de participación política en la gestión del riesgo ambiental. Conclusiones. Por las condiciones de inequidad, las mujeres están muy expuestas a los riesgos ambientales para la salud y su participación social en la solución de los problemas ambientales es muy limitada. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para las políticas sociales y ambientales en las zonas estudiadas, especialmente respecto a la evaluación, gestión y comunicación de los riesgos.

Inequidad de género en salud en contextos de riesgos ambientales por actividades mineras e industriales en México / Gender inequity in health in contexts of environmental risk from mining and industrial activity in Mexico

OBJETIVO: Analizar cómo se manifiesta la inequidad de género en contextos de pobreza en diferentes escenarios de riesgo ambiental en México. MÉTODOS: Diseño cualitativo basado en seis grupos de discusión y 54 entrevistas en profundidad con mujeres de seis comunidades expuestas, dos al manganeso ambiental en un distrito minero, dos en un corredor industrial y dos aledañas a un relleno sanitario. Se llevó a cabo una revisión documental de los estudios ambientales y de salud realizados en cada zona para relacionarlos con la visión que las mujeres tienen del problema. RESULTADOS: En los tres casos de estudio, por los papeles de género, las mujeres permanecen en el hogar y realizan el trabajo doméstico y, como consecuencia, su exposición ambiental es intensa cuando llevan a cabo sus tareas cotidianas, como la limpieza de la vivienda. Se comprobó que los resultados de las entrevistas y de los grupos de discusión guardan relación con los de los estudios epidemiológicos. En el caso del distrito minero, lo que perciben las mujeres concuerda con lo que se señala en los estudios sobre los efectos cognitivos adversos por exposición al manganeso. En los tres casos, las mujeres tienen serias limitaciones de participación política en la gestión del riesgo ambiental. CONCLUSIONES: Por las condiciones de inequidad, las mujeres están muy expuestas a los riesgos ambientales para la salud y su participación social en la solución de los problemas ambientales es muy limitada. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para las políticas sociales y ambientales en las zonas estudiadas, especialmente respecto a la evaluación, gestión y comunicación de los riesgos.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze how gender inequity manifests in contexts of poverty in different environmental risk scenarios in Mexico. METHODS: Qualitative design based on six discussion groups and 54 in-depth interviews with women from six exposed communities: two to environmental manganese in a mining district, two in an industrial corridor, and two bordering a sanitary landfill. A document review of environmental and health studies in each area was done to relate them to the women's perspective on the problem. RESULTS: In the three case studies, by gender roles, women stay at home and do housework and, therefore, are subject to intense environmental exposure when carrying out their daily tasks, such as house cleaning. Interview and discussion group results were found to be related to epidemiological study results. In the case of the mining district, women's perceptions are consistent with study comments on adverse cognitive effects of manganese exposure. In all three cases, there are serious limitations on women's political participation in environmental risk management. Conclusions. Due to conditions of inequity, women are highly exposed to environmental health risks and their social participation in solving environmental problems is quite limited. These results have social and environmental policy implications in the areas studied, especially with regard to risk assessment, management, and communication.

Risk: For Whom? Representations of Mining Activity by Different Social Actors in the Molango Manganese District of Hidalgo, Mexico.

Previous studies have shown high levels of manganese exposure and neurocognitive damage in the population living in the mining zone in Molango, Mexico. One of the objectives of the Intersectoral Group on Environmental Management for the mining district has been to provide public participation in the risk management plan. To achieve this, it is important to know how the different social actors represent the mining activity. The objectives of this study were to characterize the social representations of the mining activity by different social actors. A qualitative design was used based on in-depth interviews of residents, public officials, and a mining company representative. The analysis was conducted according to themes for each group of actors. Essentially, distinct social representations of the different mining activities were identified. Residents viewed mining activities as synonymous with contamination and, therefore, as having affected all areas of their environment, health, and daily life. These activities were seen as a collective risk. The public officials and the mining company held that there was no evidence of harm and saw mining activities as a generator of regional development. Harm to health and the environment were seen as a stance taken by the communities in order to obtain economic benefits from the company. These images of the "other" are shaped by social, political, and cultural factors. They make it difficult for the actors to reach cooperative agreements and thereby affect progress on the risk management plan. Decisionmakers need to take these differences into account when promoting social participation.

Risk perception and social participation among women exposed to manganese in the mining district of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the importance attributed to manganese (Mn) in the health-disease-death process and possibilities for participation in risk management of women from two communities who live near the plant in the Molango mining district. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative study based on 6 focus groups with women of different ages. Audio recordings were made of the sessions, after verbal informed consent, and were transcribed with a word processor. The analysis was conducted according to theme, taking into account the age group and community to which the women belonged, using the Atlas-ti (v.5.0) program. RESULTS: The youngest women from Chiconcoac attribute the cause of headaches and chest pain to manganese, while women from the Tolago community believe it exacerbates disease in general. Women between 31 and 40 years old from Chiconcoac attribute the cause of "brain" pain, burning eyes and coughs to manganese, and those in Tolago report that it causes memory problems. The oldest women in Tolago believe Mn causes learning difficulties and affects children's growth and development. The women of all ages in Tolago believe that Mn has decreased the production of fruit and vegetables in the region. Some of the obstacles to participation in risk management are: women are not allowed to attend meetings at which men discuss the Mn problem and they perceive the mine as a source of employment for the community. CONCLUSIONS: The women perceive Mn to have serious effects on health and the local environment and have fewer opportunities than men to participate in risk management. Some of the health consequences attributed to Mn are consistent with those reported by neurological studies, nevertheless, other risks are overestimated. Spaces for communication need to be created to listen to the women's interests and concerns and empower them to participate in the risk management plan.

[Perception of health risks due to air pollution among adolescents in Mexico City]. / Percepción de riesgo a la salud por contaminación del aire en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the relations established between air pollution and health-disease-death in a sample of students in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survey of 1274 students from 14 secondary schools in five areas in Mexico City was conducted between March and April of 2003. We used a multi-stage sampling, based in a basic geostatistical areas (AGEB). RESULTS: A total of 84.4% believed that Mexico City has a high, or very high air pollution; that valuation decreases as it approaches the most immediate place in which the students live. The health risks range from effects on respiratory health, 66.9%, to other effects on daily life, 2.2%. The predictors that air pollution is perceived as serious/very serious are: 1) that they associate it with the possibility of causing death (OR= 1.35, 95% CI=1.02-1.77), and 2) that they attend schools located in the La Merced zone, (OR= 2.23, 95% CI= 1.56-3.21). CONCLUSIONS: Determinants of perception, such as gender, zone where the school is located and the differences in air quality perceived in the city/area/schools, suggest that focalizing components must be involved in environmental policies, in order to make environmental programs more effective at the local level.

Percepción de riesgo a la salud por contaminación del aire en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Perception of health risks due to air pollution in adolescents in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: Analizar las relaciones que se establecen entre contaminación del aire y salud-enfermedad-muerte en una muestra de estudiantes de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta a 1 274 alumnos de secundaria de 14 escuelas en cinco zonas del Distrito Federal, entre marzo y abril de 2003. Muestreo polietápico de áreas geoestadísticas básicas (AGEB). RESULTADOS: El 84.4 por ciento considera alta o muy alta la contaminación del aire en la Ciudad de México, que disminuye al aproximarse al espacio más inmediato del alumno. Los riesgos a la salud van desde efectos en la salud respiratoria, 66.9 por ciento, a otras consecuencias en la vida diaria, 2.2 por ciento. Los predictores de percibir la contaminación como grave/muy grave son: a) que la asocien con la posibilidad de causar la muerte (RM= 1.35, IC 95 por ciento= 1.02-1.77), y b) asistencia a escuelas en la zona de La Merced (RM= 2.23, IC 95 por ciento= 1.56-3.21). CONCLUSIONES: Los determinantes de la percepción para esta población de adolescentes son: género, zona de ubicación de la escuela y las diferencias en la calidad del aire percibidas en la ciudad/colonia/plantel educativo. Lo anterior permite sugerir que en la política ambiental debe incorporarse el componente de la focalización, de tal manera que los programas ambientales sean más eficientes en el ámbito local.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the relations established between air pollution and health-disease-death in a sample of students in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survey of 1274 students from 14 secondary schools in five areas in Mexico City was conducted between March and April of 2003. We used a multi-stage sampling, based in a basic geostatistical areas (AGEB). RESULTS: A total of 84.4 percent believed that Mexico City has a high, or very high air pollution; that valuation decreases as it approaches the most immediate place in which the students live. The health risks range from effects on respiratory health, 66.9 percent, to other effects on daily life, 2.2 percent. The predictors that air pollution is perceived as serious/very serious are: 1) that they associate it with the possibility of causing death (OR= 1.35, 95 percent CI=1.02-1.77), and 2) that they attend schools located in the La Merced zone, (OR= 2.23, 95 percent CI= 1.56-3.21). CONCLUSIONS: Determinants of perception, such as gender, zone where the school is located and the differences in air quality perceived in the city/area/schools, suggest that focalizing components must be involved in environmental policies, in order to make environmental programs more effective at the local level.