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1.
Methods Inf Med ; 54(4): 353-8, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25762363

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is used increasingly in medicine to determine whether the health benefit of an intervention is worth the economic cost. Decision trees, the standard decision modeling technique for non-temporal domains, can only perform CEA for very small problems. OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for CEA in problems involving several dozen variables. METHODS: We explain how to build influence diagrams (IDs) that explicitly represent cost and effectiveness. We propose an algorithm for evaluating cost-effectiveness IDs directly, i.e., without expanding an equivalent decision tree. RESULTS: The evaluation of an ID returns a set of intervals for the willingness to pay - separated by cost-effectiveness thresholds - and, for each interval, the cost, the effectiveness, and the optimal intervention. The algorithm that evaluates the ID directly is in general much more efficient than the brute-force method, which is in turn more efficient than the expansion of an equivalent decision tree. Using OpenMarkov, an open-source software tool that implements this algorithm, we have been able to perform CEAs on several IDs whose equivalent decision trees contain millions of branches. CONCLUSION: IDs can perform CEA on large problems that cannot be analyzed with decision trees.


Assuntos
Análise Custo-Benefício/métodos , Árvores de Decisões , Algoritmos , Análise Custo-Benefício/estatística & dados numéricos
2.
J Chromatogr A ; 919(1): 87-93, 2001 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11459315

RESUMO

A liquid chromatographic method for determination of the residues of ranitidine hydrochloride on various surfaces employed in drug manufacture is described. Cotton swabs, moistened with a methanol-water (1:1, v/v) mixture were used to remove any residues of drugs from glass, vinyl, and stainless steel surfaces, and gave recoveries of 85%, 78% and 90%, respectively. Residues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column at 25 degrees C with methanol-ammonium acetate (40:60 v/v) pH 6.7 as the mobile phase and detection at 320 nm. The method was validated over a concentration range of 20-10 000 ng/ml and had a detection limit of 2 ng/ml.


Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Antagonistas dos Receptores H2 da Histamina/análise , Ranitidina/análise , Indústria Farmacêutica
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