Assessment of the Risk Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevalence between Cats and Dogs in America and Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The COVID-19 pandemic represented a huge obstacle for public health and demonstrated weaknesses in surveillance and health promotion systems around the world. Its etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, of zoonotic origin, has been the target of several studies related to the control and prevention of outbreaks and epidemics of COVID-19 not only for humans but also for animals. Domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, have extensive contact with humans and can acquire the infection both naturally and directly from humans. The objective of this article was to summarize the seroprevalence findings of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats and correlate them with the strength of infection risk between each of them. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis following the recommendations of PRISMA 2020. The search and selection of papers was carried out using in vivo experimental works with animals using the descriptors (MeSH/DeCS) "Animal", "Public Health", "SARS-CoV-2" and "Pandemic" (together with AND) in English, Portuguese or Spanish for Science Direct, PUBMED, LILACS and SciELO databases. The ARRIVE checklist was used for methodological evaluation and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis v2.2 software with the Difference Risk (RD) test to evaluate statistical inferences (with subgroups by continent). Cats showed greater susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 compared to dogs both in a joint analysis of studies (RD = 0.017; 95% CI = 0.008-0.025; p < 0.0001) and in the American subgroup (RD = 0.053; 95% CI = 0.032-0.073; p < 0.0001), unlike the lack of significant difference on the European continent (RD = 0.009; 95% CI = -0.001-0.018; p = 0.066). Therefore, it was observed that cats have a greater interest in health surveillance due to the set of biological and ecological aspects of these animals, but also that there are a set of factors that can influence the spread and possible spillover events of the virus thanks to the anthropozoonotic context.

Scientific production indicators and researchers training in the Brazilian Collective Health.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the scientific production, generation of patents and researchers training among Brazilian Collective Health professors who were awarded a Pq/CNPq productivity scholarship from 2000 to 2012 and to verify the existence of an association between these production modalities and the characteristics of the professors, such as gender, training and origin. METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from 2000 to 2012, and the Prevalence Ratio was calculated using Poisson regression. For the statistical analyzes, the SPSS® program was used. RESULTS: Of particular note are regional and institutional concentration, consistent scientific output, important researchers training, and a primordial but still timid generation of patents. We found an association between the "scientific production", "researchers training" outcomes, and the gender characteristics, such as the formation and origin of the Pq professor. CONCLUSION: These findings can guide the decision-making aimed at the deconcentration of scientific production and researchers training in the Brazilian Collective Health.

Scientific production indicators and researchers training in the Brazilian Collective Health / Indicadores de la producción científica y la formación de investigadores en la Salud Colectiva Brasileña / Indicadores de produção científica e formação de pesquisadores na Saúde Coletiva brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the scientific production, generation of patents and researchers training among Brazilian Collective Health professors who were awarded a Pq/CNPq productivity scholarship from 2000 to 2012 and to verify the existence of an association between these production modalities and the characteristics of the professors, such as gender, training and origin. Method: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from 2000 to 2012, and the Prevalence Ratio was calculated using Poisson regression. For the statistical analyzes, the SPSS® program was used. Results: Of particular note are regional and institutional concentration, consistent scientific output, important researchers training, and a primordial but still timid generation of patents. We found an association between the "scientific production", "researchers training" outcomes, and the gender characteristics, such as the formation and origin of the Pq professor. Conclusion: These findings can guide the decision-making aimed at the deconcentration of scientific production and researchers training in the Brazilian Collective Health.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la producción científica, la generación de patentes y la formación de investigadores entre docentes de la Salud Colectiva brasileña que fueron contemplados con becas de productividad Pq/CNPq en el período de verano y verificar la existencia de la asociación entre estas modalidades de producción; y las características de los docentes, como el género, la formación y el origen. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en el período de referencia y se calculó la razón de prevalencia por medio de la regresión de Poisson. Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizó el programa SPSS®. Resultados: Se destacan la concentración regional e institucional, la consistente producción científica, la importante formación de investigadores; y la significativa, pero aún tímida, generación de patentes. Se encontró una asociación entre los resultados de la producción científica, la formación de investigadores y las características género, formación y origen del docente Pq. Conclusión: Esos hallazgos pueden orientar la toma de decisiones dirigidas a la desconcentración de la producción científica y la formación de investigadores en Salud Colectiva en Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a produção científica, geração de patentes e formação de pesquisadores entre docentes da Saúde Coletiva brasileira que foram contemplados com bolsas de produtividade Pq/CNPq no período 2000-2012 e verificar a existência de associação entre estas modalidades de produção e características dos docentes, como gênero, formação e origem. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal analítico no período 2000-2012 e foi calculada a razão de prevalência por meio da regressão de Poisson. Para as análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o programa SPSS®. Resultados: Destacam-se a concentração regional e institucional, consistente produção científica, importante formação de pesquisadores e primordial, mas ainda tímida geração de patentes. Foi encontrada associação entre os desfechos "produção científica", "formação de pesquisadores", e as características de gênero, como formação e origem do docente Pq. Conclusão: Estes achados podem orientar a tomada de decisões voltadas para a desconcentração da produção científica e formação de pesquisadores em Saúde Coletiva no Brasil.

Quantitative assessment of specific defects in roasted ground coffee via infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Chemical analyses and sensory evaluation are the most applied methods for quality control of roasted and ground coffee (RG). However, faster alternatives would be highly valuable. Here, we applied infrared-photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) on RG powder. Mixtures of specific defective beans were blended with healthy (defect-free) Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora bases in specific ratios, forming different classes of blends. Principal Component Analysis allowed predicting the amount/fraction and nature of the defects in blends while partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis revealed similarities between blends (=samples). A successful predictive model was obtained using six classes of blends. The model could classify 100% of the samples into four classes. The specificities were higher than 0.9. Application of FTIR-PAS on RG coffee to characterize and classify blends has shown to be an accurate, easy, quick and "green" alternative to current methods.

Effect of apixaban on brain infarction and microbleeds: AVERROES-MRI assessment study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and subclinical (covert) stroke is a cause of cognitive loss and functional impairment. In the AVERROES trial, we performed serial brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in a subgroup to explore the effect of apixaban, compared with aspirin, on clinical and covert brain infarction and on microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS: We performed brain MRI (T1, T2, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and T2* gradient echo sequences) in 1,180 at baseline and in 931 participants at follow-up. Mean interval from baseline to follow-up MRI scans was 1.0 year. The primary outcome was a composite of clinical ischemic stroke and covert embolic pattern infarction (defined as infarction >1.5 cm, cortical-based infarction, or new multiterritory infarction). Secondary outcomes included new MRI-detected brain infarcts and microbleeds and change in white matter hyperintensities. RESULTS: Baseline MRI scans revealed brain infarct(s) in 26.2% and microbleed(s) in 10.5%. The rate of the primary outcomes was 2.0% in the apixaban group and 3.3% in the aspirin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.55; 0.27-1.14) from baseline to follow-up MRI scan (mean duration of follow-up: 1 year). In those who completed baseline and follow-up MRI scans, the rate of new infarction detected on MRI was 2.5% in the apixaban group and 2.2% in the aspirin group (HR 1.09; 0.47-2.52), but new infarcts were smaller in the apixaban group (P = .03). There was no difference in proportion with new microbleeds on follow-up MRI (HR 0.92; 0.53-1.60) between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Apixaban treatment was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward reduction in the composite of clinical ischemic stroke and covert embolic-pattern infarction and did not increase the number of microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation compared with aspirin.