The association of intensive care with utilization and costs of outpatient healthcare services and quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about outpatient health services use following critical illness and intensive care. We examined the association of intensive care with outpatient consultations and quality of life in a population-based sample. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of data from 6,686 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), which consists of two independent population-based cohorts. Statistical modeling was done using Poisson regression, negative binomial and generalized linear models for consultations, and a fractional response model for quality of life (EQ-5D-3L index value), with results expressed as prevalence ratios (PR) or percent change (PC). Entropy balancing was used to adjust for observed confounding. RESULTS: ICU treatment in the previous year was reported by 139 of 6,686 (2,1%) participants, and was associated with a higher probability (PR 1.05 [CI:1.03;1.07]), number (PC +58.0% [CI:22.8;103.2]) and costs (PC +64.1% [CI:32.0;103.9]) of annual outpatient consultations, as well as with a higher number of medications (PC +37.8% [CI:17.7;61.5]). Participants with ICU treatment were more likely to visit a specialist (PR 1.13 [CI:1.09; 1.16]), specifically internal medicine (PR 1.67 [CI:1.45;1.92]), surgery (PR 2.42 [CI:1.92;3.05]), psychiatry (PR 2.25 [CI:1.30;3.90]), and orthopedics (PR 1.54 [CI:1.11;2.14]). There was no significant effect regarding general practitioner consultations. ICU treatment was also associated with lower health-related quality of life (EQ-5D index value: PC -13.7% [CI:-27.0;-0.3]). Furthermore, quality of life was inversely associated with outpatient consultations in the previous month, more so for participants with ICU treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that ICU treatment is associated with an increased utilization of outpatient specialist services, higher medication intake, and impaired quality of life.

Evaluation of a non-invasive multisensor accelerometer for calculating energy expenditure in ventilated intensive care patients compared to indirect calorimetry and predictive equations.

Continuous measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) in critically ill patients remains challenging but is required to prevent malnutrition. SenseWear Pro 3 Armband (SWA) is a research grade accelerometer for assessment of REE with the advantage of easy handling. In a prospective study we compared SWA with indirect calorimetry (IC) and predictive equations in critically ill, ventilated patients. REE was measured by SWA, IC and calculated by predictive formulas. Potential confounding factors that influence REE were also recorded. Results of SenseWear Armband and indirect calorimetry were compared using the Bland-Altman method. 34 ICU patients were investigated. SWA underestimated resting energy expenditure compared to IC with a mean bias of ΔREE = -253.6 ± 333.2 kcal, equivalent to -11.7 % (p = 0.025). This underestimation was seen in both, medical (-14.9 %) and surgical (-12.9 %) patients and the bias was greater in patients with fever (-19.0 %), tachycardia (-18.7 %) or tachypnea (-26.2 %). Differences were also noted when SWA was compared to predictive formulas. At present, SWA cannot be regarded as an alternative to indirect calorimetry. Individual measurements are often inaccurate and should be used with caution until improved algorithms, based on the results of this study, have been implemented.