[Care accessibility and availability for hypertensive patients in primary health care in a remote rural municipality in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, 2019]. / Acessibilidade e disponibilidade de oferta para o cuidado ao hipertenso na atenção primária à saúde em município rural remoto, Amazonas, Brasil, 2019.

This single-case study aimed to evaluate access the geographic accessibility and availability of primary health care (PHC) in a remote rural municipality in Amazonas Stater, Brazil, to control systemic arterial hypertension. A thematic analysis was conducted to interpret the content of 11 semi-structured interviews with municipal managers, PHC professionals, and hypertensive healthcare users. Geographical accessibility is associated with river mobility, transportation availability, users' financial travelling condition, and the presence of services near riverine communities, whereas availability to diagnose and monitor hypertensive patients depend on the presence of healthcare providers, medications, and equipment and the integration of PHC with the local health care network. Although access to health is more complex than our research goals, the evaluated dimensions show weaknesses which are exacerbated by a context marked by socio-spatial disparities and absent public policies, compromising the guarantee of individuals' right to health.

Estudo de caso único com objetivo de compreender o acesso à atenção primária à saúde (APS) em relação à acessibilidade geográfica e disponibilidade em um município rural remoto do Amazonas, Brasil, para o cuidado à saúde voltado ao controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Realizou-se a análise temática como método de interpretação do conteúdo das 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestores municipais, profissionais da APS e usuários hipertensos. A acessibilidade geográfica está condicionada à mobilidade fluvial, disponibilidade de transporte, condição financeira dos usuários para deslocamento e presença dos serviços nas comunidades ribeirinhas. Na disponibilidade, a existência de profissionais de saúde, medicamentos, equipamentos e a integração da APS com a Rede de Atenção à Saúde refletem na oportunidade de diagnóstico e acompanhamento dos hipertensos. Não obstante o acesso à saúde seja mais complexo, as dimensões avaliadas mostram fragilidades exacerbadas pelo contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciais e ausência de políticas públicas, comprometendo a garantia do direito à saúde.

Este es un estudio de caso único con el objetivo de comprender el acceso a la atención primaria de salud (APS) en cuanto a la accesibilidad geográfica y la disponibilidad de asistencia en salud dirigida al control de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en un municipio rural lejano de Amazonas, Brasil. Se realizó un análisis temático para interpretar el contenido de 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas con gestores municipales, profesionales de la APS y usuarios hipertensos. La accesibilidad geográfica estuvo condicionada por la movilidad fluvial, la disponibilidad de transporte, la condición económica de los usuarios para el desplazamiento y la presencia de servicios en las comunidades ribereñas. En términos de disponibilidad, la existencia de profesionales de salud, medicamentos, equipos y la integración de la APS con la Red de Atención de Salud reflejan la oportunidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes hipertensos. A pesar de ser complejo el acceso a la salud, las dimensiones evaluadas muestran graves debilidades en un contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciales y la ausencia de políticas públicas, lo que compromete la garantía del derecho a la salud.

Acessibilidade e disponibilidade de oferta para o cuidado ao hipertenso na atenção primária à saúde em município rural remoto, Amazonas, Brasil, 2019 / Care accessibility and availability for hypertensive patients in primary health care in a remote rural municipality in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, 2019 / Accesibilidad y disponibilidad de asistencia para pacientes hipertensos en la atención primaria de salud en un municipio rural lejano, Amazonas, Brasil, 2019

Estudo de caso único com objetivo de compreender o acesso à atenção primária à saúde (APS) em relação à acessibilidade geográfica e disponibilidade em um município rural remoto do Amazonas, Brasil, para o cuidado à saúde voltado ao controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Realizou-se a análise temática como método de interpretação do conteúdo das 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestores municipais, profissionais da APS e usuários hipertensos. A acessibilidade geográfica está condicionada à mobilidade fluvial, disponibilidade de transporte, condição financeira dos usuários para deslocamento e presença dos serviços nas comunidades ribeirinhas. Na disponibilidade, a existência de profissionais de saúde, medicamentos, equipamentos e a integração da APS com a Rede de Atenção à Saúde refletem na oportunidade de diagnóstico e acompanhamento dos hipertensos. Não obstante o acesso à saúde seja mais complexo, as dimensões avaliadas mostram fragilidades exacerbadas pelo contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciais e ausência de políticas públicas, comprometendo a garantia do direito à saúde.

This single-case study aimed to evaluate access the geographic accessibility and availability of primary health care (PHC) in a remote rural municipality in Amazonas Stater, Brazil, to control systemic arterial hypertension. A thematic analysis was conducted to interpret the content of 11 semi-structured interviews with municipal managers, PHC professionals, and hypertensive healthcare users. Geographical accessibility is associated with river mobility, transportation availability, users' financial travelling condition, and the presence of services near riverine communities, whereas availability to diagnose and monitor hypertensive patients depend on the presence of healthcare providers, medications, and equipment and the integration of PHC with the local health care network. Although access to health is more complex than our research goals, the evaluated dimensions show weaknesses which are exacerbated by a context marked by socio-spatial disparities and absent public policies, compromising the guarantee of individuals' right to health.

Este es un estudio de caso único con el objetivo de comprender el acceso a la atención primaria de salud (APS) en cuanto a la accesibilidad geográfica y la disponibilidad de asistencia en salud dirigida al control de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en un municipio rural lejano de Amazonas, Brasil. Se realizó un análisis temático para interpretar el contenido de 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas con gestores municipales, profesionales de la APS y usuarios hipertensos. La accesibilidad geográfica estuvo condicionada por la movilidad fluvial, la disponibilidad de transporte, la condición económica de los usuarios para el desplazamiento y la presencia de servicios en las comunidades ribereñas. En términos de disponibilidad, la existencia de profesionales de salud, medicamentos, equipos y la integración de la APS con la Red de Atención de Salud reflejan la oportunidad para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes hipertensos. A pesar de ser complejo el acceso a la salud, las dimensiones evaluadas muestran graves debilidades en un contexto marcado por disparidades socioespaciales y la ausencia de políticas públicas, lo que compromete la garantía del derecho a la salud.

Challenges to the provision of specialized care in remote rural municipalities in Brazil.

This case study analyses the challenges to providing specialized care in Brazilian remote rural municipalities (RRM). Interviews were conducted with managers from two Brazilian states (Piauí and Bahia). We identified that the distance between municipalities is a limiting factor for access and that significant care gaps contribute to different organizational arrangements for providing and accessing specialized care. Physicians in all the RRMs offer specialized care by direct disbursement to users or sale of procedures to managers periodically, compromising municipal and household budgets. Health regions do not meet the demand for specialized care and exacerbate the need for extensive travel. RRM managers face additional challenges for the provision of specialized care regarding the financing, implementation of cooperative arrangements, and the provision of care articulated in networks to achieve comprehensive care, seeking solutions to the locoregional specificities.

Water, land, and air: how do residents of Brazilian remote rural territories travel to access health services?

BACKGROUND: Ensuring adequate and safe means of travel is essential for maintaining and improving the health and well-being of residents of rural communities worldwide. This article maps costs, distances, travel times, and means of elective and urgent/emergency health transport in Brazilian remote rural municipalities. METHODS: Multiple case studies were conducted in 27 remote rural municipalities using a qualitative method. A total of 178 key informants (managers, doctors, and nurses) were interviewed. Secondary data from national information systems were analyzed for the socioeconomic characterization, to identify the costs, distances, and travel times. Through the thematic content analysis of the interviews, the means of transport, and strategies developed by managers, professionals and users for their provision were identified. RESULTS: The costs of traveling between remote rural municipalities and locations where most of specialized and hospital services are centered can compromise a significant part of the families' income. The insufficiency, restriction of days, times, and routes of health transport affects the selection of beneficiaries based on socioeconomic criteria in places of high vulnerability and less investment in road infrastructure. In remote rural municipalities, travelling to seek health care involves inter-municipal and intra-municipal flows, as their territories have dispersed populations. Several means of transport were identified - air, river, and land - which are often used in a complementary way in the same route. Some patients travel for more than 1000 km, with travel times exceeding 20 h, especially in the Amazon region. While the demands for urgent and emergency transport are partially met by national public policy, the same is not true for the elective transport of patients. The impossibility of providing health transport under the exclusive responsibility of the municipalities is identified. CONCLUSIONS: For the remote rural municipalities populations, the absence of national public policies for sufficient, continuous, and timely provision of transport for health services worsens the cycle of inequities and compromises the assumption of the universal right to health care.

Different remote realities: health and the use of territory in Brazilian rural municipalities.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize remote rural Brazilian municipalities according to their logic of insertion into socio-spatial dynamics, discussing the implications of these characteristics for health policies. METHODS: Starting from the category of analysis - the use of the territory - a typology was elaborated, with the delimitation of six clusters. The clusters were compared using socioeconomic data and the distance in minutes to the metropolis, regional capital, and sub-regional center. Mean, standard error and standard deviation of the quantitative variables were calculated, and tests on mean differences were performed. RESULTS: The six clusters identified bring together 97.2% of remote rural municipalities and were called: "Matopiba," "Norte de Minas," "Vetor Centro-Oeste," "Semiárido," "Norte Águas," and "Norte Estradas." Differences are observed between the clusters in the analyzed variables, indicating the existence of different realities. Remote rural municipalities of "Norte Águas" and "Norte Estradas" clusters are the most populous, the most extensive and are thousands of kilometers away from urban centers, while those in "Norte de Minas" and "Semiárido" clusters have smaller areas with a distance of about 200 km away from urban centers. The remote rural municipalities of the "Vetor Centro-Oeste" cluster, in turn, are distinguished by a dynamic economy, inserted into the world economic circuit due to the agribusiness. The Family Health Strategy is the predominant model in the organization of primary health care. CONCLUSION: Remote rural municipalities are distinguished by their socio-spatial characteristics and insertion into the economic logic, demanding customized health policies. The strategy of building health regions, offering specialized regional services, tends to be more effective in remote rural municipalities closer to urban centers, as long as it is articulated with the health transportation policy. The use of information technology and expansion of the scope of telehealth activities is mandatory to face distances in such scenarios. Comprehensive primary health care with a strong cultural component is key to guaranteeing the right to health for citizens residing in such regions.

Different remote realities: health and the use of territory in Brazilian rural municipalities / Remoto ou remotos: a saúde e o uso do território nos municípios rurais brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To characterize remote rural Brazilian municipalities according to their logic of insertion into socio-spatial dynamics, discussing the implications of these characteristics for health policies. METHODS Starting from the category of analysis - the use of the territory - a typology was elaborated, with the delimitation of six clusters. The clusters were compared using socioeconomic data and the distance in minutes to the metropolis, regional capital, and sub-regional center. Mean, standard error and standard deviation of the quantitative variables were calculated, and tests on mean differences were performed. RESULTS The six clusters identified bring together 97.2% of remote rural municipalities and were called: "Matopiba," "Norte de Minas," "Vetor Centro-Oeste," "Semiárido," "Norte Águas," and "Norte Estradas." Differences are observed between the clusters in the analyzed variables, indicating the existence of different realities. Remote rural municipalities of "Norte Águas" and "Norte Estradas" clusters are the most populous, the most extensive and are thousands of kilometers away from urban centers, while those in "Norte de Minas" and "Semiárido" clusters have smaller areas with a distance of about 200 km away from urban centers. The remote rural municipalities of the "Vetor Centro-Oeste" cluster, in turn, are distinguished by a dynamic economy, inserted into the world economic circuit due to the agribusiness. The Family Health Strategy is the predominant model in the organization of primary health care. CONCLUSION Remote rural municipalities are distinguished by their socio-spatial characteristics and insertion into the economic logic, demanding customized health policies. The strategy of building health regions, offering specialized regional services, tends to be more effective in remote rural municipalities closer to urban centers, as long as it is articulated with the health transportation policy. The use of information technology and expansion of the scope of telehealth activities is mandatory to face distances in such scenarios. Comprehensive primary health care with a strong cultural component is key to guaranteeing the right to health for citizens residing in such regions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Caracterizar os municípios rurais remotos brasileiros segundo suas lógicas de inserção na dinâmica socioespacial, discutindo as implicações dessas características para as políticas de saúde. MÉTODOS Partindo da categoria de análise - o uso do território - elaborou-se uma tipologia, com delimitação de seis clusters . Os clusters foram comparados a partir de dados socioeconômicos e da distância em minutos para a metrópole, capital regional e centro sub-regional. Foram calculados a média, o erro padrão e o desvio padrão das variáveis quantitativas e realizados testes de diferenças de média. RESULTADOS Os seis clusters identificados aglutinam 97,2% dos municípios rurais remotos e foram denominados de: Matopiba; Norte de Minas; vetor Centro-Oeste; Semiárido; Norte Águas; e Norte Estradas. Observam-se diferenças entre os clusters nas variáveis analisadas, indicando a existência de distintas realidades. Os municípios rurais remotos dos clusters Norte Água e Norte Estrada são os mais populosos, mais extensos e distam milhares de quilômetros de centros urbanos, enquanto os do Norte de Minas e do Semiárido tem áreas menores com distância de cerca de 200 km. Por outro lado, os municípios rurais remotos do vetor Centro-Oeste se diferem por uma economia dinâmica, inserida no circuito econômico mundial devido à presença do agronegócio. A Estratégia de Saúde da Família é o modelo predominante na organização da atenção primária à saúde. CONCLUSÃO Os municípios rurais remotos distinguem-se em suas características socioespaciais e de inserção na lógica econômica, demandando políticas de saúde customizadas. A estratégia de construção das regiões de saúde, com oferta de serviços regionais especializados, tende a ser mais efetiva nos municípios rurais remotos mais próximos de centros urbanos, desde que articulada à política de transporte sanitário. O uso de tecnologia de informação e ampliação do escopo das atividades de telessaúde é mandatório para enfrentamento das distâncias em cenários como esse. A atenção primária à saúde integral com forte componente cultural é peça-chave para garantir o direito à saúde para os cidadãos que aí residem.

Context and organization of primary health care in remote rural communities in Northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. / Contexto e organização da atenção primária à saúde em municípios rurais remotos no Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil.

The study analyzes the structural characteristics of primary health care (PHC) in its contextual and organizational dimensions in remote rural municipalities (counties) in Northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This is a case study with a qualitative approach, using 21 semi-structured interviews with health system administrators and health care workers from the family health teams (EqSF), as well as secondary data. For the contextual dimension, the results show that socioeconomic factors in the remote rural municipalities condition the organization of PHC and leave the population vulnerable, especially in the rural areas of the remote municipalities. As for the organizational dimension, the principal characteristics are: coexistence of formal and informal assignment of the services' users, two modalities of first-contact services, namely basic health units (UBS) and 24-hour health centers; prioritization of response to the spontaneous demand; strong action by the Family Health Support Centers in the development of activities in promotion and prevention, expanded scope of practices by community health workers; partial guarantee of transportation for persons in treatment; partial computerization of the UBS with the implementation of the electronic patient record (e-SUS), telecardiology; and the More Doctors Program. The study found that remote rural municipalities are not a uniform unit, since the municipal (county) seat and the rural areas are unequal in terms of living conditions and lack specific organization, policies, and financing to guarantee access to PHC. With all the limitations, the observations show initiatives with major difficulties in maintenance and sustainability and sometimes without necessarily corresponding to the use of space and social life that define rural health itineraries.

Analisam-se as características estruturais da atenção primária à saúde (APS), em suas dimensões de contexto e organizacional, em municípios rurais remotos da Região do Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. É um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e profissionais das equipes de saúde da família (EqSF) e dados secundários. Para a dimensão de contexto, os resultados mostram que sob os municípios rurais remotos atuam condicionantes socioeconômicos que afetam a organização da APS e vulnerabilizam a população, sobretudo as das zonas rurais dos municípios rurais remotos. Em relação à dimensão organizacional, as principais características são: coexistência de adscrição formal e informal de clientela; duas modalidades de serviços de primeiro contato (unidades básicas de saúde - UBS, e centros de saúde 24 horas); priorização do atendimento à demanda espontânea; forte atuação do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família para o desenvolvimento de atividades de promoção e prevenção; escopo ampliado de práticas do agente comunitário de saúde; garantia parcial de transporte para os usuários; informatização parcial das UBS com a implantação do e-SUS; telecardiologia; e o Programa Mais Médicos. Este estudo revela que municípios rurais remotos não são uma unidade, visto que sede e zona rural são desiguais em relação às condições de vida e carecem de organização, políticas e financiamento específicos para a garantia do acesso à APS. O que se observa, com todas as limitações, são iniciativas municipais com grandes dificuldades para a manutenção e a sustentabilidade e, por vezes, sem a necessária correspondência à utilização do espaço e da vida social que definem os itinerários sanitários rurais.

Se analizan las características estructurales de la atención primaria a la salud (APS), en sus dimensiones de contexto y organizativas, en municipios rurales remotos de la Región del Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio de caso con abordaje cualitativo, utilizándose 21 entrevistas semiestructuradas con gestores y profesionales de los equipos de salud de la familia (EqSF) y datos secundarios. Para la dimensión de contexto, los resultados muestran que bajo los municipios rurales remotos actúan condicionantes socioeconómicos que afectan la organización de la APS y vulnerabilizan a la población, sobre todo a la de las zonas rurales de los municipios rurales remotos. En relación con la dimensión organizativa, las principales características son: coexistencia de adscripción formal e informal de pacientes; de dos modalidades de servicios de primer contacto (unidades básicas de salud - UBS, y centros de salud 24 horas); priorización de la atención a la demanda espontánea; fuerte actuación del Núcleo de Apoyo a la Salud de la Familia para el desarrollo de actividades de promoción y prevención; alcance ampliado de prácticas del Agente Comunitario de Salud; garantía parcial de transporte para los usuarios; informatización parcial de las UBS con implantación del e-SUS; telecardiología; y el Programa Más Médicos. Este estudio revela que los municipios rurales remotos no son una unidad, visto que sede y zona rural son desiguales, en relación con las condiciones de vida, y además carecen de organización, políticas y financiación específicas para la garantía del acceso a la APS. Lo que se observa, con todas las limitaciones, son iniciativas municipales, con grandes dificultades para su mantenimiento y sostenibilidad y, a veces, sin la necesaria correspondencia con la utilización del espacio y vida social que definen los itinerarios sanitarios rurales.

Provision of specialized care in remote rural municipalities of the Brazilian semi-arid region.

INTRODUCTION: Specialized care barriers are widespread and multifactorial, with consequences for timely access, health outcomes, and equity, especially in rural contexts. This article aims to identify and analyze arrangements for providing specialized care in the Brazilian remote rural municipalities (RRMs). METHODS: This is a multiple-case qualitative case study developed in seven RRMs located in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with the public health system managers, complemented by analysis of secondary data from national health information systems. Thematic content analysis was guided by the Integrated Health Service Network attributes related to the provision of specialized care. RESULTS: Socioeconomic indicators and indicators of availability and accessibility to health services express the context of greater vulnerability of RRM and their respective health regions when compared to states and the country. The analyzed cases do not come close to the RISS constitutive attributes. Various arrangements for the provision and financing of specialized care in the RRM were identified: public provision through an agreement between managers in the health region, health consortia, public provision in the municipality itself or neighboring municipalities, provision in private health services through direct purchase (out-of-pocket), and telehealth (very incipient). Such arrangements were unable to respond quantitatively and qualitatively to the demand for specialized care. Providing timely specialized care in an adequate place is not achieved, resulting in a fragmented, low-resolution model. The fragility of regionalized networks, aggravated by underfunding of the Brazilian Unified Health System, insufficient logistical support, and computerization of health services, contributes to care gaps and unacceptably long travel times for common specialized procedures, with more severe effects for people residing in the rural areas of the municipalities. CONCLUSION: Brazil's disorganization or lack of a systemic response based on regionalized health networks generates several care improvisations. The less structured the RISS, the more informal arrangements are made, with gains for the private sector to the detriment of public health system users.

Informal and popular healthcare subsystems in a remote rural municipality in the Brazilian Amazon region.

INTRODUCTION: While Brazil has achieved a significantly higher coverage through primary care and improved health outcomes through the Family Health Strategy, rural areas still have worse indicators and several barriers to access primary healthcare units, which sometimes condition users to seek alternative answers outside the formal circuit. From the framework of medical anthropology, Arthur Kleinman indicates that the sociohistorical-cultural context also determines the search for health care, and not only by the conditions of access and availability of formal services. From this perspective, each health system would consist of three interrelated subsystems: the informal, the popular, and the professional subsystem, widely used in an overlapping and non-exclusive way, interacting according to an individual's needs. This study analyzes how informal and popular health subsystems are featured in a remote rural municipality in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: This is a single, exploratory, qualitative case study conducted in the remote rural municipality of Assis Brasil, in the state of Acre, Brazil. Data were collected with onsite visits to the municipality through semi-structured interviews with users, managers, and health professionals. Data thematic analysis was guided by categories inspired by Arthur Kleinman's framework and emerging in the field, focusing on the dimensions of the informal and popular subsystems. RESULTS: In the informal system, family, friends, and community seem to have broader roles in the field of care, underpinning the social support network to allow using health services. Also included in the informal system are NGOs, armed forces, and the church, acting complementarily to the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde). Two patterns of relationship with the popular system were identified: in complementarity with the formal system, with the specific or longitudinal use of its resources, and replacing formal practices. In the popular system, secular healing agents such as shamans, healers, prayers, and midwives, and the use of medicinal herbs and other natural resources, are part of the care scenario, especially among the traditional populations of the territory. Popular resources are sometimes activated mainly due to geographic and economic barriers, which prevent timely access to health services and contribute to the deterioration of conditions. The level of resistance of health professionals varied according to the substitutive or complementary nature that such care assumes in users' therapeutic trajectories. CONCLUSION: Complex policies and processes such as health care have been implemented nationwide, in general, with a poor understanding of the context and culture of rural communities. In this sense, understanding the dynamics between the subsystems can help identify more appropriate and sensitive strategies for the organization of health services, which respond to the population's needs from a broader perspective, especially in the context of rurality.

Contexto e organização da atenção primária à saúde em municípios rurais remotos no Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Contexto y organización de la atención primaria en salud en municipios rurales remotos, Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Context and organization of primary health care in remote rural communities in Northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Resumo: Analisam-se as características estruturais da atenção primária à saúde (APS), em suas dimensões de contexto e organizacional, em municípios rurais remotos da Região do Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. É um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se 21 entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e profissionais das equipes de saúde da família (EqSF) e dados secundários. Para a dimensão de contexto, os resultados mostram que sob os municípios rurais remotos atuam condicionantes socioeconômicos que afetam a organização da APS e vulnerabilizam a população, sobretudo as das zonas rurais dos municípios rurais remotos. Em relação à dimensão organizacional, as principais características são: coexistência de adscrição formal e informal de clientela; duas modalidades de serviços de primeiro contato (unidades básicas de saúde - UBS, e centros de saúde 24 horas); priorização do atendimento à demanda espontânea; forte atuação do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família para o desenvolvimento de atividades de promoção e prevenção; escopo ampliado de práticas do agente comunitário de saúde; garantia parcial de transporte para os usuários; informatização parcial das UBS com a implantação do e-SUS; telecardiologia; e o Programa Mais Médicos. Este estudo revela que municípios rurais remotos não são uma unidade, visto que sede e zona rural são desiguais em relação às condições de vida e carecem de organização, políticas e financiamento específicos para a garantia do acesso à APS. O que se observa, com todas as limitações, são iniciativas municipais com grandes dificuldades para a manutenção e a sustentabilidade e, por vezes, sem a necessária correspondência à utilização do espaço e da vida social que definem os itinerários sanitários rurais.

Resumen: Se analizan las características estructurales de la atención primaria a la salud (APS), en sus dimensiones de contexto y organizativas, en municipios rurales remotos de la Región del Norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio de caso con abordaje cualitativo, utilizándose 21 entrevistas semiestructuradas con gestores y profesionales de los equipos de salud de la familia (EqSF) y datos secundarios. Para la dimensión de contexto, los resultados muestran que bajo los municipios rurales remotos actúan condicionantes socioeconómicos que afectan la organización de la APS y vulnerabilizan a la población, sobre todo a la de las zonas rurales de los municipios rurales remotos. En relación con la dimensión organizativa, las principales características son: coexistencia de adscripción formal e informal de pacientes; de dos modalidades de servicios de primer contacto (unidades básicas de salud - UBS, y centros de salud 24 horas); priorización de la atención a la demanda espontánea; fuerte actuación del Núcleo de Apoyo a la Salud de la Familia para el desarrollo de actividades de promoción y prevención; alcance ampliado de prácticas del Agente Comunitario de Salud; garantía parcial de transporte para los usuarios; informatización parcial de las UBS con implantación del e-SUS; telecardiología; y el Programa Más Médicos. Este estudio revela que los municipios rurales remotos no son una unidad, visto que sede y zona rural son desiguales, en relación con las condiciones de vida, y además carecen de organización, políticas y financiación específicas para la garantía del acceso a la APS. Lo que se observa, con todas las limitaciones, son iniciativas municipales, con grandes dificultades para su mantenimiento y sostenibilidad y, a veces, sin la necesaria correspondencia con la utilización del espacio y vida social que definen los itinerarios sanitarios rurales.

Abstract: The study analyzes the structural characteristics of primary health care (PHC) in its contextual and organizational dimensions in remote rural municipalities (counties) in Northern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This is a case study with a qualitative approach, using 21 semi-structured interviews with health system administrators and health care workers from the family health teams (EqSF), as well as secondary data. For the contextual dimension, the results show that socioeconomic factors in the remote rural municipalities condition the organization of PHC and leave the population vulnerable, especially in the rural areas of the remote municipalities. As for the organizational dimension, the principal characteristics are: coexistence of formal and informal assignment of the services' users, two modalities of first-contact services, namely basic health units (UBS) and 24-hour health centers; prioritization of response to the spontaneous demand; strong action by the Family Health Support Centers in the development of activities in promotion and prevention, expanded scope of practices by community health workers; partial guarantee of transportation for persons in treatment; partial computerization of the UBS with the implementation of the electronic patient record (e-SUS), telecardiology; and the More Doctors Program. The study found that remote rural municipalities are not a uniform unit, since the municipal (county) seat and the rural areas are unequal in terms of living conditions and lack specific organization, policies, and financing to guarantee access to PHC. With all the limitations, the observations show initiatives with major difficulties in maintenance and sustainability and sometimes without necessarily corresponding to the use of space and social life that define rural health itineraries.

Primary Health Care attributes in the context of indigenous health.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the attributes of Primary Health Care from the perspective of health professionals, comparing services in the Special Indigenous Health District and the Municipal Health Offices. METHODS: a cross-sectional study in the Upper Rio Negro region, State of Amazonas, with 116 professionals. The data were collected through the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Scores were categorized (≥ 6.6) - strong orientation and (<6.6) - low orientation. The chi-square and maximum likelihood test for crossover analysis. The comparison between professionals the Kruskal-Wallis Test. RESULTS: a higher overall score was observed in the Indigenous Health District (7.2). The same trend was observed individually in the essential and derived attributes. CONCLUSIONS: this work may support strategies that positively impact the management model and work processes from the perspective of strengthening the primary care offered to the population from Rio Negro.

Care coordination and longitudinality in primary health care in the Brazilian Amazon.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the attributes of primary health care, care coordination and longitudinality, from the perception of the professional and patients in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: quantitative evaluative study, in which was used an external evaluation instrument with 469 professionals and 1,888 patients from 367 primary health care facilities that adhered to the Program for Improving Access and Quality of primary health care (Portuguese acronym: PMAQ) standardized by the Ministry of Health. Data were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis in order to find a classification of primary health care from the perspective of professionals and patients. RESULTS: the attributes of coordination and longitudinality are still expressed in a weak and undeveloped way in the Brazilian Amazon scenario. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary to recognize the organizational barriers and what could promote conditions for the performance of health care teams in the perspective of a continuous, integral and coordinated care.

Primary Health Care attributes in the context of indigenous health / Atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud en el contexto de la salud indígena / Atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde no contexto da saúde indígena

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the attributes of Primary Health Care from the perspective of health professionals, comparing services in the Special Indigenous Health District and the Municipal Health Offices. Methods: a cross-sectional study in the Upper Rio Negro region, State of Amazonas, with 116 professionals. The data were collected through the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Scores were categorized (≥ 6.6) - strong orientation and (<6.6) - low orientation. The chi-square and maximum likelihood test for crossover analysis. The comparison between professionals the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results: a higher overall score was observed in the Indigenous Health District (7.2). The same trend was observed individually in the essential and derived attributes. Conclusions: this work may support strategies that positively impact the management model and work processes from the perspective of strengthening the primary care offered to the population from Rio Negro.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluarlos atributos de la Atención Primaria de Salud, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud, comparando servicios en el Distrito Especial de Salud Indígena y los Departamentos Municipales de Salud. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal en la región del Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, con 116 profesionales. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la Primary Care Assessment Tool. Las puntuaciones se clasificaron (≥ 6.6) - orientación fuerte y (<6.6) - orientación baja. La prueba de chi-cuadrado y de máxima verosimilitud para el análisis cruzado. La comparación entre profesionales de la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: se observó una puntuación general más alta en el Distrito de Salud Indígena (7,2). La misma tendencia se observó individualmente en los atributos esenciales y derivados. Conclusiones: este trabajo puede apoyar estrategias que impacten positivamente el modelo de gestión y los procesos de trabajo desde la perspectiva del fortalecimiento de la Atención Primaria ofrecida a la población de Río Negro.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar os atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde, na perspectiva dos profissionais de saúde, comparando os serviços no Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena e nas Secretarias Municipais de Saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, na região do Alto Rio Negro, Amazonas, com 116 profissionais. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Primary Care Assessment Tool. Fez-se a categorização dos escores (≥ 6,6) - forte orientação e (< 6,6) - baixa orientação. O Teste Qui-Quadrado e de máxima verossimilhança para análise dos cruzamentos. A comparação entre os profissionais o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: foi observado escore geral maior no Distrito Sanitário Indígena (7,2). A mesma tendência foi observada individualmente nos atributos essenciais e derivados. Conclusões: este trabalho poderá subsidiar estratégias que impactem positivamente no modelo de gestão e processos de trabalho na perspectiva do fortalecimento da Atenção Primária ofertada à população rionegrina.

Care coordination and longitudinality in primary health care in the Brazilian Amazon / Coordinación y longitudinalidad del cuidado en la atención primaria de salud en la Amazonia brasileña / Coordenação e longitudinalidade da atenção primária à saúde na Amazônia brasileira

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the attributes of primary health care, care coordination and longitudinality, from the perception of the professional and patients in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Methods: quantitative evaluative study, in which was used an external evaluation instrument with 469 professionals and 1,888 patients from 367 primary health care facilities that adhered to the Program for Improving Access and Quality of primary health care (Portuguese acronym: PMAQ) standardized by the Ministry of Health. Data were grouped by multivariate cluster analysis in order to find a classification of primary health care from the perspective of professionals and patients. Results: the attributes of coordination and longitudinality are still expressed in a weak and undeveloped way in the Brazilian Amazon scenario. Conclusions: it is necessary to recognize the organizational barriers and what could promote conditions for the performance of health care teams in the perspective of a continuous, integral and coordinated care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar los atributos de atención primaria de salud, longitudinalidad y coordinación del cuidado, a partir de la percepción del profesional y los pacientes en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: investigación evaluativa cuantitativa en la que se utilizó un instrumento de evaluación externa con 469 profesionales y 1.888 pacientes de 367 centros de atención primaria de salud, que se adhirieron al Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad de la atención primaria de salud estandarizado por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Los datos se agruparon por análisis de grupos multivariados de cluster para encontrar una clasificación de la atención primaria de salud desde el punto de vista de profesionales y pacientes. Resultados: los atributos de coordinación y longitudinalidad todavía se expresan de manera débil y poco desarrollado en el escenario de la Amazonia brasileña. Conclusiones: es necesario reconocer las barreras organizativas y lo que puede promover las condiciones para que los equipos de atención primaria de salud actúen desde la perspectiva de una atención continua, integral y coordenada.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar os atributos da atenção básica, longitudinalidade e coordenação do cuidar, a partir da percepção do profissional e dos pacientes no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Métodos: pesquisa avaliativa quantitativa em que foi utilizado um instrumento de avaliação externa com 469 profissionais e 1.888 pacientes de 367 unidades básicas de saúde, que aderiram ao Programa de Melhoria de Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Primária à Saúde padronizados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os dados foram agrupados por análise multivariada de cluster para encontrar uma classificação da atenção primária à saúde sob o ponto de vista de profissionais e pacientes. Resultados: os atributos de coordenação e longitudinalidade ainda são expressos de forma fraca e pouco desenvolvida no cenário da Amazônia brasileira. Conclusões: é necessário reconhecer as barreiras organizacionais e o que pode promover condições para que as equipes de atenção primária à saúde atuem sob a perspectiva de um cuidado contínuo, integral e coordenado.

Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf): panorama nacional a partir de dados do PMAQ / Family Health Support Center (Nasf): a national panorama based on National Program for Access and Quality Improvement (PMAQ) data

O Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf) foi criado em 2008 visando aumentar a resolutividade e o escopo das ações da Atenção Básica (AB). Composto por uma equipe multiprofissional deve desenvolver atividades conjuntas com as equipes AB, seguindo a lógica do apoio matricial e das ações técnico-pedagógicas ou clínico-assistenciais, pretendendo a integralidade do cuidado. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o trabalho do Nasf no território brasileiro, considerando a integração entre as equipes Nasf e AB, a partir de dados provenientes da avaliação externa do Programa Nacional para Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ) segundo ciclo. Os resultados encontrados apontam adequação quanto à infraestrutura, às atividades de apoio matricial e às atividades integradas com as equipes AB. Contudo, o monitoramento e análise de indicadores, a formação inicial e a educação permanente carecem de maior desenvolvimento.(AU)

The Family Health Support Center (Nasf) was created in 2008 and aims to increase the resolution and scope of Primary Care (AB) actions. Composed by a multiprofessional team, it should develop joint activities with the AB teams, following the logic of matrix support and technical-pedagogical or clinical-assistancial actions, aiming at the integrality of care. The objective of this study was to analyze the work of the Nasf in Brazilian territory, considering the integration between the Nasf and AB teams, based on data from the external evaluation of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement (PMAQ) in the second cycle. The results found show adequacy of the infrastructure, matrix support activities and activities integrated with the AB teams. However, the monitoring and analysis of indicators, the initial training and the continuing education need greater attention.(AU)

Coordenação do cuidado e Atenção Primária à Saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde / Coordination of care and Primary Health Care in the Unified Health System

RESUMO Coordenação do cuidado significa estabelecer conexões de modo a alcançar o objetivo maior de prover/atender às necessidades e preferências dos usuários na oferta de cuidados em saúde, com elevado valor, qualidade e continuidade. O presente ensaio faz uma revisão dos estudos, teóricos e empíricos, sobre coordenação do cuidado, tendo como objetivo norteador a identificação de políticas, estratégias e instrumentos para alcance de melhor coordenação no Sistema Único de Saúde. A síntese é realizada a partir de três dimensões, consideradas centrais para análise desse atributo no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) brasileira: posição da Estratégia Saúde da Família na rede assistencial; integração entre níveis assistenciais e interfaces com a regulação assistencial; e integração horizontal com outros dispositivos de atenção e cuidado no território. Buscou-se identificar conceitos, evidências, resultados e desafios acerca da coordenação do cuidado no cenário nacional, assim como formular uma 'agenda estratégica pró-coordenação' que reconhece os avanços alcançados, mas também a incompletude dessas iniciativas. Na medida em que o fortalecimento da APS é uma das mais potentes medidas pró-coordenação, a diminuição de investimentos e de prioridade na Estratégia Saúde da Família representa o enfraquecimento da consolidação de arranjos sistêmicos, capazes de garantir a integralidade da atenção.(AU)

ABSTRACT Coordination of care means establishing connections in order to achieve the greater goal of providing /meeting the needs and preferences of users in the provision of health care, with high value, quality and continuity. This essay reviews the theoretical and empirical studies on coordination of care, with the objective of identifying policies, strategies and instruments to achieve better coordination in the Unified Health System. The synthesis is carried out from three dimensions, considered central to analyze this attribute in the context of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Brazil: position of the Family Health Strategy in the care network; integration between care levels and interfaces with care regulation; and horizontal integration with other attention and care devices in the territory. It sought to identify concepts, evidence, results and challenges regarding the coordination of care in the national scenario, as well as to formulate a 'pro-coordination strategic agenda' that recognizes the progress achieved, but also the incompleteness of those initiatives. As the strengthening of PHC is one of the most powerful pro-coordination measures, the reduction of investments and priority in the Family Health Strategy represents the weakening of the consolidation of systemic arrangements, capable of guaranteeing integrality in health.(AU)

[Structural typology of Brazilian primary healthcare units: the 5 Rs]. / Tipologia da estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde brasileiras: os 5 R.

The structural typology of Brazil's 38,812 primary healthcare units (UBS) was elaborated on the basis of the results from a survey in cycle 1 of the National Program for Improvement in Access and Quality of Primary Care. Type of team, range of professionals, shifts open to the public, available services, and installations and inputs were the sub-dimensions used. For each sub-dimension, a reference standard was defined and a standardized score was calculated, with 1 as the best. The final score was calculated by factor analysis. The final mean score of Brazilian UBS was 0.732. The sub-dimension with the worst score was "installations and inputs" and the best was "shifts open to the public". The primary healthcare units were classified according to their final score in five groups, from best to worst: A, B, C, D, and E. Only 4.8% of the Brazilian UBS attained the maximum score. The typology showed specific characteristics and a regional distribution pattern: units D and/or E accounted for nearly one-third of the units in the North, and two-thirds of units A were situated in the South and Southeast of Brazil. Based on the typology, primary healthcare units were classified according to their infrastructure conditions and possible strategies for intervention, as follows: failed, rudimentary, limited, fair, and reference (benchmark). The lack of equipment and inputs in all the units except for type A limits their scope of action and case-resolution capacity, thus restricting their ability to respond to health problems. The typology presented here can be a useful tool for temporal and spatial monitoring of the quality of infrastructure in UBS in Brazil.

Primary health care and the coordination of care in health regions: managers' and users' perspective. / Atenção primária à saúde e coordenação do cuidado nas regiões de saúde: perspectiva de gestores e usuários.

This paper aims to analyze the healthcare coordination by Primary Health Care (PHC), with the backdrop of building a Health Care Network (RAS) in a region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We conducted a case study with qualitative and quantitative approaches, proceeding to the triangulation of data between the perception of managers and experience of users. We drew analysis realms and variables from the three pillars of healthcare coordination - informational, clinical and administrative/organizational. Stroke was the tracer event chosen and therapeutic itineraries were conducted with users and questionnaires applied to the managers. The central feature of the construction of the Health Care Network in the studied area is the prominence of a philanthropic organization. The results suggest fragility of PHC in healthcare coordination in all analyzed realms. Furthermore, we identified a public-private mix, in addition to services contracted from the Unified Health System (SUS), with out-of-pocket payments for specialist consultation, tests and rehabilitation. Much in the same way that there is no RAS without a robust PHC capable of coordinating care, PHC is unable to play its role without a solid regional arrangement and a virtuous articulation between the three federative levels.

Atenção primária à saúde e coordenação do cuidado nas regiões de saúde: perspectiva de gestores e usuários / Primary health care and the coordination of care in health regions: managers' and users' perspective

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a coordenação do cuidado pela Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), tendo como pano de fundo o processo de construção da Rede de Atenção à Saúde (RAS) em região do estado de São Paulo. Foi realizado estudo de caso com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, procedendo-se à triangulação dos dados, entre a percepção dos gestores e as experiências dos usuários. As dimensões e as variáveis de análise partiram dos três pilares da coordenação do cuidado - informacional, clínico, administrativo/organizacional. Tendo como evento traçador o Acidente Vascular Encefálico, itinerários terapêuticos foram conduzidos com usuários e questionários aplicados a gestores. A construção da Rede de Atenção à Saúde na região estudada tem como traço central o protagonismo de entidade filantrópica. Os resultados sugerem fragilidades da APS em assumir papel de coordenação do cuidado em todas as dimensões analisadas. Ademais, foi identificado mix público-privado para além dos serviços contratados pelo SUS, com desembolso direto para consultas especializadas, exames e reabilitação. Da mesma forma que não existe RAS sem APS robusta capaz de coordenar o cuidado, a APS não consegue exercer seu papel sem um sólido arranjo regional e uma articulação virtuosa entre os três entes federados.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the healthcare coordination by Primary Health Care (PHC), with the backdrop of building a Health Care Network (RAS) in a region in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We conducted a case study with qualitative and quantitative approaches, proceeding to the triangulation of data between the perception of managers and experience of users. We drew analysis realms and variables from the three pillars of healthcare coordination - informational, clinical and administrative/organizational. Stroke was the tracer event chosen and therapeutic itineraries were conducted with users and questionnaires applied to the managers. The central feature of the construction of the Health Care Network in the studied area is the prominence of a philanthropic organization. The results suggest fragility of PHC in healthcare coordination in all analyzed realms. Furthermore, we identified a public-private mix, in addition to services contracted from the Unified Health System (SUS), with out-of-pocket payments for specialist consultation, tests and rehabilitation. Much in the same way that there is no RAS without a robust PHC capable of coordinating care, PHC is unable to play its role without a solid regional arrangement and a virtuous articulation between the three federative levels.

A posição da Estratégia Saúde da Família na rede de atenção à saúde na perspectiva das equipes e usuários participantes do PMAQ-AB / The position of the Family Health Strategy in the health care system under the perspective of the PMAQ-AB participating teams and users

O artigo analisa a posição da Estratégia Saúde da Família na rede de atenção à saúde sob a perspectiva das 16.566 equipes de Saúde da Família e dos 62.505 usuários participantes do Programa Nacional para Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2012. Os resultados indicam que as equipes atuam cada vez mais como porta de entrada preferencial, atendendo a demandas diversas e exercendo a função de filtro para a atenção especializada. Contudo, persistem importantes barreiras organizacionais para acesso, os fluxos estão pouco ordenados, a integração da APS à rede ainda é incipiente e inexiste coordenação entre APS e atenção especializada.

The article analyses the position of the Family Health Strategy teams in the health care network of the Unified Health System in Brazil from the perspective of 16,566 family health teams and 62,505 users who participated in the 2012 Evaluation PMAQ-AB. The results show that Family Health teams act as first contact services and gatekeepers for specialized care. However, there are important organizational barriers to care access, the integration of Primary Health Care (PHC) in health care network is limited, and there is no coordination among PHC and specialized care providers.