Assessment of the impact of unmalted cereals, hops, and yeast strains on volatolomic and olfactory profiles of Blanche craft beers: A chemometric approach.

This study investigated the impact of changes in craft beer formulation, by modifying the unmalted cereal [(durum (Da) and soft (Ri) wheat), emmer (Em)], hops [Cascade (Ca) and Columbus (Co)], and yeast strains [M21 (Wi) - M02 (Ci)], on volatolomic, acidic, and olfactory profiles. Olfactory attributes were evaluated by the trained panel. Volatolomic and acidic profiles were determined by GC-MS. The sensory analysis detected significant differences for 5 attributes, including olfactory intensity and finesse, malty, herbaceous, and floral notes. Multivariate analysis of volatiles data, showed significant differences among the samples (p < 0.05). DaCaWi, DaCoWi, and RiCoCi beers differ from the others by their higher concentrations of esters, alcohols, and terpenes. A PLSC analysis was carried out between volatiles and odour attributes. As far as we know, this is the first investigation that shed light on the impact of 3-factors interaction on the sensory-volatolomic profile of craft beers, through a comprehensive multivariate approach.

Functional Bread Produced in a Circular Economy Perspective: The Use of Brewers' Spent Grain.

Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is the main by-product of the brewing industry, corresponding to ~85% of its solid residues. The attention of food technologists towards BSG is due to its content in nutraceutical compounds and its suitability to be dried, ground, and used for bakery products. This work was aimed to investigate the use of BSG as a functional ingredient in bread-making. BSGs were characterised for formulation (three mixtures of malted barley and unmalted durum (Da), soft (Ri), or emmer (Em) wheats) and origin (two cereal cultivation places). The breads enriched with two different percentages of each BSG flour and gluten were analysed to evaluate the effects of replacements on their overall quality and functional characteristics. Principal Component Analysis homogeneously grouped BSGs by type and origin and breads into three sets: the control bread, with high values of crumb development, a specific volume, a minimum and maximum height, and cohesiveness; Em breads, with high values of IDF, TPC, crispiness, porosity, fibrousness, and wheat smell; and the group of Ri and Da breads, which have high values of overall smell intensity, toasty smell, pore size, crust thickness, overall quality, a darker crumb colour, and intermediate TPC. Based on these results, Em breads had the highest concentrations of nutraceuticals but the lowest overall quality. Ri and Da breads were the best choice (intermediate phenolic and fibre contents and overall quality comparable to that of control bread). Practical applications: the transformation of breweries into biorefineries capable of turning BSG into high-value, low-perishable ingredients; the extensive use of BSGs to increase the production of food commodities; and the study of food formulations marketable with health claims.

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX targets primary tumors, metastases, and cancer stem cells: Three for the price of one.

Human carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is a tumor-associated protein, since it is scarcely present in normal tissues, but highly overexpressed in a large number of solid tumors, where it actively contributes to survival and metastatic spread of tumor cells. Due to these features, the characterization of its biochemical, structural, and functional features for drug design purposes has been extensively carried out, with consequent development of several highly selective small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies to be used for different purposes. Aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art of studies performed on this enzyme, regarding structural, functional, and biomedical aspects, as well as the development of molecules with diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer treatment. A brief description of additional pharmacologic applications for CA IX inhibition in other diseases, such as arthritis and ischemia, is also provided.