Healthy aging determinants and disability among older adults: SABE Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main factors associated with disability in older adults in Colombia, adjusted according to structural and intermediary determinants of healthy aging. METHODS: This study used cross-sectional data from 23 694 adults over 60 years of age in the SABE Colombia nationwide survey. Structural determinants such as demographic and socioeconomic position variables were analyzed. Intermediary variables were classified into three blocks: intrinsic capacity, physical and built environment, and health care systems. Data analysis employed multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of overall disability was 21% for activities of daily living, 38% for instrumental activities of daily living, and 33% for mobility disability. Disability was associated with sociodemographic structural determinants such as older age, female sex, rural residence, never married/divorced, living alone, low educational level, and Indigenous/Black ethnicity. With regard to determinants of socioeconomic position, net low income, poor socioeconomic stratum, insufficient income perception, and a subsidized health insurance scheme exerted a major influence on disability. Intermediary determinants of intrinsic capacity, such as poor self-rated health, multimorbidity, low grip strength, sedentary lifestyle, early childhood economic adversity, no social support, and no participation in activities, were significantly associated with disability. CONCLUSIONS: Actions that affect the main factors associated with disability, such as reducing health inequities through policies, strategies, and activities, can contribute significantly to the well-being and quality of life of Colombian older adults.

Healthy aging determinants and disability among older adults: SABE Colombia

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To identify the main factors associated with disability in older adults in Colombia, adjusted accord-ing to structural and intermediary determinants of healthy aging.Methods. This study used cross-sectional data from 23 694 adults over 60 years of age in the SABE Colombia nationwide survey. Structural determinants such as demographic and socioeconomic position variables were analyzed. Intermediary variables were classified into three blocks: intrinsic capacity, physical and built envi-ronment, and health care systems. Data analysis employed multivariate logistic regression.Results. The prevalence of overall disability was 21% for activities of daily living, 38% for instrumental activi-ties of daily living, and 33% for mobility disability. Disability was associated with sociodemographic structural determinants such as older age, female sex, rural residence, never married/divorced, living alone, low edu-cational level, and Indigenous/Black ethnicity. With regard to determinants of socioeconomic position, net low income, poor socioeconomic stratum, insufficient income perception, and a subsidized health insurance scheme exerted a major influence on disability. Intermediary determinants of intrinsic capacity, such as poor self-rated health, multimorbidity, low grip strength, sedentary lifestyle, early childhood economic adversity, no social support, and no participation in activities, were significantly associated with disability.Conclusions. Actions that affect the main factors associated with disability, such as reducing health inequities through policies, strategies, and activities, can contribute significantly to the well-being and quality of life of Colombian older adults.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar los principales factores asociados con la discapacidad en personas mayores en Colom-bia, ajustados según determinantes estructurales e intermediarios del envejecimiento saludable.Métodos. Este estudio empleó datos transversales de 23 694 adultos de más de 60 años provenientes de la encuesta nacional Colombia SABE. Se analizaron los determinantes estructurales como las variables demográficas y de situación socioeconómica. Las variables intermediarias se clasificaron en tres bloques: capacidad intrínseca, entorno físico y construido, y sistemas de atención de salud. El análisis de datos empleó la regresión logística con múltiples variables.Resultados. La prevalencia de la discapacidad general fue de 21% en la actividad cotidiana, 38% en la activi-dad cotidiana instrumental y 33% en la discapacidad relacionada con la movilidad. Se asoció la discapacidad con los determinantes estructurales sociodemográficos, como edad avanzada, sexo femenino, residencia en entornos rurales, estar soltero o divorciado, vivir solo, un nivel educativo bajo y tener etnicidad indígena o negra. Con respecto a los determinantes relativos a la situación socioeconómica, la principal influencia en la discapacidad fueron los ingresos netos bajos, la situación socioeconómica baja, una percepción insuficiente de ingresos y un plan de seguro de salud subsidiado. Los determinantes intermediarios de la capacidad intrínseca, como la mala salud informada por la propia persona, la multimorbilidad, la poca fuerza en el puño, un estilo de vida sedentario, las adversidades económicas desde la primera infancia, la carencia de apoyo social y la falta de participación en actividades se asociaron de manera significativa con la discapacidad.Conclusiones. Las medidas que tienen un efecto sobre los principales factores asociados con la discapaci-dad, como la reducción de las inequidades en materia de salud, mediante políticas, estrategias y actividades, pueden contribuir significativamente al bienestar y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores colombianas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar os principais fatores associados à incapacidade em idosos na Colômbia, ajustados de acordo com os determinantes estruturais e intermediários do envelhecimento saudável.Métodos. Este estudo usou dados transversais de 23.694 adultos com mais de 60 anos de idade que partic-iparam da pesquisa nacional SABE Colômbia. Determinantes estruturais, como variáveis demográficas e de condição socioeconômica, foram analisados. As variáveis intermediárias foram classificadas em três blocos: capacidade intrínseca, ambiente físico e construído, e sistemas de saúde. A análise dos dados empregou regressão logística multivariada.Resultados. A prevalência de incapacidade em geral foi de 21% para as atividades da vida diária, 38% para atividades instrumentais da vida diária e 33% para restrição de mobilidade. Constatou-se associação da incapacidade com determinantes estruturais sociodemográficos, como idade avançada, sexo feminino, residência em área rural, estado civil solteiro ou divorciado, viver sozinho, baixa escolaridade e etnia indígena/negra. Com relação aos determinantes da condição socioeconômica, baixa renda líquida, pertencimento ao estrato socioeconômico mais pobre, percepção de renda insuficiente e ter um plano de seguro-saúde sub-sidiado exerceram grande influência sobre a incapacidade. Determinantes intermediários da capacidade intrínseca, como autopercepção de saúde ruim, multimorbidade, força de preensão reduzida, estilo de vida sedentário, adversidade econômica na primeira infância, ausência de suporte social e não participação em atividades foram significativamente associados à incapacidade.Conclusões. Ações que afetem os principais fatores associados à incapacidade, como a redução das iniq-uidades em saúde por meio de políticas, estratégias e atividades, podem contribuir significativamente para o bem-estar e a qualidade de vida dos idosos colombianos.

The healthy aging phenotype in older people in Manizales / [Fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable de personas mayores en Manizales].

Introduction: The healthy aging phenotype is present in those individuals that age with low morbidity, no functional or cognitive deterioration, and retain an acceptable level of wellness and social participation. Objective: To establish the frequency of the healthy aging phenotype in older people in the community using a multidimensional, a biomedical, and a psychosocial model and to identify the predicting factors in each model. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. We assessed individuals (n= 402; 50.1% female) aged 65 years or older (69.2 years average) from the urban area of Manizales. The healthy aging phenotype included five domains: biomarkers of physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, and social and psychological wellbeing. We also analyzed sociodemographic- and health-related factors. Results: In the multidimensional model the prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was 15.5% while in the biomedical model it was 12.3% and in the psychosocial one it was 63.3%. Good self-perceived health was an independent predictor of healthy aging in all the models assessed. Having enough income was a predictor in the biomedical and psychosocial models while being married was the only significant predictor in the psychosocial model. Conclusions: The prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was low in the biological and multidimensional models (1 of every 10 individuals) and higher in the psychosocial one (6 of every 10 persons). However, independent predictor factors were the same in all models: Self-perceived good or very good health, having enough income and being married.

Introducción. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable está presente en aquellos individuos que envejecen con poca morbilidad, sin deterioro funcional ni cognitivo, y con un nivel aceptable de bienestar y de participación social. Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable según un modelo multidimensional, uno biomédico y uno psicosocial, y determinar los factores de predicción en cada uno de ellos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 402 personas (50,1 % mujeres) de 65 años y más (promedio de edad, 69,2) en el área urbana de Manizales. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable se caracterizó en cinco dimensiones: salud metabólica y fisiológica, función física, función cognitiva, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Los factores asociados incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Resultados. La prevalencia de envejecimiento saludable fue de 15,5 % en el modelo multidimensional, de 12,3 % en el biomédico y de 63,3 % en el psicosocial. El tener autopercepción de buena salud fue un factor de predicción independiente de envejecimiento saludable en los tres modelos, así como la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos en el modelo biomédico y en el psicosocial. Un tercer factor de predicción fue el estar casado, aunque fue significativo solamente en el modelo psicosocial. Conclusiones. La prevalencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable fue baja en el modelo biológico y en el multidimensional (1 de cada 10 personas), y mayor en el modelo psicosocial (6 de cada 10). A pesar de ello, los factores predictores independientes fueron los mismos: la autopercepción de buena o muy buena salud, la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos y el estar casado.

Fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable de personas mayores en Manizales / The healthy aging phenotype in older people in Manizales

Introducción. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable está presente en aquellos individuos que envejecen con poca morbilidad, sin deterioro funcional ni cognitivo, y con un nivel aceptable de bienestar y de participación social. Objetivo. Establecer la frecuencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable según un modelo multidimensional, uno biomédico y uno psicosocial, y determinar los factores de predicción en cada uno de ellos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de diseño transversal, observacional y descriptivo, que incluyó a 402 personas (50,1 % mujeres) de 65 años y más (promedio de edad, 69,2) en el área urbana de Manizales. El fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable se caracterizó en cinco dimensiones: salud metabólica y fisiológica, función física, función cognitiva, bienestar psicológico y bienestar social. Los factores asociados incluyeron aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud. Resultados. La prevalencia de envejecimiento saludable fue de 15,5 % en el modelo multidimensional, de 12,3 % en el biomédico y de 63,3 % en el psicosocial. El tener autopercepción de buena salud fue un factor de predicción independiente de envejecimiento saludable en los tres modelos, así como la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos en el modelo biomédico y en el psicosocial. Un tercer factor de predicción fue el estar casado, aunque fue significativo solamente en el modelo psicosocial. Conclusiones. La prevalencia del fenotipo de envejecimiento saludable fue baja en el modelo biológico y en el multidimensional (1 de cada 10 personas), y mayor en el modelo psicosocial (6 de cada 10). A pesar de ello, los factores predictores independientes fueron los mismos: la autopercepción de buena o muy buena salud, la satisfacción con los ingresos económicos y el estar casado.

Introduction: The healthy aging phenotype is present in those individuals that age with low morbidity, no functional or cognitive deterioration, and retain an acceptable level of wellness and social participation. Objective: To establish the frequency of the healthy aging phenotype in older people in the community using a multidimensional, a biomedical, and a psychosocial model and to identify the predicting factors in each model. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. We assessed individuals (n= 402; 50.1% female) aged 65 years or older (69.2 years average) from the urban area of Manizales. The healthy aging phenotype included five domains: biomarkers of physiological and metabolic health, physical capability, cognitive function, and social and psychological wellbeing. We also analyzed sociodemographic- and health-related factors. Results: In the multidimensional model the prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was 15.5% while in the biomedical model it was 12.3% and in the psychosocial one it was 63.3%. Good self-perceived health was an independent predictor of healthy aging in all the models assessed. Having enough income was a predictor in the biomedical and psychosocial models while being married was the only significant predictor in the psychosocial model. Conclusions: The prevalence of the healthy aging phenotype was low in the biological and multidimensional models (1 of every 10 individuals) and higher in the psychosocial one (6 of every 10 persons). However, independent predictor factors were the same in all models: Self-perceived good or very good health, having enough income and being married.

Abuse in Colombian elderly and its association with socioeconomic conditions and functionality.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the presence of abuse in elderly people in Colombia and its association with socio-demographic and functional conditions. METHODS: Cross-sectional and descriptive research. Data were taken from the SABE Colombia Survey, a population study, with a national representative sample of 23,694 adults aged over 60 years. Presence and type of abuse by partners or family members, members were investigated. Generalized linear models with Poisson link function were used to estimate the causes of the prevalence of abuse by area of residence, region, age, sex, dependence on activities of daily living and living arrangements. RESULTS: 15.1% of the elderly in Colombia reported some type of abuse, and over 50% reported more than one form of abuse. Abuse proportion is greater in people who are aged 60-69, in women, people with lower levels of education, people who belong to lower socioeconomic status, people who live alone, people who live with children, and people in urban areas. The most frequent abuse form is psychological, followed by neglect and physical abuse. Dependence on basic and instrumental daily living activities increases the probabilities of suffering abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Home is a risky place for the elderly people, especially for those with functional dependence, those who belong to low socioeconomic strata and women. Results should encourage debate among researchers, professionals and decision makers on public policy about necessary actions and means to change violent family dynamics in homes with elderly people.

OBJETIVO: Describir la presencia de maltrato en las personas mayores en Colombia y su asociación con condiciones sociodemográficas y funcionales. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Se tomaron los datos de la Encuesta SABE Colombia, un estudio poblacional, con una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de 23,694 adultos mayores de 60 años. Se indagó por la presencia y tipo de maltrato, por parte de los miembros de la familia, hogar o convivientes. Se utilizaron modelos lineares generalizados con función de vínculo de Poisson para estimar las razones de prevalencia de maltrato por zona de residencia, región, edad, sexo, dependencia en actividades de la vida diaria y convivencia. RESULTADOS: Reportaron algún tipo de maltrato el 15.1% de las personas mayores en Colombia y más de la mitad refiere más de una forma de maltrato. Hay mayor proporción de maltrato en las personas de 60-69 años, en mujeres, con menor escolaridad, quienes viven en estratos bajos, solos, con hijos y en zona urbana. El maltrato más frecuente es el psicológico, seguido de negligencia y maltrato físico. La dependencia en actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria, incrementa la probabilidad de sufrir maltrato. CONCLUSIONES: El hogar es un lugar de riesgo para los adultos mayores, especialmente aquellos con dependencia funcional, de estratos bajos y mujeres. Los resultados deberán animar el debate entre investigadores, profesionales y tomadores de decisiones de política publica, en torno a las acciones y los medios necesarios para transformar las dinámicas familiares violentas en hogares con personas mayores.

Abuse in Colombian elderly and its association with socioeconomic conditions and functionality / Maltrato en adultos mayores colombianos y su asociación con condiciones socioeconómicas y funcionalidad

Abstract Objective: To describe the presence of abuse in elderly people in Colombia and its association with socio-demographic and functional conditions. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive research. Data were taken from the SABE Colombia Survey, a population study, with a national representative sample of 23,694 adults aged over 60 years. Presence and type of abuse by partners or family members, members were investigated. Generalized linear models with Poisson link function were used to estimate the causes of the prevalence of abuse by area of residence, region, age, sex, dependence on activities of daily living and living arrangements. Results: 15.1% of the elderly in Colombia reported some type of abuse, and over 50% reported more than one form of abuse. Abuse proportion is greater in people who are aged 60-69, in women, people with lower levels of education, people who belong to lower socioeconomic status, people who live alone, people who live with children, and people in urban areas. The most frequent abuse form is psychological, followed by neglect and physical abuse. Dependence on basic and instrumental daily living activities increases the probabilities of suffering abuse. Conclusions: Home is a risky place for the elderly people, especially for those with functional dependence, those who belong to low socioeconomic strata and women. Results should encourage debate among researchers, professionals and decision makers on public policy about necessary actions and means to change violent family dynamics in homes with elderly people.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la presencia de maltrato en las personas mayores en Colombia y su asociación con condiciones sociodemográficas y funcionales. Métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Se tomaron los datos de la Encuesta SABE Colombia, un estudio poblacional, con una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de 23,694 adultos mayores de 60 años. Se indagó por la presencia y tipo de maltrato, por parte de los miembros de la familia, hogar o convivientes. Se utilizaron modelos lineares generalizados con función de vínculo de Poisson para estimar las razones de prevalencia de maltrato por zona de residencia, región, edad, sexo, dependencia en actividades de la vida diaria y convivencia. Resultados: Reportaron algún tipo de maltrato el 15.1% de las personas mayores en Colombia y más de la mitad refiere más de una forma de maltrato. Hay mayor proporción de maltrato en las personas de 60-69 años, en mujeres, con menor escolaridad, quienes viven en estratos bajos, solos, con hijos y en zona urbana. El maltrato más frecuente es el psicológico, seguido de negligencia y maltrato físico. La dependencia en actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria, incrementa la probabilidad de sufrir maltrato. Conclusiones: El hogar es un lugar de riesgo para los adultos mayores, especialmente aquellos con dependencia funcional, de estratos bajos y mujeres. Los resultados deberán animar el debate entre investigadores, profesionales y tomadores de decisiones de política publica, en torno a las acciones y los medios necesarios para transformar las dinámicas familiares violentas en hogares con personas mayores.

SABE Colombia: Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Colombia-Study Design and Protocol.

Objective. To describe the design of the SABE Colombia study. The major health study of the old people in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in LAC, SABE (from initials in Spanish: SAlud, Bienestar & Envejecimiento). Methods. The SABE Colombia is a population-based cross-sectional study on health, aging, and well-being of elderly individuals aged at least 60 years focusing attention on social determinants of health inequities. Methods and design were similar to original LAC SABE. The total sample size of the study at the urban and rural research sites (244 municipalities) was 23.694 elderly Colombians representative of the total population. The study had three components: (1) a questionnaire covering active aging determinants including anthropometry, blood pressure measurement, physical function, and biochemical and hematological measures; (2) a subsample survey among family caregivers; (3) a qualitative study with gender and cultural perspectives of quality of life to understand different dimensions of people meanings. Conclusions. The SABE Colombia is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary study of the elderly with respect to active aging determinants. The results of this study are intended to inform public policies aimed at tackling health inequalities for the aging society in Colombia.

Sources of social support associated with health and quality of life: a cross-sectional study among Canadian and Latin American older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the association between emotional support and indicators of health and quality of life differs between Canadian and Latin American older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS). Social support from friends, family members, children and partner was measured with a previously validated social network and support scale (IMIAS-SNSS). Low social support was defined as ranking in the lowest site-specific quartile. Prevalence ratios (PR) of good health, depression and good quality of life were estimated with Poisson regression models, adjusting for age, gender, education, income and disability in activities of daily living. SETTING: Kingston and Saint-Hyacinthe in Canada, Manizales in Colombia and Natal in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 1600 community-dwelling adults aged 65-74 years, n=400 at each site. OUTCOME MEASURES: Likert scale question on self-rated health, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and 10-point analogical quality-of-life (QoL) scale. RESULTS: Relationships between social support and study outcomes differed between Canadian and Latin American older adults. Among Canadians, those without a partner had a lower prevalence of good health (PR=0.90; 95% CI 0.82 to 0.98), and those with high support from friends had a higher prevalence of good health (PR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18). Among Latin Americans, depression was lower among those with high levels of support from family (PR=0.63; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.83), children (PR=0.60; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.80) and partner (PR=0.57; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.77); good QoL was associated with high levels of support from children (PR=1.54; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.99) and partner (PR=1.31; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, different sources of support were relevant to health across societies. Support from friends and having a partner were related to good health in Canada, whereas in Latin America, support from family, children and partner were associated with less depression and better QoL.

[The gender gap in domestic violence in older adults in Latin America: the IMIAS Study]. / La brecha de género en violencia domésticaen adultos mayores en América Latina:el Estudio IMIAS.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of domestic violence in older men and women in Natal, Brazil, and Manizales, Colombia and explore whether the differences by gender are due to lifetime differences in social and financial status. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a random sampling of 802 men and women in the IMIAS Study (International Mobility in Aging Study) (65-74 years old) conducted in Natal (Brazil) and Manizales (Colombia). Incidents that occurred in the last six months and any time during their lives were evaluated using the HITS scale. Poisson regression was used to estimate the reasons for the prevalence of violence against women by men. RESULTS: Experience of physical violence occurring any time in life ranged from 2.2% to 18.3%, depending on the city and the sex. Psychological violence was higher in women: violence perpetrated by partners affected 25.7% of women in Natal and 19.4% in Manizales; and by the family, 18.3% in Manizales and 10% in Natal. Almost half of the participants reported suffering psychological violence at some time during their life. Experience of current violence or at some time during life was most frequent in women, even after adjustment for co-variables, with prevalence ratios of 1.60 to 2.14. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of prevalence of domestic violence in older adults show that women are more affected, which means that they should be considered a priority in the prevention policies on Latin America's health agenda.

Socioeconomic status, social relations and domestic violence (DV) against elderly people in Canada, Albania, Colombia and Brazil.

PURPOSE: To determine whether gender, socioeconomic conditions, and/or social relations are related to recent experiences of DV in older adult populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on socioeconomic status and social relations were collected in 2012 from 1995 community-dwelling older adults in Canada, Colombia, Brazil, and Albania. Violence experienced in the last 6 months was measured using the Hurt, Insulted, Threatened with harm, or Screamed at (HITS) scale and classified according to type (physical or psychological) and perpetrator (partner or family member). Binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between experiences of violence and gender, socioeconomic conditions, and social relations. RESULTS: Physical violence (by partner or family member) was reported by 0.63-0.85% of participants; the prevalence of psychological violence (by partner or family member) ranged from 3.2% to 23.5% in men and 9% to 26% in women. After adjustment for socioeconomic status, social relations, age and site, women experienced more psychological violence perpetrated by family members than did men (odds ratio (OR): 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Social relations, such as multifamily living arrangements and low levels of support from partners, children, and family, were associated with psychological DV. Current working status was associated with greater odds of victimization by partners among men (OR: 2.35 95% CI: 1.34-1.41), but not among women. CONCLUSIONS: Gender and social relations are important determinants of experiencing violence in older adults. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of a gender-based approach to the study of DV in older adults.

Life-Space Assessment scale to assess mobility: validation in Latin American older women and men.

BACKGROUND: The Life-Space Assessment (LSA) instrument of the University of Alabama and Birmingham study is a useful and innovative measure of mobility in older populations. The purpose of this article was to assess the reliability, construct and convergent validity of the LSA in Latin American older populations. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 150 women and 150 men, aged 65-74 years, were recruited from seniors' community centers in Manizales, Colombia and Natal, Brazil. The LSA questionnaire summarizes where people travel (5 levels from room to places outside of town), how often and any assistance needed. Four LSA variables were obtained according to the maximum life space achieved and the level of independence. As correlates of LSA, education, perception of income sufficiency, depression, cognitive function, and functional measures (objective and subjectively measured) were explored. The possible modifying effect of the city on correlates of LSA was examined. RESULTS: Reliability for the composite LSA score was substantial (ICC = 0.70; 95 % CI 0.49-0.83) in Manizales. Average levels of LSA scores were higher in those with better functional performance and those who reported less mobility difficulties. Low levels of education, insufficient income, depressive symptoms, and low scores of cognitive function were all significantly related to lower LSA scores. Women in both cities were more likely to be restricted to their neighborhood and had lower LSA scores. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the validity of LSA in two Latin American populations. Our results suggest that LSA is a good measure of mobility that reflects the interplay of physical functioning with gender and the social and physical environment.

Temor a caer en ancianos: controversias en torno a un concepto y a su medición / Temor a cair e anciãos: controversias em torno a um conceito e a sua medição / Fear of falling in the elderly: controversy around a concept and its assessment

Introducción: La definición de temor a caer y los instrumentos para evaluarlo son claves para determinar la magnitud del problema y establecer estrategias de intervención adecuadas. El objetivo es hacer un análisis crítico de las definiciones y constructos de temor a caer y de los instrumentos de evaluación. Métodos: Se encontraron cerca de 1200 publicaciones entre 1980 y 2011, en diversas bases de datos y bibliotecas. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: idioma diferente al inglés, francés, portugués y español; incluir población menor de 60 años, no tener como objeto central el temor a caer y estar duplicados. Basados en estos criterios se retuvieron 337 documentos para la presente revisión. Resultados: Se han utilizado diferentes conceptos y términos para definir y evaluar el temor a caer. Las más comunes son: disminución de la autoeficacia, confianza en el equilibrio, preocupación, inquietud o ansiedad ante las caídas, miedo a caer, control percibido sobre las caídas y síndrome del temor a caer. Existen más de doce instrumentos de evaluación del temor a caer, desde una pregunta simple, hasta instrumentos elaborados para medir los diferentes constructos. Discusión / Conclusiones: El temor a caer se refiere a la eventualidad de un evento futuro, la confianza en el equilibrio y la autoeficacia se refieren a percepciones relacionadas con las capacidades actuales de la persona, es decir, son tres constructos diferentes. Se necesita mayor investigación en torno a la conceptualización del temor a caer. La claridad y precisión pueden ser útiles en el desarrollo de estrategias ajustadas a las necesidades individuales y de grupos

Introduction: The definition of fear of falling and the instruments to assess it are key to determine the scale of the problem and establish appropriate intervention strategies. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of definitions and constructs of fear of falling and assessment tools. Methods: Around 1,200 publications issued between 1980 and 2011 were found in diverse data bases and libraries. The exclusion criteria were: language different from English, French, Portuguese and Spanish; including population younger than 60 years old; not having as a central aim fear of falling and being duplicated. Based on these criteria, 337 documents were retained for this literature review. Results: Different concepts and terms have been used to define and assess fear of falling. The most common are decrease in self-efficacy, trust in equilibrium, worry, concern or anxiety about falls, fear of falling, control perceived about falling and fear of falling syndrome. There are more than twelve fear of falling assessment instruments, from the simple question to elaborated instruments to assess the different constructs. Discussion / Conclusions: Fear of falling refers to the possibility of a future event; trust in equilibrium and selfefficacy refer to perceptions related with the real capacities of the person, this is to say they are three different constructs.. Further research is needed regarding the conceptualization of fear of falling. The conceptual clarity and precision can be useful in developing strategies tailored to the individual and group needs

Introdução: A definição de temor a cair e os instrumentos para avaliar ló são chaves para determinar a magnitude do problema e estabelecer estratégias de intervenção adequadas. O objetivo é fazer um analise critico das definições e constructos de temor a cair e dos instrumentos de avaliação. Métodos: encontraram se perto de 1200 publicações entre 1980 e 2011, em diversas bases de dados e bibliotecas. Os critérios de exclusão foram: idioma diferente ao inglês, francês, português e espanhol; incluir povoação menor de 60 anos, não ter como objeto central o temor a cair e estar duplicados. Baseados nestes critérios se retiveram 337 documentos para a presente revisão. Resultados: Tem se utilizado diferentes conceitos e términos para definir e avaliar o temor a cair. As mais comuns são: diminuição da autoeficácia, confiança no equilíbrio, preocupação, inquietude ou ansiedade ante as caídas, medo a cair, controle percebido sobre as caídas e síndrome de temor a cair. Existem mais de doze instrumentos de avaliação do temor a cair, desde uma pergunta simples, até instrumentos elaborados para medir os diferentes constructos. Discussão / Conclusões: O temor a cair se refere à eventualidade de um evento futuro, a confiança no equilíbrio e auto eficácia se referem a percepções relacionadas com as capacidades atuais da pessoa, é dizer, são três construtos diferentes. Precisa se maior pesquisa em torno à conceituação do temor a cair. A claridade e precisão podem ser uteis no desenvolvimento de estratégias ajustadas às necessidades individuais e de grupos

Health care for older persons in Colombia: a country profile.

Colombia is a country of approximately 42 million inhabitants, with some 2.5 million being aged 65 and older. Currently, life expectancy in Colombia is 72.3. By 2025, the population life expectancy at birth will be 77.6 for women and 69.8 for men. The quality of care that people receive as they age in Colombia varies according to where they live. Individuals living in the highly urbanized areas of Colombia receive high-quality care, whereas elderly subjects living in rural areas and in the southern and northern regions are exposed to unemployment, low income, inequity of access to health care, drug trafficking, and armed conflict. In spite of these problems, characteristics of aging of older people in terms of functionality and healthcare access are similar to those of people living in developing countries around the world. This article reviews the particular characteristics of the elderly population in Colombia, especially the significant changes that have happened in recent years, when social instability and conflict have determined that health resources be redirected to other budget priorities such as defense and security.

Evaluación del mareo en ancianos en una clínica de inestabilidad, vértigo y caídas / Assessment of dizziness in the elderly population in a special clinic for the treatment of lack of stability, vertigo and falls

Objetivo: describir las características e identificar las principales enfermedades causales de los diferentes tipos de mareo en ancianos asistentes a una clínica de inestabilidad, vértigo y caídas. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal, con 228 personas mayores de 60 años remitidos por problemas de vértigo, mareos y caídas, a una clínica de atención integral interdisciplinaria en un hospital universitario especializado en geriatría, en la ciudad de Manizales, entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2006. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 72.81 años (DE 7.7) y el 72.7% fueron mujeres. Otros mareos fue el tipo más frecuente (35.3%), descrito como sensación de "borrachera" en la mitad de los ancianos. En segundo lugar se encontró el vértigo (33.8%), seguido por inestabilidad (19.3%) y mareo presincopal o síncope (11.5%). 38% de los pacientes refería más de un síntoma, especialmente inestabilidad asociada. La mitad de los pacientes referían los síntomas durante más de un año. Todos tenían síntomas concomitantes con cada tipo de mareo especialmente náuseas, ansiedad y diaforesis. Al menos dos patologías podrían ser las causales de los síntomas y agrupándolas por sistemas, se encontraron las cardiovasculares como las más frecuentes (24.3%), seguidas de aquellas que afectan el sistema vestibular periférico (22%) y las del sistema nervioso central (15.2%). Se encontró una asociación estadística significativa entre vértigo y patología vestibular periférica (p< 0.01), otro tipo de mareo con enfermedad cardiovascular (p< 0.05) y mareo presincopal tanto con diagnósticos cardiovasculares como con vestibulares (p< 0.05). Conclusión: la variabilidad en la descripción de los síntomas y la heterogeneidad de los diagnósticos encontrados es la característica común en ancianos con mareo y sugieren que el mareo es multifactorial y que un enfoque orientado en el diagnóstico no es la vía adecuada.

Objective: describing the characteristics and identifying the main diseases that cause different types of dizziness in elderly people attending a clinic for the treatment of instability, vertigo and falls. Material and methods: descriptive, transversal trial including 228 people older than 60 with vertigo, dizziness or falls, referred to an interdisciplinary integral care clinic in a university hospital in Manizales, specialized in geriatrics, between January 2001 and December 2006. Results: the average age was 72,81 years (DE 7.7), 72,7% were women. Dizziness of unknown origin was the most frequent complaint (35.3%), in half of the patients described as a feeling of "drowsiness" in half of them. Vertigo was the second one (33,8%), and this one followed by instability (19,3%) and pre-syncopal dizziness or syncope (11,5%). 38% of the patients referred more than a symptom, especially with instability associated. Half of the patients referred the symptoms for more than a year. All of them had concomitant symptoms with each type of dizziness, anxiety and diaphoresis. At least two pathologies could be cause of the symptoms and pooling them according to systems, cardiovascular causes were the most frequent ones (24,3%), followed by those affecting the peripheral vestibular system (22%) and those of the central nervous system (15,2%). There was a statistically significant association between vertigo and peripheral vestibular pathology (p< 0,01), another type of vertigo with cardiovascular disease (p< 0,05) and pre-syncopal dizziness with cardiovascular as well as with vestibular diagnosis (p< 0,05). Conclusion: the variability in symptoms description and the heterogeneity of the diagnosis found is the common feature among elderly with dizziness and suggest that dizziness is multifactorial and that an approach pointing to the diagnosis is not the way to go.