Social determinants and inequalities in tuberculosis incidence in Latin America and the Caribbean / Determinantes sociales y desigualdades en la incidencia de tuberculosis en América Latina y el Caribe

Objective. To identify key social determinants of tuberculosis (TB) incidence among countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), a geographic area regarded as one of the most socioeconomically unequal in the world. Methods. An ecological study was conducted at the country level. Data were obtained from several institutional-based sources. Random-effects regression modeling was used to explore the relationship between several social determinants indicators and TB incidence rates in 20 LAC countries in 1995–2012. Standard gap and gradient metrics of social inequality in TB incidence among countries in 2000, 2005, and 2010 were then calculated. Results. TB incidence rate trends were significantly associated with health expenditure per capita and access to improved sanitation facilities, as well as with life expectancy at birth and TB detection rate, after adjusting for other socioeconomic, demographic, and health services variables. Absolute and relative inequality in TB incidence remained mostly unchanged: countries at the bottom 20% of both health expenditure and sanitation coverage distributions concentrated up to 40% of all TB incident cases, despite a considerable decline in the overall TB incidence mean rate during the period assessed. Conclusions. Along with the intensity of TB control (reflected by TB detection rate), both access to sanitation (as a proxy of quality of living conditions) and health expenditure per capita (either as an indicator of the level of resources and/or commitment to health care) appear to be key determinants of TB incidence trends in LAC countries. Inequalities in both health expenditure per capita and access to sanitation seem to define profound and persistent inverse gradients in TB incidence among LAC countries.

Objetivo. Establecer los determinantes sociales clave de la incidencia de tuberculosis (TB) en los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), una zona geográfica consideraba como una de las más afectadas por las desigualdades socioeconómicas en el mundo. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio ecológico a nivel de país. Los datos se obtuvieron de diversas fuentes institucionales. Mediante un modelo de regresión de efectos aleatorios se exploró la relación entre varios indicadores de determinantes sociales y las tasas de incidencia de TB en 20 países de ALC durante el periodo de 1995 al 2012. A continuación, se calcularon los valores ordinarios de la brecha y el gradiente de desigualdad social en la incidencia de TB entre países en el 2000, el 2005 y el 2010. Resultados. Las tendencias en la tasa de incidencia de TB se asociaban significativamente con el gasto per cápita en salud y el acceso a mejores instalaciones de saneamiento, así como con la esperanza de vida al nacer y la tasa de detección de la TB, tras ajustar para otras variables socioeconómicas, demográficas y de servicios de salud. La desigualdad absoluta y relativa en la incidencia de TB se mantuvo prácticamente inalterada: los países que se distribuían en el 20% inferior del gasto en salud y la cobertura de saneamiento aglutinaban hasta un 40% de todos los casos nuevos de TB, a pesar de una considerable disminución de la tasa general media de incidencia de TB durante el período evaluado. Conclusiones. Junto con la intensidad de las actividades de control de la TB (reflejada por la tasa de detección de la TB), tanto el acceso al saneamiento (reflejo de la calidad de las condiciones de vida) como el gasto per cápita en salud (ya sea como indicador del nivel de recursos o del compromiso con la atención de salud) parecen ser determinantes clave de las tendencias en la incidencia de TB en los países de ALC. Las desigualdades tanto en el gasto per cápita en salud como en el acceso al saneamiento parecen definir los gradientes inversos profundos y persistentes en la incidencia de TB entre los países de ALC.

Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries.

This paper describes an action framework for countries with low tuberculosis (TB) incidence (<100 TB cases per million population) that are striving for TB elimination. The framework sets out priority interventions required for these countries to progress first towards "pre-elimination" (<10 cases per million) and eventually the elimination of TB as a public health problem (less than one case per million). TB epidemiology in most low-incidence countries is characterised by a low rate of transmission in the general population, occasional outbreaks, a majority of TB cases generated from progression of latent TB infection (LTBI) rather than local transmission, concentration to certain vulnerable and hard-to-reach risk groups, and challenges posed by cross-border migration. Common health system challenges are that political commitment, funding, clinical expertise and general awareness of TB diminishes as TB incidence falls. The framework presents a tailored response to these challenges, grouped into eight priority action areas: 1) ensure political commitment, funding and stewardship for planning and essential services; 2) address the most vulnerable and hard-to-reach groups; 3) address special needs of migrants and cross-border issues; 4) undertake screening for active TB and LTBI in TB contacts and selected high-risk groups, and provide appropriate treatment; 5) optimise the prevention and care of drug-resistant TB; 6) ensure continued surveillance, programme monitoring and evaluation and case-based data management; 7) invest in research and new tools; and 8) support global TB prevention, care and control. The overall approach needs to be multisectorial, focusing on equitable access to high-quality diagnosis and care, and on addressing the social determinants of TB. Because of increasing globalisation and population mobility, the response needs to have both national and global dimensions.

Social determinants and inequalities in tuberculosis incidence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

OBJECTIVE: To identify key social determinants of tuberculosis (TB) incidence among countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), a geographic area regarded as one of the most socioeconomically unequal in the world METHODS: An ecological study was conducted at the country level. Data were obtained from several institutional-based sources. Random-effects regression modeling was used to explore the relationship between several social determinants indicators and TB incidence rates in 20 LAC countries in 1995-2012. Standard gap and gradient metrics of social inequality in TB incidence among countries in 2000, 2005, and 2010 were then calculated. RESULTS: TB incidence rate trends were significantly associated with health expenditure per capita and access to improved sanitation facilities, as well as with life expectancy at birth and TB detection rate, after adjusting for other socioeconomic, demographic, and health services variables. Absolute and relative inequality in TB incidence remained mostly unchanged: countries at the bottom 20% of both health expenditure and sanitation coverage distributions concentrated up to 40% of all TB incident cases, despite a considerable decline in the overall TB incidence mean rate during the period assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Along with the intensity of TB control (reflected by TB detection rate), both access to sanitation (as a proxy of quality of living conditions) and health expenditure per capita (either as an indicator of the level of resources and/or commitment to health care) appear to be key determinants of TB incidence trends in LAC countries. Inequalities in both health expenditure per capita and access to sanitation seem to define profound and persistent inverse gradients in TB incidence among LAC countries.