Acesso aos serviços básicos de saúde e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional / Access to basic health services and associated factors: a population-based study

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os fatores que intervêm no acesso aos serviços de uma unidade básica de saúde. Este é um estudo transversal, de base populacional, que envolveu 101 famílias residentes na área de abrangência da unidade de saúde selecionadas aleatoriamente. Um morador maior de idade de cada residência foi entrevistado. A variável resposta foi o morador ir ou não à unidade de saúde no caso dele, ou de alguém de sua família, precisar de atendimento para resolver um problema de saúde. As variáveis independentes investigadas foram aspectos da oferta de serviços; características demográficas e socioeconômicas; costumes individuais; morbidades e uso da unidade de saúde. Além da análise descritiva e univariada, a regressão logística foi aplicada na análise multivariada. Os resultados mostram que o acesso à unidade básica de saúde está associado com o atendimento recebido anteriormente (OR = 3.224), com a naturalidade (OR = 0.146) e a microárea de residência (OR = 10.918). Esses achados sugerem que o acesso está relacionado com o imaginário criado sobre o atendimento da unidade de saúde e se baseia nas experiências vivenciadas com o serviço, mas pode também ser fortemente modulado por aspectos individuais e fatores ligados ao território.

This study sought to identify factors involved in access to the services of a basic health unit. It is a cross-sectional, population-based study involving 101 randomly-selected families residing in the area covered by the health unit. An adult resident of each household was interviewed. The response variable was whether or not the resident frequented the health unit if he/she or anyone in the family required assistance to resolve a health issue. The independent variables investigated were service provision aspects, demographic and socio-economic characteristics, individual habits, morbidities and use of the health unit. In addition to descriptive and univariate analysis, logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis. The results show that access to the basic health unit is associated with the treatment received previously (OR = 3,224) with accessibility (OR = 0,146) and micro-area of residence (OR = 10,918). These findings suggest that access is related to the impressions created by the care received at the health unit and is based on experiences with the service, but can also be strongly modulated by individual aspects and factors related to the territory.

[Access to basic health services and associated factors: a population-based study]. / Acesso aos serviços básicos de saúde e fatores associados: estudo de base populacional.

This study sought to identify factors involved in access to the services of a basic health unit. It is a cross-sectional, population-based study involving 101 randomly-selected families residing in the area covered by the health unit. An adult resident of each household was interviewed. The response variable was whether or not the resident frequented the health unit if he/she or anyone in the family required assistance to resolve a health issue. The independent variables investigated were service provision aspects, demographic and socio-economic characteristics, individual habits, morbidities and use of the health unit. In addition to descriptive and univariate analysis, logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis. The results show that access to the basic health unit is associated with the treatment received previously (OR = 3,224) with accessibility (OR = 0,146) and micro-area of residence (OR = 10,918). These findings suggest that access is related to the impressions created by the care received at the health unit and is based on experiences with the service, but can also be strongly modulated by individual aspects and factors related to the territory.

Saúde bucal do adolescente: necessidades odontológicas levantadas pelos agentes comunitários de saúde / Adolescent oral health: odontological needs raised by community health agents

Objetivo: Apresentar dados epidemiológicos relativos à saúde bucal de adolescentes, obtidos com a utilização do Indicador Comunitário em Saúde Bucal (ICSB) e levantados pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (ACS) em um município do Estado do Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em Guaiúba-CE, Brasil, entre julho/2007 e fevereiro/2008. Agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) utilizaram ICSB para coletar dados. O ICSB averigua capacidade mastigatória (número de dentes); necessidade de tratamento curativo (dentes com cárie e raiz residual); presença de agravos aos tecidos moles; e uso e necessidade de prótese dentária. Este possibilita a priorização do atendimento de pacientes com maiores necessidades, através de uma lista de sinais relacionados a problemas bucais. Foram examinados 743 adolescentes. Resultados: Os adolescentes tinham em média 26,14 ±3,61 dentes; 129 (17,4%) sem cárie, 301 (40,5%) possuíam uma ou duas, 223 (30,0%) três ou mais; 110 (14,8%) tinham raiz residual, 121 (25,7%) cálculo, 74 (10,0%) gengiva inflamada, 15 (2,0%) agravos aos tecidos da boca; 49 (6,6%) necessitavam prótese; 694 (93,4%) usavam escova dental; e 281 (51,3%) visitaram o dentista no último ano. Detectou-se associação entre visita ao dentista no último ano e gênero feminino (p=0, 0001), e entre idade menor de 12 anos e três ou mais cáries (p=0,023). Conclusão: Os dados levantados demonstram baixos indicadores de saúde bucal nos adolescentes. Identificou-se agravamento do nível de saúde bucal dos menores de 12 anos em relação aos mais velhos, o que demanda política pública voltada para esta realidade. Os dados sugerem que ICSB pode ser utilizado em levantamentos feitos em bases populacionais.

Objective: To present epidemiological data on adolescents oral health, collected by Community Health Agents (CHA) using Community Oral Health Indicator (COHI) in a city of Ceará State, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in Guaiúba-CE from July, 2007 to February, 2008. Community health agents collected data using the COHI. The COHI evaluates the masticatory capacity (number of teeth); the need of restorative care (dental cavities and residual roots); presence of soft tissue injury; use and need of dental prosthesis. It allows giving priority care to the patients with greater needs by means of a list of signs related to oral health problems. A total of 743 adolescents were examined. Results: adolescents had 26.14 ± 3.61 teeth on average; 129 (17.4%) did not present cavities, 301 (40.5%) had one or two, 223 (30.0%), had three or more; 110 (14.8%) presented residual root, 121 (25.7%) tartar, 74 (10.0%) sore gums, 15 (2.0%) oral tissues injuries; 49 (6.6%) required prosthesis; 694 (93.4%) used toothbrush; and 281 (51.3%) had visited the dentist last year. It was detected an association between visit to the dentist in the last year and gender (p = 0, 0001), and between age below 12 and having three or more cavities (p = 0.023).Conclusion: Collected data demonstrated low oral health indicators among teenagers. It was noted that those aged under 12 present oral health indicators worse than the older ones, which demands public policies concerning such reality. Data suggests that COHI is suitable for epidemiological surveys.

Avaliação de estratégias inovadoras na organização da Atenção Primária à Saúde / Evaluation of innovative strategies in the organization of Primary Health Care / Evaluación de estrategias innovadoras en la organización de la Atención Primaria de la Salud en Campinas, Sureste de Brasil

OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho de Unidades Básicas de Saúde segundo a implantação de novos arranjos e estratégias de atenção primária e saúde mental. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Pesquisa avaliativa, com triangulação de métodos e referencial teórico da hermenêutica crítica em seis Unidades Básicas de Saúde dos dois distritos de saúde mais populosos de Campinas, SP, 2007. As Unidades Básicas de Saúde foram analisadas segundo resolutividade da clínica, articulação entre as redes de atenção primária e saúde mental e implantação de estratégias de promoção à saúde. Foram definidos dois grupos pela técnica de clusters: um com maior e outro com menor grau de implantação das ações. Os grupos foram comparados a partir da melhora do seguimento clínico, dada pela ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral; avaliação da dispensação de medicamentos psiquiátricos; grupos focais com trabalhadores, usuários e agentes comunitários de saúde; e entrevistas com usuários e familiares. Empregaram-se estratégias de pesquisa inclusivas e participativas. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: Não houve modelos puros, mas um mosaico de propostas organizacionais. Foram identificados avanços positivos no grupo com maior implantação de estratégias inovadoras em relação à melhor integração dos agentes comunitários nas equipes das Unidades; à percepção de melhora da assistência pelos trabalhadores e agentes; e à facilidade para encaminhamentos e assistência de casos de saúde mental. As dificuldades identificadas em ambos os grupos foram: comunicação entre os níveis de atenção e dentro das equipes, na implantação do apoio matricial, e ações de promoção à saúde incipientes. CONCLUSÕES: São necessários o desenvolvimento e a implantação de mecanismos de fixação de profissionais na Atenção Básica nas grandes cidades. Os ACS são imprescindíveis para viabilizar o trabalho territorial proposto pela ESF, utilizando mecanismos de integração dos ACS às equipes de saúde para contrabalançar a tendência ao isolamento. Os arranjos pesquisados mostraram-se potentes para produzir essa integração.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of Primary Care Units according to the implementation of new arrangements and strategies in primary care and mental health. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Evaluative research with triangulation of methods and theoretical framework of critical hermeneutics, carried out at six Primary Care Units of the two most populous health districts of the city of Campinas (Southeastern Brazil) in 2007. The Primary Care Units were analyzed according to clinical resolution, articulation between the primary care and mental health networks and implementation of health promotion strategies. Two groups were defined by cluster analysis: one with higher and another one with lower degree of implementation of the actions. The groups were compared based on the improvement in clinical follow-up, given by the occurrence of cerebral vascular accident; evaluation of dispensation of psychiatric medicines; focal groups with workers, users and community health agents; and interviews with users and relatives. Inclusive and participatory research strategies were employed. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: There were no pure models, but a mosaic of organizational proposals. Positive advances were identified in the group with higher implementation of innovative strategies in relation to better integration of the community agents in the Units' teams; to the workers' and agents' perception of improvement in the assistance; and to the facility for referrals and assistance of mental health cases. The difficulties identified in both groups were: communication among the levels of care and within the teams, in the implementation of matrix support, and incipient health promotion actions. CONCLUSIONS: The development and implementation of mechanisms to fix professionals in Primary Care in large cities are necessary. The community health agents are fundamental to perform the territorial work proposed by the Family Health Strategy, using mechanisms to integrate the community health agents into the healthcare teams in order to counterbalance the tendency to isolation. The researched arrangements proved to be potent to produce this integration.

OBJETIVO: Comparar el desempeño de Unidades Básicas de Salud según la implantación de nuevas soluciones y estrategias de atención primaria y salud mental. PROCEDIMIENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Investigación evaluativa, con triangulación de métodos y referencias teóricas de hermenéutica crítica en seis Unidades Básicas de Salud de dos distritos de salud más populosos de Campinas, Sureste de Brasil, 2007. Las Unidades Básicas de Salud fueron analizadas según la dinámica de la clínica, articulación entre las redes de atención primaria y salud mental e implantación de estrategias de promoción de la salud. Se definieron dos grupos por la técnica de clusters: uno con mayor grado de implantación de las acciones que el otro. Los grupos fueron comparados a partir del mejoramiento del seguimiento clínico, dada por la ocurrencia de accidente vascular cerebral; evaluación de la eximición de medicamentos psiquiátricos; grupos focales con trabajadores, usuarios y agentes comunitarios de salud y entrevistas con usuarios y familiares. Se emplearon estrategias de investigación inclusiva y participativa. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS: No hubo modelos puros, pero si un mosaico de propuestas de organización. Se identificaron avances positivos en el grupo con mayor implantación de estrategias innovadoras con relación a la mejor integración de los agentes comunitarios en los equipos de las Unidades; la percepción de mejoramiento de la asistencia por los trabajadores y agentes; y facilidad para direccionamientos y asistencia de casos de salud mental. Las dificultades identificadas en ambos grupos fueron: comunicación entre los niveles de atención y dentro de los equipos, en la implantación del apoyo matricial, acciones de promoción de la salud incipientes. CONCLUSIONES: Son necesarios el desarrollo y la implantación de mecanismos de establecer profesionales en la Atención Básica en las grandes ciudades. Los ACS son imprescindibles para viabilizar el trabajo territorial propuesto por la ESF, utilizando mecanismos de integración de los ACS a los equipos de salud para compensar la tendencia al aislamiento. Las soluciones investigadas se revelan potentes para producir esta integración.

Evaluation of innovative strategies in the organization of Primary Health Care.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of Primary Care Units according to the implementation of new arrangements and strategies in primary care and mental health. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Evaluative research with triangulation of methods and theoretical framework of critical hermeneutics, carried out at six Primary Care Units of the two most populous health districts of the city of Campinas (Southeastern Brazil) in 2007. The Primary Care Units were analyzed according to clinical resolution, articulation between the primary care and mental health networks and implementation of health promotion strategies. Two groups were defined by cluster analysis: one with higher and another one with lower degree of implementation of the actions. The groups were compared based on the improvement in clinical follow-up, given by the occurrence of cerebral vascular accident; evaluation of dispensation of psychiatric medicines; focal groups with workers, users and community health agents; and interviews with users and relatives. Inclusive and participatory research strategies were employed. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: There were no pure models, but a mosaic of organizational proposals. Positive advances were identified in the group with higher implementation of innovative strategies in relation to better integration of the community agents in the Units' teams; to the workers' and agents' perception of improvement in the assistance; and to the facility for referrals and assistance of mental health cases. The difficulties identified in both groups were: communication among the levels of care and within the teams, in the implementation of matrix support, and incipient health promotion actions. CONCLUSIONS: The development and implementation of mechanisms to fix professionals in Primary Care in large cities are necessary. The community health agents are fundamental to perform the territorial work proposed by the Family Health Strategy, using mechanisms to integrate the community health agents into the healthcare teams in order to counterbalance the tendency to isolation. The researched arrangements proved to be potent to produce this integration.

Analyzing the outcomes of health promotion practices.

This article focuses on health promotion (HP) outcomes, illustrated through evaluation of case studies and identification of strategies which have contributed to their success and sustainability. Evaluation research and practice in three distinct sceneries are discussed: (i) institutional and governmental agencies; (ii) communities in the "Manguinhos Complex" and Nova Iguaqu Municipality, and (iii) building of potentially healthy municipality networks. The effectiveness of a social program in a health promotion perspective was based in the "School for Parents" program, undertaken by the First Court of Childhood and Youth of Rio de Janeiro, between 2001 and 2004. The analysis was grounded in the monitoring of 48 parents in charge of children under 18, who were victims of abuse, violence or negligence, and social exclusion, most of all. The study's objectives were: illustrating the evidence of effectiveness of health promotion, discussing the concept of HP effectiveness under macro unfavorable conditions, and identifying strategies that foster sustainability of results. Institutional resources included a multi-professional staff, multidisciplinary approaches, participatory workshops, family case management, partnership with public and private institutions, and volunteer and civil society sponsorship of the families. Evaluation was based on social impact indicators, and psychosocial and contextual determinants. Evaluation methods included program monitoring and quantitative-qualitative methods, through a longitudinal evaluation of 3 years, including one year post program. The evaluation showed highly favorable results concerning "family integration', "quality of family relations" and "human rights mobilization". Unsatisfactory results such as "lack of access to formal employment" are likely related to structural factors and the need for new public policies in areas such as education, professional training, housing, and access to formal employment. The training process of social actors in environmental management and housing, supported by the Public Health Technology Development Project of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, was employed as a tool of environmental education and healthy housing. The purpose of this study was to construct an integrated and participatory model of environment management. The methodology included training, research and evaluation of participants, from 21 to 50 years of age, who participated in building Thematic Learning Books and Community Guides about water quality monitoring. Participants'evaluations emphasized the training process, encouraging them to become multiplier agents of environmental education in their communities and to continue learning how to bring together sectors for problems solving. The Potentially Healthy Districts' Network (RMPS) aimed at increasing knowledge and building capacity to develop actions which originate from each of the local units, based on their characteristics and practices. Developed by the Preventive and Social Department of Campinas State University with PAHO/WHO and the Society Special Research Institute (IPES), RMPS's mission was to cooperate in the construction of healthy public policies in a participatory and articulated way through different municipal representatives. The network offered tools to municipal administrations to develop integrated projects that brought together government, managers, technicians, academy and organizations for the construction of public policies aimed at health promotion and quality of life. The methodology is based in the construction of knowledge and action networks by social actors, stimulating trans-sectorial and inter-district actions. The outcome evaluation is based on case studies, focus groups, oral stories, documents and image analyses.

A avaliação das unidades básicas de saúde segundo os consumidores: a associação entre dados de produção das UBS de Campinas e as avaliações prévia e posterior dos moradores das áreas de cobertura dessas unidades / The evaluation of the basic health units (BHU) according to consumers: the association between production data of the BHU of Campinas and previous and post evaluation of the inhabitants of the areas covered by these units

Este trabalho tem por objetivo comparar unidades básicas de Campinas, que têm produções diferentes, quanto à propensão à utilização de seus serviços por parte da população que lhes está adscrita e descrever os motivos dessa propensão. Parte-se do pressuposto de que a UBS cujos serviços a população tem maior propensão a utilizar é mais acessível, e, dessa maneira, atende melhor à proposta do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), que espera que as UBS sejam a porta de entrada do sistema. Após a validação dos dados de produção, identificaram-se as UBS que seriam comparadas. Os indicadores de produção utilizados foram: consultas médicas de clínicos e pediatras, realizadas de janeiro a julho de 1997, divididas em 7 faixas etárias e, a seguir, agrupadas por sexo e por ser a primeira consulta do ano ou não dentro da unidade. Construiu-se uma matriz com 35 linhas, correspondentes a cada UBS analisada, e com 7 colunas nas quais estava o odds ratio (OR) ponderado para cada idade das consultas distribuídas por sexo e por ser a primeira consulta do ano ou não dentro da unidade. Com essa matriz mediu-se a distância entre as UBS e construiu-se um agrupamento, no qual as UBS que tinham produção parecida estavam mais próximas. Dessa maneira foram escolhidas duas UBS. Na área de cobertura dessas unidades foi aplicado de maneira aleatória um questionário que visava descrever a trajetória dos moradores em busca de consulta médica na última vez que ficaram doentes, e qual a propensão a utilizar os serviçõs da UBS caso necessitassem, bem como os motivos desses comportamentos. Na propensão ao consumo os fatores mais importantes na determinação deste comportamento foram ter convênio médio, os ligados à organização da UBS e a opinião ou senso comum que existe sobre elas.