Trueness, 3D Deviation, Time and Cost Comparisons Between Milled and 3D-Printed Resin Single Crowns.

The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare trueness, 3D deviation, production time and costs of milled and 3D-printed resin single crowns. A total of 20 CAD-CAM resin single crowns were fabricated from 10 digital wax patterns designed on 10 tooth preparations available in a reference model. Standardized control linear measurements were performed with a CAD software. Each STL file was then used to fabricate two resins crowns - one milled and one 3D-printed. All crowns underwent physical linear measurements using a digital caliper. The crowns were then scanned using an intraoral scanner for assessing 3D deviation. Finally, time to produce a single crown, as well as costs and production rates of both methods were also compared. Both CAM methods did not present statistically significant differences in linear measurements, as compared to controls (P⟩.05). Furthermore, 3D-printed crowns had significantly greater deviations in cervical margins (P=.032) and occlusal surfaces (P=.041), as compared with milled crowns. Finally, 3D-printing took significantly longer to produce one single crown (P=.001), but with a cheaper and higher production rate than milling. These findings suggest that milling devices produce resin single crowns with smaller 3D deviations but more expensive costs, as compared with low-cost 3D printers.

Expert witness testimony step by step and how to prepare it.

The medical expert witness testimony is a key moment in the pathway of patient complaints as well as in the line of defense of the defendant-physician. For the defendant, it is a difficult time, often experienced as humiliating, because his or her competences are questioned, appraised and discussed in public. However, the defendant must perceive and use this encounter as an opportunity to express his/her viewpoint on the medical accident. This article provides the principal juridical rules that govern the medical expert witness testimony that must be known, as well as some practical advice on how the medical expert witness testimony evolves and how to protect oneself from the complaints, In order to enable the defendant to best prepare for this confrontation between the involved parties.

[Cholangiocarcinoma: epidemiology and global management]. / Cholangiocarcinomes: épidémiologie et prise en charge globale.

SCOPE: Cholangiocarcinoma, or biliary tract tumors, are rare tumors for which survival is short, as diagnosis is often made at an advanced stage. Indeed, diagnosis remains difficult, since symptoms are often unspecific and appear at latest stages. This article presents an update of recent data and therapeutic options. CURRENT SITUATION AND SALIENT POINTS: Several etiologic factors have been identified, but for most patients, none of these factors can be found. Prognosis is often poor, and remains difficult to establish because of the lack of sufficient large-scale studies looking at the impact on preexisting tumor characteristics on overall survival. Surgery remains when possible the gold standard. When tumor removal is impossible, due to a local extension, the appropriate care of patients remains to be defined. Chemotherapy has been proposed with evidence of objective response but limited data on its ability to prolong overall survival and to enhance quality of life. Active chemotherapies appear to be made from combination of an antimetabolite, such as 5-fluorouracile or gemcitabine, and a platinum drug. PERSPECTIVES: In the near future, indications of chemotherapy could be enlarged and targeted therapy might also be used, since several molecules have been tested in preclinical studies, and be offered to patients in clinical trials.

[Megestrol in the treatment of AIDS associated cachexia. Evaluation by bioelectric impedance analysis of body composition]. / Megestrol en el tratamiento de la caquexia del SIDA. Valoración mediante análisis de composición corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica.

OBJECTIVE: To value the effects of megestrol acetate wer the weight and the body composition (fat, lean and body water) in patients with AIDS associated cachexia, by bioelectric impedance analysis. SUBJECTS: 25 patients between 23 and 57 years of age, with confirmed HIV infection and prior weight lost of 7.96 +/- 4.6 kg in relation to their habitual weight in the previous months. All the patients were under antiretroviral therapy. METHOD: Basal determination, before the beginning of the antianorexic treatment and at the end of it, using bioelectric impedance analysis by Maltron BF 905 analyzer, calculating fat, lean and total body water in relation to weight, height, age and sex. Oral administration of 320 mg/day megestrol acetate for three consecutive months. Statistical comparation (RSIGMA and SPSS) by paired t-test of the mean weight, body mass index, fat, lean and total body water. RESULTS: During the three months treatment the mean basal body weight of the patients increased 3.54 Kg (p < 0.001) at the expense of an increase of 2.24 kg in the total body lean (p < 0.01), while the increment of the body fat (1.2 kg) was not statistically significant. The total body water increased 1.48 L (p < 0.001) and the body mass index in 1.22 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Treatment with megestrol acetate results in a substained and very significant increase of the weight and body mass index in patients with AIDS related cachexia. This increment in weight is at the expense of body lean.

Comparative water economy of sympatric rodents in a Chilean semi-arid habitat.

1. Water requirements, water balance components and dependence on exogenous water were estimated in four species of sympatric rodents inhabiting a Chilean semi-arid region. 2. A significant increase in free water drinking was observed in all rodents when the diet composition was changed from 14 to 20% protein. 3. Under water balance conditions the cricetid species (Phyllotis darwini, Oryzomys longicaudatus and Akodon olivaceus) showed 1.66 to 1.88 times the weight-specific daily water gain of Octodon degus. 4. In the three cricetid rodents, evaporation was the largest water loss component (2/3 to 3/4 of total loss), while in O. degus evaporative water loss amounted to only 38% of the total. 5. Survival time during water deprivation ranged from 13.4 days in O. degus to only 4 days in O. longicaudatus. 6. All water variables combined indicate that water dependence of O. longicaudatus greater than P. darwini greater than A. olivaceus greater than O. degus.

[Family planning in a suburban development of Mexico City]. / Planificación familiar en una colonia marginada de la cuidad de México.

PIP: To study the prevalence of contraceptive use among women in reproductive age, 15-50, and living in urban slums, the female population of Colonia Ajusco was surveyed. Colonia Ajusco is situated south of Mexico City; 70% of its population comes from the interior of the country; there is no drinkable water and no sewage system; housing conditions and urban services are very poor. 606 women were investigated; 58% of them were below age 36, and 53.5% were parity 4 and over. 56.4% used contraception; of these 36.7% used the IUD, 23.1% the pill, and 16.7% had been sterilized. The contraceptive method used seemed to be strictly related to the type of medical services used; women using the IUD were mostly patients of the Social Security medical services, while women using the pill were mostly clients of private physicians. There was no association between age and the method used. 88.4% of women not using contraception did not have easy availability of medical services. The percentage of women using contraception, 56.4% seems high in relation to other Latin American countries, but it is very low in relation to the percentage of contraceptive users in more developed countries (93% in England). The use of the IUD as the method of choice can be explained by several factors: the massive national advertising campaign, low cost, ease of insertion, and no need for sustained motivation to use contraception. From all studies on contraceptive prevalence in Mexico it appears that women start to regulate their fertility after the 1st child, or even after the 4th child. Women below 20 still tend to resort to illegal abortion.^ieng