Quantifiable Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Explores the Role of Protection, Rest, Ice (Cryotherapy), Compression and Elevation (PRICE) Therapy on Microvascular Blood Flow.

The aim of this randomized controlled laboratory study was to evaluate the role of standardized protection, rest, ice (cryotherapy), compression and elevation (PRICE) therapy on microvascular blood flow in human skeletal muscle. Quantifiable contrast-enhanced ultrasound was used to analyze intramuscular tissue perfusion (ITP) of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI) muscles in 20 healthy athletes who were randomly assigned to PRICE or control groups. Baseline perfusion measurements (resting conditions, T0) were compared with cycling exercise (T1), intervention (PRICE or control, T2) and follow-up at 60 min post-intervention (T3). The 20 min PRICE intervention included rest, cryotherapy (3°C), compression (35 mm Hg) and elevation. After intervention, PRICE demonstrated a decrease of ITP in VI (-47%, p = 0.01) and RF (-50%, p = 0.037) muscles. At T3, an ongoing decreased ITP for the RF (p = 0.003) and no significant changes for the VI were observed. In contrast, the control group showed an increased ITP at T2 and no significant differences at T3. PRICE applied after exercise led to a down-regulation of ITP, and the termination of PRICE does not appear to be associated with a reactive hyperemia for at least 60 min after treatment.

The impact of microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of meningiomas depending on different localizations.

SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND: Meningiomas are the most common benign intracranial neoplasms with a slow growth presented as the intracranial lesion. These tumors are without any symptoms for a long time. At the time of diagnosis it is frequently an asymptomatic tumor. In that case the therapist may well suggest a wait-and-see strategy. The therapy of meningiomas focuses firstly on the microsurgical treatment. Volume reduction can be achieved immediately after treatment. Stereotactic radiosurgery is an important non-invasive treatment option for recurrent tumors or meningiomas with partial resection. The technical equipment for the stereotactic radiosurgery is a cost intensive investment. In this context the high precision of the intervention, presented as a low invasiveness of the treatment, is an important factor. The aim of this assessment is to identify the chances and limitations of the diverse treatment options and to estimate their outcome for different localisations of meningiomas. METHODS: In December 2007 a systematic literature search was conducted using the most relevant medical databases. The whole strategy and the used search terms were documented. The literature search was supplemented with an internet and literature based hand search on law, ethics and economics. Primary studies and systematic reviews which report relevant outcomes are included in this analysis. The current assessment is based on the available evidence that was found at the time of the literature search. RESULTS: A total of 31 publications for the medical focus of assessment and three reports from the economical hand search were included. In general, it is not possible to identify neither randomised clinical trials or prospective, contrasting cohort studies nor studies summarising results from such studies. The results presented in the literature published by surgeons strongly vary regarding localisation of meningiomas. Publications not differentiating between the localisation of meningiomas indicate a progression free survival rate of five years in 77 to 97% of the cases after complete surgical resection of the tumor, in 18 to 70% of the cases after subtotal resection and for patients who had undergone surgical resection and a combined radiotherapeutical treatment of their meningiomas a five year progression free survival rate between 82 and 97%. Other treatment options like hormone therapy or treatments to stop tumor growth had been used unsuccessfully so far. Based on the results presented regarding economic evaluation, costs resulting from radiosurgical treatment are lower in contrast to costs resulting from surgical resection. However, it has to be taken into account that costs resulting from radiosurgical treatment strongly depend on the number of patients treated in total with the radiosurgical equipment. CONCLUSION: Due to the strong dependencies between the results from surgical therapy and the localisation of the tumor, it is only possible to derive recommendations on whether or not to perform the surgical therapy with respect to the localisation of the tumor. Only for patients with tumors with a spinal localisation or WHO Grade I meningiomas with a cortical localisation, primary treatment with by means of microsurgery can be suggested. For all other localisations of the tumor, alternative treatment by radiosurgery should be discussed. From the literature identified, a clear recommendation of one or the other therapy however can not be deduced. Thus, there is a strong need for randomised clinical trials or prospective or contrasting cohort studies, which compare rigorously microsurgery with radiosurgery concerning different localisations of tumors.