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1.
Int J Food Sci Nutr ; 61(5): 441-8, 2010 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20109127

RESUMO

Antioxidants can be defined on a biological basis by their ability to inhibit the oxidation of susceptible biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA. There is observational evidence on an inverse association between dietary antioxidant intake and the development of chronic conditions, although randomized trials have not confirmed these results. The antioxidant potential of a biological material can be evaluated by methods categorized into three groups. The first group includes the determination of the individual antioxidants present in the investigated sample. The second focuses on 'total antioxidant capacity', which is considered a convenient tool for obtaining an overall estimate of the antioxidant potential of the sample. The third group involves the quantification of in vivo markers of oxidative stress, such as the products of protein, lipid and DNA oxidation. Due to differences between the assays, however, current research suggests the application of a combination of such methods for a more informative assessment of the oxidation status of the organism.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Projetos de Pesquisa , Animais , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/urina , Testes de Química Clínica , Bases de Dados Factuais , Ensaios Enzimáticos , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Estresse Oxidativo
2.
J Natl Cancer Inst ; 101(5): 321-30, 2009 Mar 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19244178

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Studies in many countries have reported higher lung cancer incidence and mortality in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. METHODS: To investigate the role of smoking in these inequalities, we used data from 391,251 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a cohort of individuals in 10 European countries. We collected information on smoking (history and quantity), fruit and vegetable consumption, and education through questionnaires at study entry and gathered data on lung cancer incidence for a mean of 8.4 years. Socioeconomic status was defined as the highest attained level of education, and participants were grouped by sex and region of residence (Northern Europe, Germany, or Southern Europe). Relative indices of inequality (RIIs) of lung cancer risk unadjusted and adjusted for smoking were estimated using Cox regression models. Additional analyses were performed by histological type. RESULTS: During the study period, 939 men and 692 women developed lung cancer. Inequalities in lung cancer risk (RII(men) = 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.77 to 4.73, 117 vs 52 per 100,000 person-years for lowest vs highest education level; RII(women) = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.77 to 3.21, 46 vs 25 per 100,000 person-years) decreased after adjustment for smoking but remained statistically significant (RII(men) = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.75 to 3.01; RII(women) = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.13). Large RIIs were observed among men and women in Northern European countries and among men in Germany, but inequalities in lung cancer risk were reverse (RIIs < 1) among women in Southern European countries. Inequalities differed by histological type. Adjustment for smoking reduced inequalities similarly for all histological types and among men and women in all regions. In all analysis, further adjustment for fruit and vegetable consumption did not change the estimates. CONCLUSION: Self-reported smoking consistently explains approximately 50% of the inequalities in lung cancer risk due to differences in education.


Assuntos
Escolaridade , Comportamento Alimentar , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Classe Social , Adulto , Idoso , Fatores de Confusão Epidemiológicos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Frutas , Humanos , Incidência , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Verduras
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