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BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders largely affecting women of reproductive age group. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to understand the Indian public health-care systems' preparedness in addressing PCOS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicentric rapid assessment cross-sectional study was undertaken among 173 health-care providers serving across various public health-care facilities in India. This study was a component of a larger task force study that aimed to estimate the community-based prevalence of PCOS in India. Information on PCOS cases reported that knowledge about PCOS diagnosis, management practices, availability of diagnostic facilities, and drugs was explored. RESULTS: Irregular menstrual cycle was the most commonly reported PCOS symptom. Most of the health-care providers (HCPs) lacked correct knowledge about diagnostic criteria and investigation needed for the diagnosis of PCOS. Diagnostic facilities and drugs were inadequate. However, some facilities had access to investigations through public-private partnerships. Awareness programs on PCOS in the community were negligible, and PCOS cases were not documented. Training HCPs on PCOS along with the availability of specialists and strengthening diagnostic facilities were some major demands from the HCPs. CONCLUSION: Results suggest the need for training HCPs, strengthening infrastructure with good referral linkages, and adequate supply of drugs to help improve PCOS management at public health-care facilities in India. There is a need to develop national technical and operational guidelines to address PCOS using a multidisciplinary approach across all levels of care. Creating demand for services and advocating healthy lifestyles through community awareness can help early diagnosis and prevention of complications.
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Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Humanos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/terapia , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/epidemiologia , Feminino , Índia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Pessoal de Saúde/educação , AdultoRESUMO
PURPOSE: In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), namely ranibizumab (RBZ) or bevacizumab (BVZ), after either focal or grid or scatter laser photocoagulation, for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) in the Indian population. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected in the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Kolkata, India between January 2018 and June 2019. Seventy-seven eyes received 3 consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of RBZ (0.5 mg) and were followed by prompt laser photocoagulation (within 7-10 days after the third injection). Similarly, 51 eyes received 3 consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of BVZ (1.25 mg), an off-label drug, and were followed by prompt laser therapy. Safety assessments of the therapy, as well as surrogate markers of biochemical derangements related to diabetic retinopathy (DR), were also investigated at the end of 12 months. RESULTS: Seventy-seven subjects who were given a treatment of RBZ+laser therapy showed average 6.87±5.53 letters gain in their best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) score, whereas the ones treated with off-label BVZ+ laser therapy demonstrated improvement in BCVA of an average 6.82±5.76 letters in "Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study" (ETDRS) chart. The study also highlights the cost-effectiveness of both RBZ+laser and BVZ+laser therapies for the treatment of DME in DR. The results demonstrated that a subject has to pay 20.951 times more cost (in INR) for RBZ+laser therapy compared to BVZ+laser therapy, to get an almost similar outcome. CONCLUSION: BVZ is found to be the more attractive option for treating DME in DR for its cost-friendliness over RBZ in terms of BCVA outcome, as well as the safety perspectives, at least for the economically backward population in developing countries, like India.
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INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and measuring it in an apparently healthy population and correlating them with established risk parameters may identify predisposed individuals who may later develop diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 405 participants from a rural area were investigated for various metabolic parameters and indices of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance indices were evaluated in the 3 different groups [Obese Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), Lean MetS and those without MetS]. Various anthropometric and metabolic parameters were compared. Lean MetS is defined as those having waist criteria below the region specific waist criteria and even then satisfying the definition of MetS as per the NCEP ATP-III criteria. RESULTS: The mean fasting insulin level was 7.69+4.38 uIU/ml in normal population, 10.40+5.65 uIU/ml in Lean MetS population and 13.71+6.63 uIU/ml in Obese MetS population (P<0.05). The HOMA-IR2 measured was 2.39+ 1.69 in normal population, while in the Lean MetS and Obese Mets were 3.99+3.40 and 4.04+2.53, respectively (P<0.05). The QUICKI level measured was 0.358+0.041 in normal population and 0.334+0.037 and 0.316+0.026 respectively in the Lean MetS and Obese MetS (P<0.05). McAuley index measured in normal population was 0.49+0.26 and 0.75+0.25 and 0.79+0.17 in the Lean MetS and Obese MetS population (P<0.05).TyG index measured was 8.51+0.46 in normal population and 9.27+0.56 and 9.06+0.49 respectively in the Lean MetS and Obese MetS (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance indices are elevated in MetS compared to the normal population but the indices in Lean MetS are not different from Obese MetS. The relevance of ethnicity specific waist circumference may need re-evaluation considering its little impact in influencing the level of insulin resistance.
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Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Jejum , Humanos , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nutrition is an important pillar of management in children with type 1 diabetes. Indian food is heavily influenced by region, religion, traditions, seasons, and cultural choices. This survey was done to assess current practices and the need for India specific nutritional guidelines for children with type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two 12-item questionnaires were administered to forty health-care professionals across India. The first questionnaire evaluated current clinical practice indicators for nutrition in these children and second assessed practices for counseling a child on dietary habits. RESULTS: There is great heterogeneity across the country with regard to dietary advice offered to children with type 1 diabetes. 97.5% of the respondents feel there is a need for an Indian dietary guideline for children with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSION: There is need of India specific nutritional guidelines that should be made considering key variants such as age, region, cultural preference, economic burden and psychosocial beliefs, to offer guidance to diabetes care professionals.
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Comprehensive glycemic control is necessary to improve outcomes and avoid complications in individuals with diabetes. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is a key enabler of glycemic assessment, providing real-time information that complements HbA1c monitoring and supports treatment optimization. However, SMBG is under-utilized by patients and physicians within the Asia-Pacific region, because of barriers such as the cost of monitoring supplies, lack of diabetes self-management skills, or concerns about the reliability of blood glucose readings. Practice recommendations in international and regional guidelines vary widely, and may not be detailed or specific enough to guide SMBG use effectively. This contributes to uncertainty among patients and physicians about how best to utilize this tool: when and how often to test, and what action(s) to take in response to high or low readings. In developing a practical SMBG regimen, the first step is to determine the recommended SMBG frequency and intensity needed to support the chosen treatment regimen. If there are practical obstacles to monitoring, such as affordability or access, physicians should identify the most important aspects of glycemic control to target for individual patients, and modify monitoring patterns accordingly. This consensus paper proposes a selection of structured, flexible SMBG patterns that can be tailored to the clinical, educational, behavioral, and financial requirements of individuals with diabetes.
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Automonitorização da Glicemia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Insulina/administração & dosagem , Prevenção Secundária , Ásia , Glicemia/análise , Automonitorização da Glicemia/economia , Automonitorização da Glicemia/instrumentação , Automonitorização da Glicemia/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Avaliação das Necessidades , Ilhas do Pacífico , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Prevenção Secundária/métodos , Prevenção Secundária/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by a selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Recent data suggest a role of insulin resistance (IR) along with the deficient insulin reserve. METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive patients of T1DM, with low C-peptide levels were included. Patients with an obvious secondary cause like steroid therapy, fibrocalculous pancreatic disease, chronic infections or comorbid illness were excluded. A clinical assessment for the presence of obesity was made based on anthropometric data. Clinical markers of IR and the insulin dose required to achieve a stable glycemic control calculated in terms of body weight were also studied. RESULTS: There were 30 males and 28 females with a mean age of 16.5 +/- 2.3 (5-39) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 19.21 +/- 3.7 and the waist circumference was 67 +/- 5.2 cms. Nineteen ( 32.75%) and six (10.34%) patients were overweight (BMI > 23) and obese (BMI > 27) respectively while 16 (27.58%) had abdominal obesity. The body fat percentage was high (> 25%) in 34 (58.62%), mean 28.33 +/- 11.4%. Acanthosis nigricans was found in 14 (24.13%) cases, hypertension in two (3.4%) but none of the girls had clinical polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The insulin dose required was 1.11 +/- 0.41 u/kg (0.3-2.9) at an glycated haemoglobin A1C (A1C) of 7.56 +/- 1.04% (4.9-9.3), it was more than 0.6 u/kg/day in 38 (65.51%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that IR is present in a large number of Indian T1DM patients along with a high body fat percentage.