Anemia in pregnant women according to two different assessment criteria (WHO versus CDC).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of anemia among pregnant women and the associated factors and perinatal outcomes according to two different diagnostic criteria: the WHO criterion and the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criterion. METHODS: Cohort study, operationalized through a database. The sample comprised 781 pregnant women who had laboratory data regarding hemoglobin levels during the second trimester of pregnancy. Anemia was diagnosed when hemoglobin was less than 11 g/dl according to WHO and less than 10.5 g/dl according to CDC. Factors possibly associated with anemia were identified by adjusting Poisson univariate and multivariate regression models. To analyze the association between perinatal outcomes and anemia, the χ2 test and Fisher exact test were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 22.9% according to WHO and 10.9% according to CDC. A significantly higher risk of low birth weight was found in children of women with anemia, regardless of the diagnostic criteria used, while a greater risk of having a small-for-gestational-age newborn was seen only when the CDC criterion were applied. CONCLUSION: Anemia during pregnancy remains an important public health issue, but its magnitude may be overestimated by overly sensitive assessment criteria.

Estimation of the Costs of Invasive Cervical Cancer Treatment in Brazil: A Micro-Costing Study.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to estimate the annual treatment costs of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) per patient at an oncology center in Brazil from a societal perspective by considering direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. METHODS: A cost analysis descriptive study, in which direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs were collected using a microcosting approach, was conducted between May 2014 and July 2016 from a societal perspective. The study population consisted of women diagnosed with ICC admitted to a tertiary hospital in Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The annual cost per patient was estimated in terms of the value of American Dollars (US$) in 2016. RESULTS: From a societal perspective, the annual ICC treatment cost per patient was US$ 2,219.73. Direct medical costs were responsible for 81.2% of the total value, of which radiotherapy and outpatient chemotherapy had the largest share. Under the base-case assumption, the estimated cost to the national budget of a year of ICC treatment in the Brazilian population was US$ 25,954,195.04. CONCLUSION: We found a high economic impact of health care systems treating ICC in a poor region of Brazil. These estimates could be applicable to further evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of preventing and treating ICC.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi estimar os custos anuais por paciente do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero (CCU) invasivo em um centro de oncologia no Brasil, sob a perspectiva da sociedade, considerando os custos diretos médicos, diretos não médicos e indiretos. MéTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de análise de custos, no qual os custos médicos diretos, não médicos diretos e indiretos foram coletados por meio de uma abordagem de microcustos, realizado entre maio de 2014 e julho de 2016 sob a perspectiva da sociedade. A população do estudo foi composta por mulheres diagnosticadas com CCU invasivo internadas em um hospital terciário em Recife, PE, Brasil. O custo anual por paciente foi estimado em termos de dólares americanos (US$) para o ano de 2016. RESULTADOS: O custo anual do tratamento do CCU invasivo sob a perspectiva da sociedade foi de US$ 2.219,73 por paciente. Os custos médicos diretos foram responsáveis por 81,2% do valor total, dos quais a radioterapia e a quimioterapia ambulatorial tiveram a maior participação. Sob o pressuposto do caso base, o custo estimado para o orçamento nacional de um ano de tratamento do CCU invasivo na população brasileira foi de US$ 25.954.195,04. CONCLUSãO: Foi encontrado um alto impacto econômico dos sistemas de saúde para o tratamento do CCU invasivo em uma região pobre do Brasil. Essas estimativas poderão ser aplicáveis em avaliações adicionais do custo-efetividade da prevenção e tratamento do CCU.

Estimation of the costs of invasive cervical cancer treatment in Brazil: A micro-costing study / Estimativa dos custos do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero invasivo no Brasil: um estudo de microcustos

Abstract Objective Themain objective of the present study was to estimate the annual treatment costs of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) per patient at an oncology center in Brazil from a societal perspective by considering direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs. Methods A cost analysis descriptive study, in which direct medical, direct nonmedical, and indirect costs were collected using a microcosting approach, was conducted between May 2014 and July 2016 from a societal perspective. The study population consisted of women diagnosed with ICC admitted to a tertiary hospital in Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The annual cost per patient was estimated in terms of the value of American Dollars (US$) in 2016. Results From a societal perspective, the annual ICC treatment cost per patient was US $ 2,219.73. Direct medical costs were responsible for 81.2% of the total value, of which radiotherapy and outpatient chemotherapy had the largest share. Under the base-case assumption, the estimated cost to the national budget of a year of ICC treatment in the Brazilian population was US$ 25,954,195.04. Conclusion We found a high economic impact of health care systems treating ICC in a poor region of Brazil. These estimates could be applicable to further evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of preventing and treating ICC.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi estimar os custos anuais por paciente do tratamento do câncer do colo do útero (CCU) invasivo em um centro de oncologia no Brasil, sob a perspectiva da sociedade, considerando os custos diretos médicos, diretos não médicos e indiretos. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de análise de custos, no qual os custos médicos diretos, não médicos diretos e indiretos foram coletados por meio de uma abordagem de microcustos, realizado entre maio de 2014 e julho de 2016 sob a perspectiva da sociedade. A população do estudo foi composta por mulheres diagnosticadas com CCU invasivo internadas em um hospital terciário em Recife, PE, Brasil. O custo anual por paciente foi estimado emtermos de dólares americanos (US$) para o ano de 2016. Resultados O custo anual do tratamento do CCU invasivo sob a perspectiva da sociedade foi de US$ 2.219,73 por paciente. Os custos médicos diretos foram responsáveis por 81,2% do valor total, dos quais a radioterapia e a quimioterapia ambulatorial tiveram a maior participação. Sob o pressuposto do caso base, o custo estimado para o orçamento nacional de um ano de tratamento do CCU invasivo na população brasileira foi de US$ 25.954.195,04. Conclusão Foi encontrado um alto impacto econômico dos sistemas de saúde para o tratamento do CCU invasivo em uma região pobre do Brasil. Essas estimativas poderão ser aplicáveis emavaliações adicionais do custo-efetividade da prevenção e tratamento do CCU.

Classificação antropométrica de gestantes: comparação entre cinco métodos diagnósticos utilizados na América Latina / Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in pregnancy: comparison of five diagnostic methods used in Latin America / Clasificación antropométrica de las embarazadas: comparación de cinco métodos de diagnóstico utilizados en América Latina

Objetivo. Verificar a concordância entre cinco métodos antropométricos na classificação nutricional de gestantes e comparar as classificações obtidas com a classificação nutricional da população brasileira de mulheres jovens não gestantes. Método. Estudo transversal com dados de 1 108 gestantes com idade de 19 a 35 anos atendidas de setembro de 2011 a abril de 2012 em serviços de pré-natal no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. A classificação nutricional (baixo peso, peso adequado e sobrepeso/obesidade) foi realizada conforme os critérios de Mardones e Rosso, de Mardones et al., de Atalah et al., do Centro Latino Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP) e do Institute of Medicine de 2009 (IOM-2009). Estimaram-se os coeficientes kappa de concordância para os pares de métodos. O teste do qui-quadrado de bondade de ajuste foi utilizado para comparar a distribuição de frequências de cada categoria nutricional em cada método com a distribuição em não gestantes classificadas de acordo com índice de massa corporal (IMC, pontos de corte da OMS). Resultados. Os métodos concordaram entre si para o diagnóstico de sobrepeso/obesidade (kappa > 0,60) e discordaram em relação ao baixo peso (kappa ≤ 0,60), particularmente nas comparações do IOM-2009 (que utiliza o IMC pré-gestacional) com os demais. As distribuições de frequências amostrais obtidas com os cinco métodos diferiram da população de referência de não gestantes (P < 0,001), observando-se percentuais de sobrepeso/obesidade inferiores à prevalência nacional e percentuais de baixo peso superiores à prevalência nacional. Conclusão. As disparidades observadas podem ser atribuídas à heterogeneidade entre os métodos, justificando a realização de inquéritos para definir padrões antropométricos específicos para determinadas populações.

Objective. To determine the agreement between five anthropometric methods used for nutritional assessment in pregnancy and to compare the distribution of nutritional status obtained with each method to that of the population of non-pregnant young women in Brazil. Method. This is a cross-sectional study with data from 1 108 pregnant women aged 19 to 35 years who received prenatal care from September 2011 to April 2012 in health services in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Nutritional status (underweight, appropriate weight, overweight/obesity) was determined using the criteria of Mardones and Rosso, Mardones et al., Atalah et al., Centro Latino Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM-2009). Kappa agreement was estimated for the pairs of methods, and the chi-square goodness of fit test was performed to compare the frequency distribution of each nutritional category in each of the methods in comparison to the distribution in non-pregnant women classified according to body mass index (BMI, WHO cut-off points). Results. Agreement between the methods was observed for overweight/obesity (kappa > 0.60), but not for underweight (kappa ≤ 0.60), particularly in the comparison of IOM-2009 (which relies on prepregnancy BMI) with other methods. The frequency distributions obtained with the five methods showed lower percentages of overweight/ obesity and higher percentages of underweight as compared to the reference population of non-pregnant women (P < 0.001), Conclusion. The disparities observed in the present study may have resulted from the heterogeneity among the methods. This suggests that additional surveys are needed to establish population-specific anthropometric standards.

Objetivo. Verificar si hay concordancia entre cinco métodos antropométricos de clasificación nutricional de las embarazadas y comparar las clasificaciones obtenidas con la clasificación nutricional de la población brasileña de mujeres jóvenes no embarazadas. Método. Estudio transversal con datos de 1 108 embarazadas de 19 a 35 años atendidas desde septiembre del 2011 hasta abril del 2012 en servicios de atención prenatal en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). La clasificación nutricional (peso bajo, peso adecuado y sobrepeso u obesidad) se realizó de acuerdo con los criterios de Mardones y Rosso, de Mardones et al., de Atalah et al., del Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología (CLAP) y del Instituto de Medicina del 2009 (IOM-2009). Se estimaron los coeficientes kappa de concordancia para los pares de métodos y la prueba del ji-cuadrado de la bondad del ajuste para comparar la distribución de frecuencias de cada categoría nutricional obtenida con cada método con la distribución en las mujeres que no están embarazadas clasificadas según el índice de masa corporal (IMC, puntos de corte de la OMS). Resultados. Los métodos concordaron en lo que respecta al diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad (kappa 0,60) y no concordaron en relación con el peso bajo (kappa ≤ 0,60), particularmente cuando se compararon las clasificaciones basadas en los criterios de la IOM-2009 (que utiliza el IMC pregestacional) con los demás. Las distribuciones de frecuencias muestrales obtenidas con los cinco métodos difirieron de la población de referencia de mujeres no embarazadas (P < 0,001), observándose porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad inferiores a la prevalencia nacional y porcentajes de peso bajo superiores a la prevalencia nacional. Conclusión. Las disparidades observadas pueden atribuirse a la heterogeneidad de los métodos. Se justifica la realización de investigaciones para definir patrones antropométricos específicos para determinadas poblaciones.

Orientação comunitária e enfoque familiar: avaliação de usuários e profissionais da estratégia saúde da família / Community guidance and family focus: evaluation of users and professionals of the family health strategy

Resumo Objetivo avaliar a presença e extensão da orientação comunitária e do enfoque familiar na atenção primária à saúde da criança em unidades da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de Pernambuco, sob a ótica dos usuários e profissionais. Método estudo transversal, com 431 cuidadores de crianças menores de um ano e 33 profissionais de saúde, realizado com base no instrumento validado PCATool - Brasil versões criança e profissional. Realizou-se análise descritiva e o teste ANOVA foi aplicado para comparar as médias dos escores entre os municípios, no software Stata 12.1 SE. Resultados os atributos orientação familiar e orientação comunitária foram considerados de baixo escore (< 6,6), mediante o julgamento dos cuidadores das crianças que utilizavam a ESF como fonte regular de atenção, diferentemente da avaliação realizada pelos profissionais (escores > 6,6). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,05) entre os municípios. Conclusão os atributos foram considerados aquém do ideal na perspectiva dos cuidadores das crianças e mais bem avaliados pelos profissionais de saúde da ESF dos três municípios. Esses resultados pretendem servir a gestores e profissionais de saúde para tomada de decisão no âmbito da Saúde da Família.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the presence and extent of community guidance and family focus in the primary health care of children in Family Health Strategy (FHS) units in Pernambuco from the perspective of users and professionals. Method Cross-sectional study with 431 caregivers of under-one children and 33 health professionals. The child and professional versions of the validated PCATool-Brazil instrument were used in the study. Descriptive analysis was performed and an ANOVA was carried out to compare the mean scores between the municipalities using the Stata 12.1 SE software. Results The attributes family focus and community guidance had low scores (< 6.6) according to the judgment of caregivers who use the FHS as a regular source of care, what was different from the evaluation of professionals (scores > 6.6). No statistically significant differences were observed (p < 0.05) between the municipalities. Conclusion The attributes were considered to fall short of the ideal from the perspective of caregivers of children and were better evaluated by health professionals of the three municipalities. These results are intended to aid managers and health professionals in decision-making in the Family Health context.

[Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in pregnancy: comparison of five diagnostic methods used in Latin AmericaClasificación antropométrica de las embarazadas: comparación de cinco métodos de diagnóstico utilizados en América Latina]. / Classificação antropométrica de gestantes: comparação entre cinco métodos diagnósticos utilizados na América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the agreement between five anthropometric methods used for nutritional assessment in pregnancy and to compare the distribution of nutritional status obtained with each method to that of the population of non-pregnant young women in Brazil. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with data from 1 108 pregnant women aged 19 to 35 years who received prenatal care from September 2011 to April 2012 in health services in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Nutritional status (underweight, appropriate weight, overweight/obesity) was determined using the criteria of Mardones and Rosso, Mardones et al., Atalah et al., Centro Latino Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM-2009). Kappa agreement was estimated for the pairs of methods, and the chi-square goodness of fit test was performed to compare the frequency distribution of each nutritional category in each of the methods in comparison to the distribution in non-pregnant women classified according to body mass index (BMI, WHO cut-off points). RESULTS: Agreement between the methods was observed for overweight/obesity (kappa > 0.60), but not for underweight (kappa ≤ 0.60), particularly in the comparison of IOM-2009 (which relies on prepregnancy BMI) with other methods. The frequency distributions obtained with the five methods showed lower percentages of overweight/obesity and higher percentages of underweight as compared to the reference population of non-pregnant women (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The disparities observed in the present study may have resulted from the heterogeneity among the methods. This suggests that additional surveys are needed to establish population-specific anthropometric standards.

OBJETIVO: Verificar si hay concordancia entre cinco métodos antropométricos de clasificación nutricional de las embarazadas y comparar las clasificaciones obtenidas con la clasificación nutricional de la población brasileña de mujeres jóvenes no embarazadas. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal con datos de 1 108 embarazadas de 19 a 35 años atendidas desde septiembre del 2011 hasta abril del 2012 en servicios de atención prenatal en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). La clasificación nutricional (peso bajo, peso adecuado y sobrepeso u obesidad) se realizó de acuerdo con los criterios de Mardones y Rosso, de Mardones et al., de Atalah et al., del Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología (CLAP) y del Instituto de Medicina del 2009 (IOM-2009). Se estimaron los coeficientes kappa de concordancia para los pares de métodos y la prueba del ji-cuadrado de la bondad del ajuste para comparar la distribución de frecuencias de cada categoría nutricional obtenida con cada método con la distribución en las mujeres que no están embarazadas clasificadas según el índice de masa corporal (IMC, puntos de corte de la OMS). RESULTADOS: Los métodos concordaron en lo que respecta al diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad (kappa 0,60) y no concordaron en relación con el peso bajo (kappa ≤ 0,60), particularmente cuando se compararon las clasificaciones basadas en los criterios de la IOM-2009 (que utiliza el IMC pregestacional) con los demás. Las distribuciones de frecuencias muestrales obtenidas con los cinco métodos difirieron de la población de referencia de mujeres no embarazadas (P < 0,001), observándose porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad inferiores a la prevalencia nacional y porcentajes de peso bajo superiores a la prevalencia nacional. CONCLUSIÓN: Las disparidades observadas pueden atribuirse a la heterogeneidad de los métodos. Se justifica la realización de investigaciones para definir patrones antropométricos específicos para determinadas poblaciones.

Classificação antropométrica de gestantes: comparação entre cinco métodos diagnósticos utilizados na América Latina / Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in pregnancy: comparison of five diagnostic methods used in Latin America / Clasificación antropométrica de las embarazadas: comparación de cinco métodos de diagnóstico utilizados en América Latina

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a concordância entre cinco métodos antropométricos na classificação nutricional de gestantes e comparar as classificações obtidas com a classificação nutricional da população brasileira de mulheres jovens não gestantes. Método Estudo transversal com dados de 1 108 gestantes com idade de 19 a 35 anos atendidas de setembro de 2011 a abril de 2012 em serviços de pré-natal no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. A classificação nutricional (baixo peso, peso adequado e sobrepeso/obesidade) foi realizada conforme os critérios de Mardones e Rosso, de Mardones et al., de Atalah et al., do Centro Latino Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP) e do Institute of Medicine de 2009 (IOM-2009). Estimaram-se os coeficientes kappa de concordância para os pares de métodos. O teste do qui-quadrado de bondade de ajuste foi utilizado para comparar a distribuição de frequências de cada categoria nutricional em cada método com a distribuição em não gestantes classificadas de acordo com índice de massa corporal (IMC, pontos de corte da OMS). Resultados Os métodos concordaram entre si para o diagnóstico de sobrepeso/obesidade (kappa > 0,60) e discordaram em relação ao baixo peso (kappa ≤ 0,60), particularmente nas comparações do IOM-2009 (que utiliza o IMC pré-gestacional) com os demais. As distribuições de frequências amostrais obtidas com os cinco métodos diferiram da população de referência de não gestantes (P < 0,001), observando-se percentuais de sobrepeso/obesidade inferiores à prevalência nacional e percentuais de baixo peso superiores à prevalência nacional. Conclusão As disparidades observadas podem ser atribuídas à heterogeneidade entre os métodos, justificando a realização de inquéritos para definir padrões antropométricos específicos para determinadas populações.

Objective To determine the agreement between five anthropometric methods used for nutritional assessment in pregnancy and to compare the distribution of nutritional status obtained with each method to that of the population of non-pregnant young women in Brazil. Method This is a cross-sectional study with data from 1 108 pregnant women aged 19 to 35 years who received prenatal care from September 2011 to April 2012 in health services in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Nutritional status (underweight, appropriate weight, overweight/obesity) was determined using the criteria of Mardones and Rosso, Mardones et al., Atalah et al., Centro Latino Americano de Perinatologia (CLAP), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM-2009). Kappa agreement was estimated for the pairs of methods, and the chi-square goodness of fit test was performed to compare the frequency distribution of each nutritional category in each of the methods in comparison to the distribution in non-pregnant women classified according to body mass index (BMI, WHO cut-off points). Results Agreement between the methods was observed for overweight/obesity (kappa > 0.60), but not for underweight (kappa ≤ 0.60), particularly in the comparison of IOM-2009 (which relies on prepregnancy BMI) with other methods. The frequency distributions obtained with the five methods showed lower percentages of overweight/obesity and higher percentages of underweight as compared to the reference population of non-pregnant women (P < 0.001), Conclusion The disparities observed in the present study may have resulted from the heterogeneity among the methods. This suggests that additional surveys are needed to establish population-specific anthropometric standards.

RESUMEN Objetivo Verificar si hay concordancia entre cinco métodos antropométricos de clasificación nutricional de las embarazadas y comparar las clasificaciones obtenidas con la clasificación nutricional de la población brasileña de mujeres jóvenes no embarazadas. Método Estudio transversal con datos de 1 108 embarazadas de 19 a 35 años atendidas desde septiembre del 2011 hasta abril del 2012 en servicios de atención prenatal en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). La clasificación nutricional (peso bajo, peso adecuado y sobrepeso u obesidad) se realizó de acuerdo con los criterios de Mardones y Rosso, de Mardones et al., de Atalah et al., del Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología (CLAP) y del Instituto de Medicina del 2009 (IOM-2009). Se estimaron los coeficientes kappa de concordancia para los pares de métodos y la prueba del ji-cuadrado de la bondad del ajuste para comparar la distribución de frecuencias de cada categoría nutricional obtenida con cada método con la distribución en las mujeres que no están embarazadas clasificadas según el índice de masa corporal (IMC, puntos de corte de la OMS). Resultados Los métodos concordaron en lo que respecta al diagnóstico de sobrepeso y obesidad (kappa 0,60) y no concordaron en relación con el peso bajo (kappa ≤ 0,60), particularmente cuando se compararon las clasificaciones basadas en los criterios de la IOM-2009 (que utiliza el IMC pregestacional) con los demás. Las distribuciones de frecuencias muestrales obtenidas con los cinco métodos difirieron de la población de referencia de mujeres no embarazadas (P < 0,001), observándose porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad inferiores a la prevalencia nacional y porcentajes de peso bajo superiores a la prevalencia nacional. Conclusión Las disparidades observadas pueden atribuirse a la heterogeneidad de los métodos. Se justifica la realización de investigaciones para definir patrones antropométricos específicos para determinadas poblaciones.

Assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal: A study using cone-beam computed tomography.

PURPOSE: Sufficient area in the interforaminal region is required for dental implant placement, and the anterior loop of the mandibular canal is located within the limits of this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and extent of the anterior loop in a Brazilian sample population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, 1.1±0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). CONCLUSION: In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation, safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and preserve the neurovascular bundles.

Influência do aleitamento materno na hospitalização de menores de dois anos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, em 1997 e 2006 / The influence of breastfeeding in the hospitalization of children under two years of age in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1997 and 2006

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do aleitamento materno e de outros fatores na ocorrência de hospitalizações, bem como a frequência e principais causas de internações em menores de dois anos, no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, utilizando dados secundários obtidos dos bancos das II e III Pesquisas Estaduais de Saúde e Nutrição (PESN), realizadas nos anos de 1997 e 2006, respectivamente, totalizando uma amostra de 1503 menores de dois anos. Utilizou-se o teste chi-quadrado de Pearson, para analisar associações bivariadas, o Exato de Fisher, para comparação de risco de hospitalização nos dois anos observados, e a regressão de Poisson, para o ajustamento de modelo multivariado dos fatores condicionantes da internação no último inquérito. Nos dois anos analisados, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no percentual de hospitalizações das crianças. O menor risco de internação permaneceu para os que mamaram exclusivamente. No que se refere às características ambientais, socioeconômicas, demográficas e de assistência à saúde, vários fatores evoluíram favoravelmente no período avaliado. No modelo final, apenas o índice peso/comprimento (categoria baixo peso) permaneceu associado aos fatores de risco de hospitalização de menores de dois anos.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to evaluate the influence of breastfeeding and other factors on the incidence of hospitalization and the frequency and main causes of hospitalization in children under two years of age in the State of Pernambuco. It is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study using secondary data obtained from the II and III State Health and Nutrition Surveys (PESN) carried out in 1997 and 2006, respectively. A sample of 1503 infants under two years of age was studied. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to analyze bivariate associations and Fisher's exact test for comparison of risk of hospitalization in the two years of observation and Poisson regression for the adjustment of the multivariate model of hospitalizations in the last survey. In the two years analyzed, there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of hospitalizations of children. The lower risk of hospitalization remained for those who were breastfed exclusively. Regarding to environmental, socioeconomic, demographic characteristics and health assistance, several factors have evolved favorably in the period assessed. In the final model, only the weight/length ratio (low weight category) remained associated with the risk of hospitalization in children under two years of age factors.

[The influence of breastfeeding in the hospitalization of children under two years of age in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1997 and 2006]. / Influência do aleitamento materno na hospitalização de menores de dois anos no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, em 1997 e 2006.

The scope of this paper was to evaluate the influence of breastfeeding and other factors on the incidence of hospitalization and the frequency and main causes of hospitalization in children under two years of age in the State of Pernambuco. It is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study using secondary data obtained from the II and III State Health and Nutrition Surveys (PESN) carried out in 1997 and 2006, respectively. A sample of 1503 infants under two years of age was studied. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to analyze bivariate associations and Fisher's exact test for comparison of risk of hospitalization in the two years of observation and Poisson regression for the adjustment of the multivariate model of hospitalizations in the last survey. In the two years analyzed, there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of hospitalizations of children. The lower risk of hospitalization remained for those who were breastfed exclusively. Regarding to environmental, socioeconomic, demographic characteristics and health assistance, several factors have evolved favorably in the period assessed. In the final model, only the weight/length ratio (low weight category) remained associated with the risk of hospitalization in children under two years of age factors.

[Scale for assessment of aggressive behavior of adolescents]. / Avaliação do comportamento agressivo de adolescentes.

This study consists of the validation of a scale for the analysis of violent behavior in adolescents. It is a cross-sectional observational study. A total of 437 adolescent students from public and private schools in the city of Recife in Pernambuco state participated in the study by responding to a questionnaire. Semantic and Content Validation was performed, followed by Dimensionality, Reliability, Discriminant, Trust and Convergent Analysis. The extraction method was Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization. The analysis resulted in a scale for assessment of aggressive behavior of teenagers with 39 items. Seven factors were selected and Cronbach's total alpha was 0.830. Discriminant analysis revealed groups of items that distinguish subjects between high and low level of violent behavior and between groups of items revealed a positive correlation among 17 items and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed in the retest. The scale revealed evidence of validity as a tool for assessing violent behavior among adolescents.

Avaliação do comportamento agressivo de adolescentes / Scale for assessment of aggressive behavior of adolescents

O estudo consiste na elaboração e validação de uma escala para avaliação do comportamento agressivo de adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo observacional do tipo transversal. Participaram 437 adolescentes estudantes de escolas publicas e privadas da cidade de Recife, estado de Pernambuco, respondendo a um questionário. Foram realizadas: 1. Validação Semântica e de Conteúdo dos questionários; 2. Análise da Dimensionalidade, da Confiabilidade, Discriminativa, da Fidedignidade e Validade Convergente dos itens. O método de extração foi o “Principal Component Analysis” com “Rotação Varimax E Kaiser Normalização”. A análise resultou em uma Escala para avaliação do comportamento agressivo de adolescentes (ESCOVIA) com 39 itens, sete fatores foram selecionados valor de Alfa total 0,830. A Análise Discriminativa revelou itens que diferenciam sujeitos entre elevado e baixo nível de comportamento violento, e nos grupos de itens houve correlação positiva no reteste. A escala mostrou evidência de validade como instrumento para a avaliação do comportamento agressivo de adolescentes.

This study consists of the validation of a scale for the analysis of violent behavior in adolescents. It is a cross-sectional observational study. A total of 437 adolescent students from public and private schools in the city of Recife in Pernambuco state participated in the study by responding to a questionnaire. Semantic and Content Validation was performed, followed by Dimensionality, Reliability, Discriminant, Trust and Convergent Analysis. The extraction method was Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization. The analysis resulted in a scale for assessment of aggressive behavior of teenagers with 39 items. Seven factors were selected and Cronbach’s total alpha was 0.830. Discriminant analysis revealed groups of items that distinguish subjects between high and low level of violent behavior and between groups of items revealed a positive correlation among 17 items and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed in the retest. The scale revealed evidence of validity as a tool for assessing violent behavior among adolescents.

[Anemia and vitamin A deficiency in children under five years old attended under the Family Health Program in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil]. / Anemia e deficiência de vitamina A em crianças menores de cinco anos assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil.

The scope of this study was to describe the prevalence and factors associated with anemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children under five years old assisted under the Family Health Program. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2006. Children between 6 and 59 months-old, who had performed measurements of hemoglobin and serum retinol, were selected using samples from 945 and 563 children respectively. Anemia was determined by the hemoglobin level < 11 g/dL and VAD by serum retinol < µmol/L. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by Poisson multiple regression using a hierarchical model. Anemia prevalence was 35%, decreasing with the increase number of people per room, maternal age and the child's age. With respect to VAD, its prevalence was 16%, rising in places where garbage disposal was inadequate and in children who had suffered from diarrhea in the previous fifteen days. The prevalence of anemia was more than double that found for VAD, highlighting the influence of environmental factors on VAD.

Anemia e deficiência de vitamina A em crianças menores de cinco anos assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Anemia and vitamin A deficiency in children under five years old attended under the Family Health Program in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia e à deficiência de vitamina A (DVA) em crianças menores de cinco anos assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. Estudo transversal, realizado em Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2006. Foram selecionadas crianças entre 6 e 59 meses de idade, que tiveram realizadas dosagens de hemoglobina e retinol sérico, perfazendo amostras de 945 e 563 crianças respectivamente. A presença de anemia foi determinada pelo nível de hemoglobina < 11 g/dL e DVA pelo nível de retinol sérico < 0,70 μmol/L. Realizaram-se análises univariada e ajustada por regressão múltipla de Poisson, utilizando modelo hierarquizado. A prevalência de anemia foi de 35%, diminuindo com o aumento do número de pessoas por cômodo, idade materna e idade da criança. No que concerne à DVA, sua prevalência foi de 16%, aumentando em locais onde o destino do lixo era inadequado e em crianças que apresentaram diarreia nos últimos quinze dias. A prevalência de anemia foi maior que o dobro encontrada para a DVA, chamando atenção a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre a DVA.

The scope of this study was to describe the prevalence and factors associated with anemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children under five years old assisted under the Family Health Program. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2006. Children between 6 and 59 months-old, who had performed measurements of hemoglobin and serum retinol, were selected using samples from 945 and 563 children respectively. Anemia was determined by the hemoglobin level < 11 g/dL and VAD by serum retinol < µmol/L. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by Poisson multiple regression using a hierarchical model. Anemia prevalence was 35%, decreasing with the increase number of people per room, maternal age and the child's age. With respect to VAD, its prevalence was 16%, rising in places where garbage disposal was inadequate and in children who had suffered from diarrhea in the previous fifteen days. The prevalence of anemia was more than double that found for VAD, highlighting the influence of environmental factors on VAD.

[Intergenerational evolution of stature in Pernambuco State, Brazil (1945-2006): 2 - analytical aspects]. / Evolução intergeracional da estatura no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, entre 1945 e 2006: 2 - aspectos analíticos.

This study used multivariate regression models to identify factors associated with the height trend in residents of Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2006, born from 1945 onward. The data were from two population-based statewide surveys. In the final model for each age bracket, year of birth, gender, schooling, and residence in urban areas were positively associated with stature in adults, as well as in children and adolescents 5 to 19 years of age. In children under five years, in addition to these variables, birth weight and prenatal care were also positively associated, while diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the interview showed a negative association. The findings show that stature was favored by settings with better socioeconomic and environmental conditions.

Evolução intergeracional da estatura no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, entre 1945 e 2006: 2 - aspectos analíticos / Intergenerational evolution of stature in Pernambuco State, Brazil (1945-2006): 2 - analytical aspects

Utilizando-se modelos de regressão multinível, foram identificados fatores relacionados à evolução estatural de pessoas residentes em Pernambuco, Brasil, em 2006 e nascidas a partir de 1945. Os dados provêm de dois inquéritos estaduais de base populacional. No modelo final de cada grupo etário, ano de nascimento, sexo, escolaridade, renda e residência em área urbana ficaram positivamente associadas ao crescimento estatural dos adultos, bem como de crianças e adolescentes de 5 a 19 anos. Nos menores de cinco anos, além dessas variáveis, também ficaram positivamente associados o peso ao nascer e a realização de pré-natal, enquanto a ocorrência de diarreia nas últimas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista mostrou associação negativa. Os resultados do estudo mostram que o crescimento estatural foi mais favorecido em ambientes nos quais predominaram melhores condições socioeconômicas e ambientais.

This study used multivariate regression models to identify factors associated with the height trend in residents of Pernambuco State, Brazil, in 2006, born from 1945 onward. The data were from two population-based statewide surveys. In the final model for each age bracket, year of birth, gender, schooling, and residence in urban areas were positively associated with stature in adults, as well as in children and adolescents 5 to 19 years of age. In children under five years, in addition to these variables, birth weight and prenatal care were also positively associated, while diarrhea in the two weeks prior to the interview showed a negative association. The findings show that stature was favored by settings with better socioeconomic and environmental conditions.

Prevalence and predictors of physical inactivity in a slum in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of physical inactivity and examine the role of potential predictors in a very low-income adult population in a slum located in Recife city, northeast of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,176 subjects aged 20-60 years residing in a slum. Using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, 307 (26.1%) study participants-97 (23.8%) men and 210 (27.3%) women-have a low physical activity score (MET-minutes per week). Increased age was associated with physical inactivity only in people without overweight/obesity. Low physical activity was less common (i.e., respondents were more active) than in other Brazilian population-based studies. These results suggest that the relationship between physical activity and socioeconomic level is more complex and depends on the internal characteristics of the community.

Violence against women: prevalence and associated factors in patients attending a public healthcare service in the Northeast of Brazil.

The prevalence of and factors associated with violence against women attended as outpatients between October 2005 and January 2006 by the Instituto Materno Infantil Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, were investigated using a cross-sectional type study. 619 women over the age of 18 were included in a systematic probabilistic sample. The modified Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) was applied and the data were evaluated statistically by way of univariate and bivariate analyses, using the chi2 or Fischer's exact test and an adjusted multivariate logistic regression model. The prevalence of violence against women was 27.5% (95%CI: 24.0%-31.2%) in the twelve-month period prior to the consultation. The associated factors were low level of schooling (OR = 2.34), a history of domestic violence (OR = 2.21) the woman being mentally disturbed (OR = 2.35), and the partner's consumption of alcohol (OR = 1.77). The prevalence of violence was high in the group of women studied, indicating the need to broaden preventive measures and all-round health care for women.

Tendências temporais e fatores associados à duração do aleitamento materno em Pernambuco / Time trends and factors associated with breastfeeding in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil

Objetivo: Analisar as tendências temporais de duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e os fatores de proteção. Métodos: Foram analisadas as prevalências de amamentação total e o aleitamento materno exclusivo de lactentes aos quatro meses de idade. Os dados foram obtidos de inquéritos populacionais realizados em 1991, 1997 e 2006, com 935, 2.081 e 1.568 crianças, respectivamente. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista realizada com o responsável pela criança. As prevalências foram analisadas por regressão de Poisson em relação a: condições ambientais, comportamentais e socioeconômicas, variáveis maternas e fatores biológicos da criança. Resultados: A duração mediana do aleitamento total elevou-se de 89 dias (1991) para 106 dias (1997) e, finalmente, 183 dias (2006). A mediana do aleitamento materno exclusivo manteve-se estacionária em torno de 30 dias entre 1997 e 2006. Na análise multivariada, das dez variáveis analisadas, apenas a escolaridade e idade maternas, situação do domicílio e a criança ser do sexo feminino se mantiveram no modelo explicativo final. Conclusões: Apesar do aleitamento total ter tido importante aumento de duração, o mesmo não ocorreu com a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo.

Time trends and factors associated with breastfeeding in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze time trends in the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and associated protection factors. METHODS: Prevalances for total breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in a population of four-month-old infants were analyzed. Data were obtained from population surveys carried out in 1991, 1997, and 2006, with 935, 2081, and 1568 infants respectively. The data were retrieved from interviews answered by parents or guardians. The prevalences were analyzed by Poisson regression in regard to: environmental, behavioral and socioeconomic conditions, maternal variables, and biological factors of infant. RESULTS: The median duration of total breastfeeding rose from 89 days (1991) to 106 days (1997), and finally to 183 days (2006). The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding remained around 30 days between 1997 and 2006. In the multivariate analysis, from the ten variables studied, only maternal schooling and age, address, and female gender of infant were maintained in the final explanatory model. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the significant increase in terms of total breastfeeding duration, the same did not occur with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding.