Risk assessment of interproximal contact loss between implant-supported fixed prostheses and adjacent teeth: A retrospective radiographic study.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Studies of interproximal contact loss (ICL) associated with implant-supported fixed prostheses (ISFPs) have typically used dental floss or metal strips to determine ICL and have shown a high prevalence of 34% to 66%, which does not match the authors' experience. Moreover, the implant prosthetic factors contributing to ICL have seldom been reported. PURPOSE: The purpose of this clinical study was to examine follow-up radiographs of ISFPs to determine the prevalence of open contacts between the ISFP and adjacent teeth and to assess the risk factors associated with ICL at patient, implant prosthesis, and adjacent tooth levels. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients treated with ISFPs at a single clinical center were included. Digital radiographs obtained at the time of ISFP delivery and subsequent follow-up were assessed, and a total of 180 ISFPs with 296 interproximal contacts in 147 patients were screened for analyses. The prevalence and risk factors of ICL at the levels of patient (age, sex, diabetes, smoking, and bruxism), implant prosthesis (follow-up period, arch location, splinting, ceramic or metal materials, screw or cement-retained, and abutment-fixture connection), and adjacent tooth (mesial or distal side, contact with unrestored tooth, composite resin restoration, or fixed prosthesis, vitality, bone height, and contralateral spacing) were analyzed with logistic regressions and generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses (α=.05). RESULTS: The onset of ICL was from 6 to 96 months after ISFP delivery. The prevalence of ICL at the patient level was 15.0%, at the implant prosthesis level 13.3%, and at the adjacent tooth levels 8.8%. Twenty-six of the participants had 2 or more ISFPs. The multivariable GEE analysis reported that sex at patient level; longer follow-up period and implant prostheses with external hexagonal and internal octagonal connections at implant prosthesis level; and contralateral spacing, contact with composite resin filling and mesial side of ISFP at adjacent tooth level were significant risk factors of ICL, where contralateral spacing had the highest adjusted odds ratio of 20.88 (P=.002). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the ICL were found at the mesial side of ISFPs, and the odds of ICL was significant in participants with longer follow-up periods. Internal hexagonal connections reported relatively lower risk than others. Factors relevant to the anterior component of occlusal force, such as male sex, contralateral spacing at adjacent tooth, and proximal contact of ISFP with resin filling, seem to be high risk factors for ICL.

Development of digital shade guides for color assessment using a digital camera with ring flashes.

Digital photographs taken with cameras and ring flashes are commonly used for dental documentation. We hypothesized that different illuminants and camera's white balance setups shall influence color rendering of digital images and affect the effectiveness of color matching using digital images. Fifteen ceramic disks of different shades were fabricated and photographed with a digital camera in both automatic white balance (AWB) and custom white balance (CWB) under either light-emitting diode (LED) or electronic ring flash. The Commission Internationale d'Éclairage L*a*b* parameters of the captured images were derived from Photoshop software and served as digital shade guides. We found significantly high correlation coefficients (r² > 0.96) between the respective spectrophotometer standards and those shade guides generated in CWB setups. Moreover, the accuracy of color matching of another set of ceramic disks using digital shade guides, which was verified by ten operators, improved from 67% in AWB to 93% in CWB under LED illuminants. Probably, because of the inconsistent performance of the flashlight and specular reflection, the digital images captured under electronic ring flash in both white balance setups revealed less reliable and relative low-matching ability. In conclusion, the reliability of color matching with digital images is much influenced by the illuminants and camera's white balance setups, while digital shade guides derived under LED illuminants with CWB demonstrate applicable potential in the fields of color assessments.