G20’s commitment to telehealth for reducing global health disparities: from a global commitment to regional actions

[ABSTRACT]. The G20, representing the world’s largest economies, plays a critical role in shaping global health policies, initiatives and innovative solutions. As these nations navigate the complexities of digital transformation in the health sector, engagement with the Global Initiative on Digital Health (2), aligned with the Pan American Health Organization ́s (PAHO) eight guiding principles for the digital transformation of the health sector (3), becomes imperative not only for advancing technology adoption but also for promoting health equity and universal access to health and universal health coverage. The inclusion of telehealth in the G20 agenda, championed by Brazil’s presidency, underscores the group’s commitment to leveraging digital innovations to improve health outcomes in G20 countries and globally, as telehealth is a key area of the digital transformation of the health sector. Because countries worldwide vary widely in the capacity of their digital health infrastructure and their development stages, there lies a unique opportunity to foster international collaboration, share knowledge and drive global standards that support the widespread adoption of telehealth solutions for leaving no one behind. This strategic focus is predicated on the understand- ing that telehealth serves as both a catalyst for health equity and a critical tool for reinforcing health systems grounded in primary health care (PHC). The scientific rationale behind this concerted effort is clear: by enhancing digital infrastructure and fostering the adoption of telehealth solutions, there is potential to bridge the global digital divide and democratize access to health services. The G20, representing the world’s largest economies, plays a critical role in shaping global health policies, initiatives and innovative solutions (1). As these nations navigate the complexities of digital transformation in the health sector, engagement with the Global Initiative on Digital Health (2), aligned with the Pan American Health Organization ́s (PAHO) eight guiding principles for the digital transformation of the health sector (3), becomes imperative not only for advancing technology adoption but also for promoting health equity and universal access to health and universal health coverage. The inclusion of telehealth in the G20 agenda, championed by Brazil’s presidency, underscores the group’s commitment to leveraging digital innovations to improve health outcomes in G20 countries and globally, as telehealth is a key area of the digital transformation of the health sector. Because countries worldwide vary widely in the capacity of their digital health infrastructure and their development stages, there lies a unique opportunity to foster international collaboration, share knowledge and drive global standards that support the widespread adoption of telehealth solutions for leaving no one behind. This strategic focus is predicated on the understand- ing that telehealth serves as both a catalyst for health equity and a critical tool for reinforcing health systems grounded in primary health care (PHC). The scientific rationale behind this concerted effort is clear: by enhancing digital infrastructure and fostering the adoption of telehealth solutions, there is potential to bridge the global digital divide and democratize access to health services. In envisioning the future of global health, the fourth pillar of the vision of PAHO’s Director emerges with critical importance: the construction of resilient national health systems is firmly rooted in the implementation of the PHC strategy. This vision is not just an aspiration but a necessary evolution, with PAHO standing ready to guide countries towards achieving this goal. PAHO’s commitment involves supporting countries in the organization of health services networks based on PHC, targeting public financing to foster universal access and coverage, and bolstering governance in health under the leadership of health ministries. Moreover, it calls for the rapid deployment of technological innovations such as telehealth and also broader digital transformation initiatives (4). Digital transformation, emerging as a key innovative strategy, offers significant improvements to the strengthening of PHC. Through the adoption of inclusive digital health solutions, it is possible to enhance the delivery of health services, ensuring they become more accessible, efficient and equitable for everyone, everywhere (5, 6). Among the priorities leading this transformation, telehealth emerged at the G20 as a key opportunity in the mission to leave no one behind and as a cornerstone of the digital transformation of the health sector. Telehealth improves access to care and health information, thereby empowering individuals and communities (7). It effectively extends health services to underserved populations, encourages collaborative practices among health professionals, and broadens access to health for the wider community. It can support reduced waiting times and costs through efficiencies in care management. Through telehealth, the transition to a new era of PHC can be accelerated through technological advancements that drive us towards a more inclusive and accessible health care system for all. Concrete efforts should be focused on modernizing normative and legislative frameworks, investment in digital infrastructure, prioritizing the development of robust digital health infrastructures while ensuring that reliable internet access and digital tools are available across urban and rural areas alike. Enhancing digital literacy and telehealth competencies among health professionals and the population will maximize the utilization and effectiveness of digital health services. However, the lack of standardized policies and frameworks for telehealth is a significant barrier to its global adoption and, therefore, G20 nations can lead by example, working towards (a) developing international telehealth guidelines that consider ethical, privacy and security standards for telehealth services to facilitate cross-border healthcare delivery and secure data exchange; and (b) promoting interoperable telehealth platforms that can seamlessly exchange information, thus enhancing the continuity and quality of care. The G20’s leadership and commitment to integrating telehealth into the global health agenda can set an unprecedented opportunity for international cooperation in digital health. G20 countries can significantly impact global health outcomes by integrating telehealth at all levels of care and health service delivery networks, impacting the lives of billions around the world. Equity must remain central to our efforts as telehealth services are integrated into the model of care. This means ensuring the adoption of differentiated approaches in digital health based on (a) the characteristics of a territory (geographical dis- persion, status of infrastructure), (b) the beneficiary population to be served (their health needs, and cultural, racial and ethnic considerations) and (c) the health system capacities and organization (the health services network, coverage capacity and availability of multiprofessional teams). Health outcomes can be significantly positively impacted by undertaking bottom-up planning processes that take into account the latter considerations and by adapting the model of care to leverage the capacity of digital health. Embracing the Regional Roadmap for the Digital Transformation of the Health Sector in the Region of the Americas is imperative for countries aiming to develop expansive, resilient and inclusive health systems based on PHC (8,9). This comprehensive framework, backed by lessons learned and suc- cessful experiences, underscores the significant potential that digital transformation holds for improving health outcomes. Brazil's commitment to the consolidation of the Unified Health System (the Sistema Único de Saúde, or SUS) and its well-established Family Health Strategy as the foundation for the health and well-being of its population is being expressed through the rapid deployment of telehealth, and serves as a model of innovation and effectiveness, showcasing the transformative impact of digital health solutions on accessibility, efficiency and quality of care (10). This editorial, jointly prepared by rep- resentatives of the government of Brazil and PAHO advocates for global standardization of telehealth practices that ensures the scalability and sustainability of health interventions while addressing the core determinants of health equity.

[RESUMEN]. Sin resumen disponible Texto completo en inglés

[RESUMO]. Não existe resumo disponível Texto completo em inglês

[The importance of a gender focus in building resilient, equitable, and universal health systemsA importância da abordagem de gênero no desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais]. / La importancia del enfoque de género en la construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the need to strengthen the focus on gender from an integrative and multisectoral perspective to address health care problems. This article seeks to highlight the importance of incorporating and strengthening the gender focus in policies for building resilient, equitable, and universal health care systems. With this objective in mind, the role of women in the health sector is addressed from two directions. The first examines women's conditions of access to health systems in the Region of the Americas and highlights the need to overcome the obstacles that prevent the full realization of their right to health care. The second discusses the preponderant role of women in the health labor market, and the need to expand their leadership in decision-making in the sector. Finally, an appeal is made for progress in the implementation of recommendations to strengthen the focus on gender and the role of women in health policies and systems.

A pandemia da doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrou a necessidade de fortalecer a abordagem de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva integradora e multissetorial ao tratar das questões de saúde. Este artigo procura ressaltar a importância de incorporar e fortalecer a abordagem de gênero nas políticas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais. Com esse objetivo, este trabalho aborda o papel das mulheres no setor da saúde a partir de duas perspectivas. A primeira está ligada às condições de acesso das mulheres aos sistemas de saúde na Região das Américas, destacando a necessidade de superar os obstáculos que impedem o pleno exercício de seu direito à saúde. A segunda destaca o papel proeminente das mulheres no mercado de trabalho do setor da saúde e a necessidade de aumentar o seu papel de liderança na tomada de decisões no setor. Por fim, é feito um apelo para avançar com a implementação de recomendações destinadas a fortalecer a abordagem de gênero e o papel das mulheres nas políticas e sistemas de saúde.

La importancia del enfoque de género en la construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales

[RESUMEN]. La pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) demostró la necesidad de reforzar el enfoque de género desde una perspectiva integradora y multisectorial para el abordaje de las problemáticas en salud. Este artículo busca destacar la importancia de incorporar y fortalecer el enfoque de género en las políticas de construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales. Con este objetivo, se aborda el papel de las mujeres en el sector de salud desde dos ámbitos. El primero da cuenta de las condiciones de acceso de las mujeres a los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas, donde resalta la necesidad de superar los obstáculos que impiden la realización plena de su derecho a la salud. El segundo plantea el papel preponderante de las mujeres en el mercado laboral del sector de salud, y la necesidad de aumentar su liderazgo en la toma de decisiones del sector. Por último, se hace un llamado para avanzar en la implementación de recomendaciones para fortalecer el enfoque de género y el papel de las mujeres en las políticas y los sistemas de salud.

[ABSTRACT]. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the need to strengthen the focus on gender from an integrative and multisectoral perspective to address health care problems. This article seeks to highlight the importance of incorporating and strengthening the gender focus in policies for building resilient, equitable, and universal health care systems. With this objective in mind, the role of women in the health sector is addressed from two directions. The first examines women’s conditions of access to health systems in the Region of the Americas and highlights the need to overcome the obstacles that prevent the full realization of their right to health care. The second discusses the preponderant role of women in the health labor market, and the need to expand their leadership in decision-making in the sector. Finally, an appeal is made for progress in the implementation of recommendations to strengthen the focus on gender and the role of women in health policies and systems.

[RESUMO]. A pandemia da doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrou a necessidade de fortalecer a abordagem de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva integradora e multissetorial ao tratar das questões de saúde. Este artigo procura ressaltar a importância de incorporar e fortalecer a abordagem de gênero nas políticas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais. Com esse objetivo, este trabalho aborda o papel das mulheres no setor da saúde a partir de duas perspectivas. A primeira está ligada às condições de acesso das mulheres aos sistemas de saúde na Região das Américas, destacando a neces- sidade de superar os obstáculos que impedem o pleno exercício de seu direito à saúde. A segunda destaca o papel proeminente das mulheres no mercado de trabalho do setor da saúde e a necessidade de aumentar o seu papel de liderança na tomada de decisões no setor. Por fim, é feito um apelo para avançar com a imple- mentação de recomendações destinadas a fortalecer a abordagem de gênero e o papel das mulheres nas políticas e sistemas de saúde.

Recomendaciones para el desarrollo de sistemas de salud resilientes en las Américas

[RESUMEN]. En este artículo de opinión y análisis se describen las líneas de acción estratégicas para desarrollar siste- mas de salud resilientes y al mismo tiempo promover la recuperación en la etapa posterior a la pandemia de COVID-19, a fin de mantener y proteger los logros de la salud pública. Asimismo, se presenta una contextuali- zación de los desafíos y oportunidades en la Región de las Américas, y se ofrecen recomendaciones para su implementación. Urge impulsar el desarrollo de sistemas de salud resilientes a través de la implementación de cuatro líneas de acción definidas en la Estrategia adoptada por los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en septiembre de 2021. La transformación de los sistemas de salud debe basarse en la adopción de un modelo integral de atención primaria de la salud, un enfoque priorizado sobre las funciones esenciales de salud pública, el fortalecimiento de las redes integrales de servicios de salud, y el aumento en el financiamiento público, sobre todo para el primer nivel de atención. La implementación de estas líneas de acción no solo busca consolidar la respuesta inmediata a las crisis, sino también enmarcarla en los esfuerzos de recuperación y desarrollo sostenible de los sistemas de salud, reduciendo sus vulnerabi- lidades estructurales y así poder estar mejor preparados para responder a futuras crisis.

[ABSTRACT]. This article offers opinion and analysis outlining strategic lines of action to build resilient health systems while promoting recovery in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, with a view to maintaining and protecting public health gains. It contextualizes the challenges and opportunities in the Region of the Americas and offers recommendations for implementation of the strategic lines. It is urgent to promote the development of resilient health systems through the implementation of four lines of action defined in the strategy adopted by the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization in Sep- tember 2021. The transformation of health systems must be based on the adoption of an integrated model of primary health care, a priority focus on the essential public health functions, strengthening of integrated health service networks, and increased public funding, especially for the first level of care. Implementation of these lines of action is focused not only on consolidating immediate crisis response; it is also framed within efforts toward the recovery and sustainable development of health systems, reducing their structural vulnerabilities to better prepare the response to future crises.

[RESUMO]. Este artigo de opinião e análise descreve linhas de ação estratégicas para desenvolver sistemas de saúde resilientes ao mesmo tempo em que se promove a recuperação pós-pandemia de COVID-19 a fim de manter e proteger os ganhos em saúde pública. Além disso, apresenta uma contextualização dos desafios e oportu- nidades na região das Américas e oferece recomendações para sua implementação. Há uma necessidade urgente de promover o desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes por meio da implementação das quatro linhas de ação definidas na estratégia adotada pelos Estados Membros da Organização Pan-Ameri- cana da Saúde em setembro de 2021. A transformação dos sistemas de saúde deve se basear na adoção de um modelo integral de atenção primária à saúde; na priorização das funções essenciais de saúde pública; no fortalecimento de redes integrais de serviços de saúde; e no aumento do financiamento público, espe- cialmente para o primeiro nível de atenção. A implementação dessas linhas de ação busca não apenas consolidar a resposta imediata à crise, mas também enquadrá-la nos esforços de recuperação e desenvolvi- mento sustentável dos sistemas de saúde, reduzindo suas vulnerabilidades estruturais para que fiquem mais bem preparados para responder a futuras crises.

Identifying access barriers faced by rural and dispersed communities to better address their needs: implications and lessons learned for rural proofing for health in the Americas and beyond.

INTRODUCTION: Universal access to health services and universal health coverage are needed to achieve good health for all, yet rural communities face a variety of access barriers. As part of an effort to 'rural proof' health systems, it is therefore imperative to identify and act on the factors limiting access to health services by rural and indigenous communities. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the wide range of access barriers faced by rural and remote communities in two countries where barrier assessments were conducted. It also discusses the potential for barrier assessments to contribute evidence for rural proofing of national health policies, strategies, plans and programs. METHODS: The study applied a concurrent triangulation design to collect and analyze data obtained from narrative-style literature reviews, in-depth interviews with local health authorities, and secondary analyses of existing household data on Guyana and Peru. These two countries were selected because they have some of the largest rural and indigenous populations in Latin America and the Caribbean, and have national policies in place for providing free, essential health services for these communities. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected separately, and results were interpreted together. The main objective was to corroborate and cross-validate findings looking for convergence between the separate data analyses. RESULTS: Seven dominant themes were identified across the two countries: use of traditional medicine and practice; decision making, gender, and family power dynamics; ethnicity and trust; knowledge and health literacy; geographic accessibility, health personnel and intercultural skills; and financial accessibility. The findings suggest that the interaction between these barriers may be as important as the singular role played by each factor, thereby highlighting the complex and multifactorial nature of accessing services in rural settings. Issues with limited availability of human resources for health were compounded by inadequate supplies and infrastructure. Financial barriers were often linked to the indirect costs of transport and geographic location, and further exacerbated by reduced socioeconomic status of rural communities, a majority of which are indigenous and have a strong preference for traditional medicines. Importantly, rural and indigenous communities experience considerable non-financial barriers related to issues of acceptability, which requires adaptation of health personnel and health service delivery models to the context-specific needs and realities of each rural community. CONCLUSION: This study presented an approach for data collection and analysis that is both feasible and effective for evaluating access barriers in rural and remote communities. While this study explored access barriers through general health services in two rural settings, the issues identified reflect the structural deficiencies of many health systems. These challenges and singularities require adaptive organizational models for the provision of health services that respond to the specific characteristics of rural and indigenous communities. This study indicates the potential relevance of conducting assessments of barriers to health services as part of a wider approach to rural proofing and supports the notion that a mixed-methods approach, linking secondary analysis of existing relevant national survey data with focused key-informant interview data, may be an effective and efficient way to transform data into the knowledge policymakers need to rural proof health policies.

Using mixed methods to understand and tackle barriers to accessing health services / Aplicación de métodos mixtos para la determinación y abordaje de los obstáculos que dificultan el acceso a los servicios de salud / Uso de métodos mistos para entender e enfrentar as barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde

ABSTRACT This report describes the experience and lessons learnt from designing and implementing a combined quantitative and qualitative method to assess barriers to accessing health services. This approach was developed to study barriers to access in five dimensions: availability; geographical, financial, and organizational accessibility; acceptability; contact; and effective coverage. The study design was used in six countries in the World Health Organization Region of the Americas. The findings highlight the importance of having a well defined analysis framework and the benefits of adopting a mixed-methods approach. Using existing data and contextualizing findings according to specific population groups and geographical areas were essential for relevance and utilization of the study outcomes. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of using mixed methods to understand the complexity of access problems faced by different subpopulations. By involving decision-makers from the beginning and allowing flexibility for sustained discussions, the analysis and findings had an impact. The engagement of health authorities and key stakeholders facilitated the use of the findings for collaborative identification of policy options to eliminate access barriers. Lessons learnt from the study emphasized the need for active participation of decision-makers, flexibility in the process, and sustained opportunities for discussion to ensure impact. Giving consideration to local priorities and adapting the methods accordingly were important for the relevance and use of the findings. Future efforts could consider incorporating mixed methods into national and local monitoring and evaluation systems.

RESUMEN En este informe se describen la experiencia y las enseñanzas extraídas a partir del diseño y la aplicación de un método que combina elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos para evaluar los obstáculos que dificultan el acceso a los servicios de salud. Este enfoque se ideó para poder analizar estos obstáculos mediante cinco dimensiones: disponibilidad; accesibilidad geográfica, económica y organizativa; aceptabilidad; contacto; y cobertura efectiva. El diseño del estudio se utilizó en seis países de la Región de las Américas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los resultados pusieron de relieve la importancia de contar con un marco de análisis bien definido, así como las ventajas de adoptar un enfoque basado en métodos mixtos. El uso de los datos existentes y la contextualización de los resultados en función de grupos poblacionales y áreas geográficas específicos fueron aspectos esenciales para el interés y la aplicación de los resultados del estudio. Los resultados demuestran la viabilidad del uso de métodos mixtos para comprender la complejidad de los problemas de acceso que afrontan los diferentes subgrupos poblacionales. La involucración desde un primer momento de las personas responsables de la toma de decisiones y la flexibilidad para llevar a cabo deliberaciones prolongadas propiciaron una mayor repercusión del análisis y sus conclusiones. La participación de las autoridades de salud y de las principales partes interesadas favoreció la aplicación de los resultados para determinar, en un marco de colaboración, las opciones políticas necesarias para eliminar los obstáculos que dificultan el acceso. Las enseñanzas extraídas de este estudio subrayan la necesidad de una participación activa de las autoridades responsables de la toma de decisiones, de que el proceso sea flexible y de la existencia de oportunidades permanentes de deliberación para asegurar su eficacia. El hecho de tener en cuenta las prioridades locales y adaptar los métodos en consecuencia fue un elemento importante para el interés y la aplicación de los resultados. Las iniciativas futuras podrían considerar la incorporación de métodos mixtos a los sistemas nacionales y locales de seguimiento y evaluación.

RESUMO Este relatório descreve a experiência e as lições aprendidas com o delineamento e implementação de um método combinado (quantitativo e qualitativo) para avaliar barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Essa abordagem foi desenvolvida para estudar barreiras de acesso em cinco dimensões: disponibilidade; acessibilidade geográfica, financeira e organizacional; aceitabilidade; contato; e cobertura efetiva. O desenho do estudo foi usado em seis países da Região das Américas da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Os achados destacam a importância de ter uma estrutura de análise bem definida e os benefícios de adotar uma abordagem de métodos mistos. O uso de dados existentes e a contextualização dos achados de acordo com grupos populacionais e áreas geográficas específicas foram essenciais para a relevância e a utilização dos resultados do estudo. Os achados demonstram a viabilidade de usar métodos mistos para entender a complexidade dos problemas de acesso enfrentados por diferentes subpopulações. O envolvimento de tomadores de decisão desde o início e a flexibilidade para discussões contínuas permitiram que a análise e os achados tivessem impacto. O envolvimento das autoridades sanitárias e das principais partes interessadas facilitou a utilização dos achados na identificação colaborativa de opções de políticas para eliminar as barreiras de acesso. As lições aprendidas com o estudo enfatizaram a necessidade de participação ativa dos tomadores de decisão, flexibilidade no processo e oportunidades contínuas de discussão para assegurar seu impacto. Foi importante levar em consideração as prioridades locais e adaptar os métodos de acordo com essas prioridades para garantir a relevância e o uso dos achados. Futuros esforços podem considerar a incorporação de métodos mistos em sistemas nacionais e locais de monitoramento e avaliação.

La importancia del enfoque de género en la construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales / The importance of a gender focus in building resilient, equitable, and universal health systems / A importância da abordagem de gênero no desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais

RESUMEN La pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) demostró la necesidad de reforzar el enfoque de género desde una perspectiva integradora y multisectorial para el abordaje de las problemáticas en salud. Este artículo busca destacar la importancia de incorporar y fortalecer el enfoque de género en las políticas de construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales. Con este objetivo, se aborda el papel de las mujeres en el sector de salud desde dos ámbitos. El primero da cuenta de las condiciones de acceso de las mujeres a los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas, donde resalta la necesidad de superar los obstáculos que impiden la realización plena de su derecho a la salud. El segundo plantea el papel preponderante de las mujeres en el mercado laboral del sector de salud, y la necesidad de aumentar su liderazgo en la toma de decisiones del sector. Por último, se hace un llamado para avanzar en la implementación de recomendaciones para fortalecer el enfoque de género y el papel de las mujeres en las políticas y los sistemas de salud.

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the need to strengthen the focus on gender from an integrative and multisectoral perspective to address health care problems. This article seeks to highlight the importance of incorporating and strengthening the gender focus in policies for building resilient, equitable, and universal health care systems. With this objective in mind, the role of women in the health sector is addressed from two directions. The first examines women's conditions of access to health systems in the Region of the Americas and highlights the need to overcome the obstacles that prevent the full realization of their right to health care. The second discusses the preponderant role of women in the health labor market, and the need to expand their leadership in decision-making in the sector. Finally, an appeal is made for progress in the implementation of recommendations to strengthen the focus on gender and the role of women in health policies and systems.

RESUMO A pandemia da doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrou a necessidade de fortalecer a abordagem de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva integradora e multissetorial ao tratar das questões de saúde. Este artigo procura ressaltar a importância de incorporar e fortalecer a abordagem de gênero nas políticas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais. Com esse objetivo, este trabalho aborda o papel das mulheres no setor da saúde a partir de duas perspectivas. A primeira está ligada às condições de acesso das mulheres aos sistemas de saúde na Região das Américas, destacando a necessidade de superar os obstáculos que impedem o pleno exercício de seu direito à saúde. A segunda destaca o papel proeminente das mulheres no mercado de trabalho do setor da saúde e a necessidade de aumentar o seu papel de liderança na tomada de decisões no setor. Por fim, é feito um apelo para avançar com a implementação de recomendações destinadas a fortalecer a abordagem de gênero e o papel das mulheres nas políticas e sistemas de saúde.

Minimizing COVID-19 disruption: Ensuring the supply of essential health products for health emergencies and routine health services.

Leveraging economies of scale and scope through multi-country pooled procurement enables countries to increase access to quality affordable essential medicines and supplies that meet priority health objectives as well as effectively respond to health emergencies. Strategic partnerships and tools can minimize supply chain disruptions and streamline procurement and deployment in health emergencies, thus mitigating stockouts and ensuring cost efficiencies across various therapeutic areas, including for public health programs at a time when countries may struggle to meet complex needs. As a means to better respond to health emergencies while maintaining priority public health programs, countries should optimize usage of pooled procurement mechanisms facilitated by multilateral technical cooperation and other regional mechanisms, such as the Pan American Health Organization's Strategic Fund. Because few analyses have assessed the role of such regional procurement mechanisms, this Health Policy paper evaluates the key areas of impact of the PAHO Strategic Fund and concludes with lessons learned to help prepare for future health crises while maintaining essential health services.

[Sustainable Development Goals: impact of lack of financial protection in health in Latin American and Caribbean countriesObjetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável: impacto da falta de proteção financeira em saúde nos países da América Latina e do Caribe]. / Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: impacto de la falta de protección financiera en salud en países de América Latina y el Caribe.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of household out-of-pocket health spending, financial protection levels, and their inequality according to relevant variables in the countries of the Region; to investigate their evolution and relationship with health system services utilization. METHODS: Comparative descriptive information was compiled on out-of-pocket spending, its incidence in the population, and its weight and contribution to household consumption. Financial protection indicators for the national level and their distribution by quintiles of total household consumption and by gender are presented, and compared to an indicator of service coverage. RESULTS: Out-of-pocket spending and financial protection indicators are deficient but demonstrate differences among countries. The composition of health expenditure is identified for a subset of countries and significant gradients are seen when inequalities are studied. Changes over time and possible associations with service coverage levels are shown for several cases. DISCUSSION: Lack of financial protection affects a large part of the population. Additionally, there are groups of countries with greater difficulties than others, where a preponderance of spending is on medicines, and there is greater exposure of groups in conditions of vulnerability, such as the poorest and women, indicating great inequity. Policies of some countries that can be associated with improvement in financial protection are identified. To replace out-of-pocket spending, which is a barrier to access, countries need to increase public spending by financing health systems undergoing transformation toward universal health.

OBJETIVO: Determinar o impacto dos gastos diretos em saúde nas famílias, os níveis de proteção financeira e sua desigualdade, de acordo com variáveis relevantes nos países da Região; investigar sua evolução e sua relação com a utilização dos serviços do sistema de saúde. MÉTODOS: Foram coletadas informações descritivas comparativas sobre gastos diretos em saúde, sua incidência na população e seu peso e composição no consumo familiar. Os indicadores de proteção financeira são apresentados em nível nacional, estratificados por quintis de consumo total das famílias e por gênero, e são comparados com um indicador de cobertura de serviço. RESULTADOS: Os indicadores de gastos diretos e proteção financeira são limitados, mas demonstram diferenças entre os países. Foi possível identificar a composição dos gastos com saúde para um subgrupo deles, observando-se gradientes significativos quando as desigualdades são estudadas. Em alguns casos, observam-se também mudanças ao longo do tempo e possíveis associações com os níveis de cobertura de serviço. DISCUSSÃO: A falta de proteção financeira atinge grande parte da população. Foram observados grupos de países com mais dificuldades do que outros, com preponderância de gastos com medicamentos e maior exposição de grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade, como os mais pobres e as mulheres, o que denota alto nível de iniquidade. Em alguns países foram identificadas políticas que podem estar associadas à evolução da proteção financeira. Para substituir os gastos diretos, que constituem uma barreira ao acesso, os países precisam aumentar o gasto público, financiando os sistemas de saúde numa transformação rumo à saúde universal.

Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: impacto de la falta de protección financiera en salud en países de América Latina y el Caribe

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar el impacto del gasto de bolsillo en salud en los hogares, los niveles de protección financiera y su desigualdad según variables relevantes en países de la Región. Se indaga su evolución y relación con el uso de servicios del sistema de salud. Métodos. Se recopila información descriptiva comparada acerca del gasto de bolsillo, su incidencia en la población, y su peso y composición en el consumo de los hogares. Se presentan indicadores de protección financiera en el nivel nacional y su distribución por quintiles de consumo total de hogares y por género. Se contrastan con un indicador de cobertura de servicios. Resultados. Los indicadores de gasto de bolsillo y protección financiera son deficientes pero diferenciados entre los países. Se identifica la composición del gasto en salud para un subgrupo de ellos y existen gradientes significativos cuando se estudian las desigualdades. Para algunos casos, se muestran cambios en el tiempo y posibles asociaciones con los niveles de cobertura de servicios. Discusión. La desprotección financiera afecta a una gran parte de la población, se configuran grupos de países con dificultades mayores que otros, con preponderancia de gasto en medicamentos y exposición mayor de grupos en situaciones de vulnerabilidad, como los más pobres y las mujeres, lo que denota una gran inequidad. Se identifican políticas de algunos países que pueden asociarse con la evolución de la protección financiera. Para reemplazar el gasto de bolsillo, barrera para el acceso, los países necesitan aumentar el gasto público mediante el financiamiento de los sistemas de salud en transformación hacia la salud universal.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To determine the impact of household out-of-pocket health spending, financial protection levels, and their inequality according to relevant variables in the countries of the Region; to investigate their evolution and relationship with health system services utilization. Methods. Comparative descriptive information was compiled on out-of-pocket spending, its incidence in the population, and its weight and contribution to household consumption. Financial protection indicators for the national level and their distribution by quintiles of total household consumption and by gender are presented, and compared to an indicator of service coverage. Results. Out-of-pocket spending and financial protection indicators are deficient but demonstrate differences among countries. The composition of health expenditure is identified for a subset of countries and significant gradients are seen when inequalities are studied. Changes over time and possible associations with service coverage levels are shown for several cases. Discussion. Lack of financial protection affects a large part of the population. Additionally, there are groups of countries with greater difficulties than others, where a preponderance of spending is on medicines, and there is greater exposure of groups in conditions of vulnerability, such as the poorest and women, indicating great inequity. Policies of some countries that can be associated with improvement in financial protection are identified. To replace out-of-pocket spending, which is a barrier to access, countries need to increase public spending by financing health systems undergoing transformation toward universal health.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Determinar o impacto dos gastos diretos em saúde nas famílias, os níveis de proteção financeira e sua desigualdade, de acordo com variáveis relevantes nos países da Região; investigar sua evolução e sua relação com a utilização dos serviços do sistema de saúde. Métodos. Foram coletadas informações descritivas comparativas sobre gastos diretos em saúde, sua incidência na população e seu peso e composição no consumo familiar. Os indicadores de proteção financeira são apresentados em nível nacional, estratificados por quintis de consumo total das famílias e por gênero, e são comparados com um indicador de cobertura de serviço. Resultados. Os indicadores de gastos diretos e proteção financeira são limitados, mas demonstram diferenças entre os países. Foi possível identificar a composição dos gastos com saúde para um subgrupo deles, observando-se gradientes significativos quando as desigualdades são estudadas. Em alguns casos, observam-se também mudanças ao longo do tempo e possíveis associações com os níveis de cobertura de serviço. Discussão. A falta de proteção financeira atinge grande parte da população. Foram observados grupos de países com mais dificuldades do que outros, com preponderância de gastos com medicamentos e maior exposição de grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade, como os mais pobres e as mulheres, o que denota alto nível de iniquidade. Em alguns países foram identificadas políticas que podem estar associadas à evolução da proteção financeira. Para substituir os gastos diretos, que constituem uma barreira ao acesso, os países precisam aumentar o gasto público, financiando os sistemas de saúde numa transformação rumo à saúde universal.

Exploring How Personal, Social, and Institutional Characteristics Contribute to Geriatric Medicine Subspecialty Decisions: A Qualitative Study of Trainees' Perceptions.

PURPOSE: To explore internal medicine residents' and geriatrics fellows' perceptions of how personal, social, and institutional characteristics contribute to their professional identity and subspecialty decisions related to geriatric medicine. METHOD: The authors conducted 23 in-depth, semistructured interviews with internal medicine residents, with and without an interest in geriatrics, and geriatrics fellows across 3 academic medical centers in the United States from October 2018 through June 2019. They then used a qualitative narrative approach to analyze the interview data. RESULTS: Trainees related personal experiences, such as exposure to physicians and experiences with grandparents, to their interest in medicine. Trainees with an interest in geriatrics at 2 institutions did not feel supported, or understood, by peers and mentors in their respective institutions but maintained their interest in the field. The following variations between institutions that are supportive and those that are not were noted: the number of geriatricians, the proximity of the institution to geriatrics clinics, and the ways in which institutional leaders portrayed the prestige of geriatric medicine. Institutional characteristics influenced trainees' understanding of what it meant to be a doctor, what meaning they garnered from work as a physician, and their comfort with different types of complexity, such as those presented when providing care to older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Institutional characteristics may be particularly important in shaping trainee interest in geriatric medicine. Institutions should encourage leadership training and opportunities for geriatricians so they can serve as role models and as hands-on mentors for trainees beginning in medical school. Increasing the number of geriatricians requires institutions to increase the value they place on geriatrics to generate a positive interest in this field among trainees. Institutions facilitating formation of professional identity and sense of purpose in work may consider engaging geriatricians in leadership and mentoring roles as well as curriculum development.

A renewed framework for the essential public health functions in the Americas.

This report presents the results of a consensus decision making process conducted to elaborate a renewed conceptual framework of the essential public health functions for the Americas. The emerging framework consists of four pillars encompassing action-oriented components relating to the new scope and concerns of public health. The four pillars call for adopting a human rights approach to public health, addressing the social determinants of health, ensuring access to both individuals and population-based services, and expanding the stewardship role of health authorities through a collaborative implementation of public health functions. Public health functions were conceptualized as a set of capacities that are part of an integrated policy cycle the encompasses four stages: assessment, policy development, allocation of resources, and access. The framework provides a road map for evaluation and development by health authorities of integrated enabling public health policies through intersectoral collaboration. The application of the framework would require engaging countries working to improve public health through national assessments and systematic incorporation of these findings into quality improvement efforts and sectoral and intersectoral decision-making processes around policy and investments priorities promoted by governments. Work is ongoing in the definition of a list of public health functions that gives operational clarity to each dimension of this framework and guides performance evaluation.

En este informe se presentan los resultados de un proceso de toma de decisiones por consenso realizado para elaborar un marco conceptual renovado de las funciones esenciales de salud pública para las Américas. El marco resultante consta de cuatro pilares que abarcan componentes orientados a la acción relacionados con el nuevo alcance y las nuevas preocupaciones de la salud pública. Los cuatro pilares exigen la adopción de un enfoque de la salud pública basado en los derechos humanos, el abordaje de los determinantes sociales de la salud, la garantía de acceso a los servicios de salud tanto a nivel individual como de la población, y la ampliación de la función de rectoría de las autoridades sanitarias mediante una aplicación colaborativa de las funciones de salud pública. Las funciones de salud pública se conceptualizaron como un conjunto de capacidades que forman parte de un ciclo integrado de políticas que comprende cuatro etapas: evaluación, elaboración de políticas, asignación de recursos y acceso. El marco proporciona una hoja de ruta para la evaluación y el desarrollo por parte de las autoridades sanitarias de políticas de salud pública integradas y habilitantes mediante la colaboración intersectorial. La aplicación del marco exigiría el compromiso de los países para mejorar la salud pública mediante evaluaciones nacionales y la incorporación sistemática de sus conclusiones en las actividades de mejoramiento de la calidad y en los procesos de toma de decisiones sectoriales e intersectoriales acerca de las prioridades en materia de políticas e inversiones promovidas por los gobiernos. Se está trabajando en la definición de una lista de funciones de salud pública que dé claridad operacional a cada dimensión de este marco y oriente la evaluación de su desempeño.

Regulation of nursing practice in the Region of the Americas

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe and analyze the current nursing regulations across countries in the Region of the Americas. Methods. A country comparative analysis was carried out by gathering information from the ministries of health, nursing schools, councils, associations, and boards in 2018. The main categories evaluated were type of regulatory bodies, requirements for initial professional registration, and registration renewal. Results. All countries regulate the nursing profession through a regulatory body. Competency exams for initial registration are required in the United States, Canada, and most Caribbean countries. Registration renewal is required in 54.3% of the countries. Continuing education is required for professional registration renewal in the United States, Canada, and 53% of Caribbean countries. Labor hours are required in the United States and Canada. Conclusion. Regulations promote and protect professional integrity. The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization recommends that countries make efforts to evaluate competency and training, consider the use of competency exams for initial registration, and add continuing education as requirements for registration renewal.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir y analizar la normativa reguladora vigente en materia de enfermería en los países de la Región de las Américas. Métodos. Se efectuó un análisis comparativo de los países reuniendo información de los ministerios de salud, escuelas de enfermería, consejos, asociaciones y comités profesionales en 2018. Las principales categorías evaluadas fueron los tipos de organismos reguladores, los requisitos para el registro profesional inicial y la renovación del registro. Resultados. Todos los países regulan la profesión de enfermería por medio de un organismo regulatorio. Los Estados Unidos, Canadá y la mayoría de los países del Caribe exigen exámenes de competencia para el registro inicial. En el 54,3% de los países se exige la renovación periódica del registro. En los Estados Unidos, Canadá y el 53% de los países del Caribe se requiere cumplimentar educación continua para renovar el registro profesional. En los Estados Unidos y Canadá se requiere acreditar horas de trabajo. Conclusión. Los mecanismos regulatorios promueven y protegen la integridad profesional. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que los países evalúen la competencia y la capacitación profesionales, consideren la posibilidad de utilizar exámenes de competencia para el registro inicial y requieran educación continua como requisito para renovar el registro profesional.

Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Immersive virtual reality (iVR) allows seamless interaction with simulated environments and is becoming an established tool in clinical research. It is unclear whether iVR is acceptable to people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia or useful in their care. We explore whether iVR is a viable research tool that may aid the detection and treatment of AD. OBJECTIVES: This review examines the use of iVR in people with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: Medline, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception. PRISMA guidelines were used with studies selected by at least two researchers. RESULTS: Nine studies were eligible for inclusion. None reported any issues with iVR tolerability in participants with MCI and AD on assessment or treatment tasks. One study demonstrated capability for detecting prodromal AD and correlated with neuroanatomical substrates. Two studies showed iVR to have high accuracy in differentiating participants with AD from controls but were not hypothesis driven or with adequate controls measures. In a small validation study and two longitudinal case studies, iVR cognitive training was positively rated but did not demonstrate reliable benefit. CONCLUSION: iVR is emerging as a viable method of assessing older adults and people with AD. Strongest benefits were seen when closely integrated with theoretical models of neurodegeneration and existing screening methods. Further randomized controlled trials integrated with clinical populations are required. This will consolidate the power of iVR for assessment of MCI and clarify treatment efficacy beyond current applications in physical rehabilitation.

[Availability of indicators for monitoring the achievement of "Universal Health" in Latin America and the Caribbean]. / Disponibilidad de indicadores para el seguimiento del alcance de la "Salud Universal" en América Latina y el Caribe.

Objective The objective of this study was to identify the availability of health indicators for validly measuring advances in the attainment of "universal health" in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods A systematic search was undertaken for scientific evidence and available technical and scientific documents on assessing health system performance and advances in universal health in the following phases: phase 1, mapping of indicators; phase 2, classification of indicators; and phase 3, mapping the availability of selected indicators in LAC. Results Sixty-three (63) national sources of information and eight international sources were identified. A total of 749 indicators were selected from the different databases and studies evaluated, 619 of which were related to the attainment of universal health and 130 to the burden of disease. The following indicators were identified: financial protection, 42 (6%); coverage of service delivery, 415 (55.4%); population coverage, 6 (0.8%); health determinants, 101 (14%); assessment of inequalities in health, 55 (7.3%); and estimation of burden of disease, 130 (17.3%). Finally, the availability of 141 indicators was mapped for each LAC country. Conclusions The results of this study will help establish a framework for measuring the achievements, obstacles, and rate of progress toward universal health in LAC.

Disponibilidad de indicadores para el seguimiento del alcance de la “Salud Universal” en América Latina y el Caribe / Availability of indicators for monitoring the achievement of “Universal Health” in Latin America and the Caribbean

RESUMEN Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la disponibilidad de indicadores en salud que permitan medir con validez los avances en la consecución de la “Salud Universal” en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de evidencia científica y documentos técnicocientíficos disponibles sobre la evaluación del desempeño de los sistemas de salud y del avance en Salud Universal en las siguientes fases: fase 1 de mapeo de indicadores, fase 2 de clasificación de indicadores, y fase 3 de mapeo de la disponibilidad de indicadores seleccionados en ALC. Resultados Se localizaron 63 fuentes de información a nivel nacional y 8 a nivel internacional. De las diferentes fuentes de bases de datos y estudios evaluados, se seleccionaron 749 indicadores, 619 de los cuales estaban relacionados con las dimensiones de la Salud Universal y 130, con la carga de enfermedad. Se identificaron 42 (6%) indicadores de protección financiera, 415 (55,4%) de cobertura de prestación de servicios, 6 (0,8%) de cobertura poblacional, 101 (14%) de determinantes de la salud, 55 (7,3%) para la evaluación de las inequidades en salud, y 130 (17,3%) para estimar la carga de enfermedad. Finalmente, se mapeó la disponibilidad de 141 indicadores en cada país de ALC. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a avanzar en el establecimiento de un marco que permitirá medir los logros, los obstáculos y la velocidad de los avances hacia la Salud Universal en ALC.

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to identify the availability of health indicators for validly measuring advances in the attainment of “universal health” in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods A systematic search was undertaken for scientific evidence and available technical and scientific documents on assessing health system performance and advances in universal health in the following phases: phase 1, mapping of indicators; phase 2, classification of indicators; and phase 3, mapping the availability of selected indicators in LAC. Results Sixty-three (63) national sources of information and eight international sources were identified. A total of 749 indicators were selected from the different databases and studies evaluated, 619 of which were related to the attainment of universal health and 130 to the burden of disease. The following indicators were identified: financial protection, 42 (6%); coverage of service delivery, 415 (55.4%); population coverage, 6 (0.8%); health determinants, 101 (14%); assessment of inequalities in health, 55 (7.3%); and estimation of burden of disease, 130 (17.3%). Finally, the availability of 141 indicators was mapped for each LAC country. Conclusions The results of this study will help establish a framework for measuring the achievements, obstacles, and rate of progress toward universal health in LAC.

Disponibilidad de indicadores para el seguimiento del alcance de la “Salud Universal” en América Latina y el Caribe / Availability of indicators for monitoring the achievement of “Universal Health” in Latin America and the Caribbean

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la disponibilidad de indicadores en salud que permitan medir con validez los avances en la consecución de la “Salud Universal” en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de evidencia científica y documentos técnicocientíficos disponibles sobre la evaluación del desempeño de los sistemas de salud y del avance en Salud Universal en las siguientes fases: fase 1 de mapeo de indicadores, fase 2 de clasificación de indicadores, y fase 3 de mapeo de la disponibilidad de indicadores seleccionados en ALC. Resultados: Se localizaron 63 fuentes de información a nivel nacional y 8 a nivel internacional. De las diferentes fuentes de bases de datos y estudios evaluados, se seleccionaron 749 indicadores, 619 de los cuales estaban relacionados con las dimensiones de la Salud Universal y 130, con la carga de enfermedad. Se identificaron 42 (6%) indicadores de protección financiera, 415 (55,4%) de cobertura de prestación de servicios, 6 (0,8%) de cobertura poblacional, 101 (14%) de determinantes de la salud, 55 (7,3%) para la evaluación de las inequidades en salud, y 130 (17,3%) para estimar la carga de enfermedad. Finalmente, se mapeó la disponibilidad de 141 indicadores en cada país de ALC. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a avanzar en el establecimiento de un marco que permitirá medir los logros, los obstáculos y la velocidad de los avances hacia la Salud Universal en ALC.

Objective. The objective of this study was to identify the availability of health indicators for validly measuring advances in the attainment of “universal health” in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods. A systematic search was undertaken for scientific evidence and available technical and scientific documents on assessing health system performance and advances in universal health in the following phases: phase 1, mapping of indicators; phase 2, classification of indicators; and phase 3, mapping the availability of selected indicators in LAC. Results. Sixty-three (63) national sources of information and eight international sources were identified. A total of 749 indicators were selected from the different databases and studies evaluated, 619 of which were related to the attainment of universal health and 130 to the burden of disease. The following indicators were identified: financial protection, 42 (6%); coverage of service delivery, 415 (55.4%); population coverage, 6 (0.8%); health determinants, 101 (14%); assessment of inequalities in health, 55 (7.3%); and estimation of burden of disease, 130 (17.3%). Finally, the availability of 141 indicators was mapped for each LAC country. Conclusions. The results of this study will help establish a framework for measuring the achievements, obstacles, and rate of progress toward universal health in LAC.

Mejora de la seguridad, calidad y eficacia de los medicamentos en la Región de las Américas

En la Región de las Américas, el acceso a los medicamentos y otras tecnologías sanitarias constituye una prioridad para los países en su avance hacia el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud. Es necesario asegurar la disponibilidad de medicamentos y tecnologías sanitarias asequibles dentro de los servicios de salud como parte del abordaje integral de la prevención y el control de las enfermedades. Mediante la adopción de políticas y estrategias farmacéuticas a nivel nacional, los gobiernos establecen el marco que garantizará el acceso equitativo y la asequibilidad de los medicamentos y las tecnologías sanitarias, al tiempo que promueve su uso racional. El principio de calidad, seguridad y eficacia ocupa un papel central en tales políticas y estrategias. El sector farmacéutico y de la tecnología sanitaria desempeña una función crucial en la promoción y protección de la salud al asegurar que los productos y tecnologías que se ponen a disposición de las personas por intermedio de los sistemas de salud respondan a las normas internacionales de calidad y seguridad. La función del gobierno y en particular del ministerio de salud, conjuntamente con los interesados directos, es crear un entorno de regulación que garantice la calidad del producto a lo largo de toda su vida útil, garantizar la seguridad para el paciente y optimizar los resultados en materia de salud...

Collaboration is key to strengthening surgical research capacity in sub-Saharan Africa.

The paucity of research in areas of greatest clinical need must be addressed urgently. We propose a model of collaboration in an era of information systems and emerging mobile health technology that has had significant success across the UK and has shown early encouraging results in South Africa (SA). We foresee that recent examples of surgical research collaboratives in SA will continue to promote regional, national and international 'hub-and-spoke' models and ultimately increase the South-South collaboration that is urgently needed to diffuse the skills and knowledge required to address the unmet surgical need in sub-Saharan Africa.