Ten Most Important Things to Know About Caring for Transgender Patients.

Transgender people have a gender that is not in agreement with their birth sex. Previous barriers, including lack of provider knowledge, have created significant healthcare disparities for this population. Recent societal changes are increasing the numbers of transgender people seen by primary care practitioners. Ten key principles are provided to help primary care practitioners create more welcoming environments and provide quality care to transgender patients. Overall, all members of the healthcare team (primary and specialty) need to become aware of the transition process and maintain communication regarding risks, benefits, and goals. Transwomen (aka male to female) can be treated with estrogens, antiandrogens, or a combination. Benefits include change in fat distribution, skin softening, and breast development. Significant risks for thrombosis from estrogens have been linked to genetic mutations, smoking, prolonged inactivity, and hormone formulation. Oral administration may provide increased risk over peripheral administration. Transmen (aka female to male) can be treated with peripheral testosterone preparations. Benefits include deepening of voice and development of facial and body hair with variable changes in muscle mass. Risks from testosterone appear to be less common than from estrogen. Laboratory monitoring can guide treatment decisions and provide early detection of some complications. Monitoring of "existing" anatomy (either hormonally or surgically created or removed) is an important component of healthcare for transgender patients. Primary care providers also should be aware of resources in their community and online, which can help patients optimize their transition.

How to select and combine oral agents for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The increased number of oral agents available to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has presented clinicians with choices about how to combine them when monotherapy is not adequate to achieve glycemic targets. Initial studies focused on whether a combination of 2 active drugs was better than a single active agent plus placebo. Several factors need to be considered before results of combination regimens from a given protocol can be compared with results from a different study regimen. Some of these factors include population characteristics, baseline control and prior therapies, length of study, and outcomes (glycemic and nonglycemic). Additional factors to be considered are costs and side effects. These studies generally demonstrate that combination therapy is more likely than monotherapy to achieve glucose control in patients not at glycemic targets. The data also demonstrate that inadequate glucose control with a given medication does not necessarily indicate drug failure; indeed, adding a new agent to an existing regimen is typically better than using the new agent as monotherapy. More recent studies have begun to compare regimens each containing 2 drugs (usually with 1 medication in common). Outcomes beyond glycemic control have been measured, including traditional (e.g., lipid profiles, albuminuria) and nontraditional (e.g., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1) markers. However, modifying traditional markers with these medications has not yet been shown to improve outcomes; modifying nontraditional markers is even less certain. None of these trials have been extended long enough to report on hard clinical end points. Nonetheless, certain combinations may end up being preferable because they have better impact on nonglycemic end points while maintaining equivalent degrees of glucose control. Finally, the costs of multiple medications for DM need to be weighed in the decision-making process faced by clinicians.