Endovascular thrombectomy is cost-saving in patients with acute ischemic stroke with large infarct.

Objective: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is the standard of care for acute large vessel occlusion stroke. Recently, the ANGEL-ASPECT and SELECT 2 trials showed improved outcomes in patients with acute ischemic Stroke presenting with large infarcts. The cost-effectiveness of EVT for this subpopulation of stroke patients has only been calculated using data from the previously published RESCUE-Japan LIMIT trial. It is, therefore, limited in its generalizability to an international population. With this study we primarily simulated patient-level costs to analyze the economic potential of EVT for patients with large ischemic stroke from a public health payer perspective based on the recently published data and secondarily identified determinants of cost-effectiveness. Methods: Costs and outcome of patients treated with EVT or only with the best medical care based on the recent prospective clinical trials ANGEL-ASPECT, SELECT2 and RESCUE-Japan LIMIT. A A Markov model was developed using treamtment outcomes derived from the most recent available literature. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses addressed uncertainty. Results: Endovascular treatment resulted in an incremental gain of 1.32 QALYs per procedure with cost savings of $17,318 per patient. Lifetime costs resulted to be most sensitive to the costs of the endovascular procedure. Conclusion: EVT is a cost-saving (i.e., dominant) strategy for patients presenting with large ischemic cores defined by inclusion criteria of the recently published ANGEL-ASPECT, SELECT2, and RESCUE-Japan LIMIT trials in comparison to best medical care in our simulation. Prospective data of individual patients need to be collected to validate these results.

Artificial intelligence support in MR imaging of incidental renal masses: an early health technology assessment.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the potential cost-effectiveness of integrating an artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted system into the differentiation of incidental renal lesions as benign or malignant on MR images during follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For estimation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime costs, a decision model was created, including the MRI strategy and MRI + AI strategy. Model input parameters were derived from recent literature. Willingness to pay (WTP) was set to $100,000/QALY. Costs of $0 for the AI were assumed in the base-case scenario. Model uncertainty and costs of the AI system were assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Average total costs were at $8054 for the MRI strategy and $7939 for additional use of an AI-based algorithm. The model yielded a cumulative effectiveness of 8.76 QALYs for the MRI strategy and of 8.77 for the MRI + AI strategy. The economically dominant strategy was MRI + AI. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed high robustness of the model with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), which represents the incremental cost associated with one additional QALY gained, remaining below the WTP for variation of the input parameters. If increasing costs for the algorithm, the ICER of $0/QALY was exceeded at $115, and the defined WTP was exceeded at $667 for the use of the AI. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis, rooted in assumptions, suggests that the additional use of an AI-based algorithm may be a potentially cost-effective alternative in the differentiation of incidental renal lesions using MRI and needs to be confirmed in the future. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: These results hint at AI's the potential impact on diagnosing renal masses. While the current study urges careful interpretation, ongoing research is essential to confirm and seamlessly integrate AI into clinical practice, ensuring its efficacy in routine diagnostics. KEY POINTS: • This is a model-based study using data from literature where AI has been applied in the diagnostic workup of incidental renal lesions. • MRI + AI has the potential to be a cost-effective alternative in the differentiation of incidental renal lesions. • The additional use of AI can reduce costs in the diagnostic workup of incidental renal lesions.

Economic evaluation of breast MRI in screening - a systematic review and basic approach to cost-effectiveness analyses.

Background: Economic evaluations have become an accepted methodology for decision makers to allocate resources in healthcare systems. Particularly in screening, where short-term costs are associated with long-term benefits, and adverse effects of screening intermingle, cost-effectiveness analyses provide a means to estimate the economic value of screening. Purpose: To introduce the methodology of economic evaluations and to review the existing evidence on cost-effectiveness of MR-based breast cancer screening. Materials and methods: The various concepts and techniques of economic evaluations critical to the interpretation of cost-effectiveness analyses are briefly introduced. In a systematic review of the literature, economic evaluations from the years 2000-2022 are reviewed. Results: Despite a considerable heterogeneity in the reported input variables, outcome categories and methodological approaches, cost-effectiveness analyses report favorably on the economic value of breast MRI screening for different risk groups, including both short- and long-term costs and outcomes. Conclusion: Economic evaluations indicate a strongly favorable economic value of breast MRI screening for women at high risk and for women with dense breast tissue.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of MRI, CE-CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT for detecting colorectal liver metastases eligible for hepatic resection.

Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious challenge for the health system. In 2022 CRC represented 8% of cancer diagnoses in the United States. 30% of patients already show metastases at the initial tumor staging. The majority of these metastases are sited in the liver. According to their extension and the status of the tumor colorectal liver metastases can be treated in several ways, with hepatic resection being the gold-standard. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used for evaluation of resectability of these liver metastases. The aim of this study is to assess the most economic imaging modality for detecting liver metastases eligible for hepatic resection by analyzing their cost-effectiveness. Materials and methods: In our study, a Markov state transition model was built to calculate the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and overall costs for each diagnostic strategy in accord with the stated input values obtained from scientific research. Further, probabilistic sensitivity analyses by means of Monte Carlo simulations were performed to consider possible model uncertainties. For evaluation of the cost-effectiveness on an economic threshold, the Willingness-to-pay (WTP) was set at $ 100,000. The applied values and the calculated results are based on the U.S. healthcare system. Results: CE-CT led to overall costs of $ 42,874.02 and 8.47 QALYs, whereas MRI led to $ 40,863.65 and 8.50 QALYs. PET/CT resulted in overall costs of $ 43,216.74 and 8.48 QALYs. Therefore, MRI was determined to be the dominant strategy in the model. According to the performed sensitivity analyses, MRI remained cost-effective over a wide range of WTPs. Conclusion: In conclusion, according to our analysis, MRI is the dominant strategy for detecting hepatic metastases eligible for hepatic resection in colorectal cancer.

Cost-effectiveness of opportunistic QCT-based osteoporosis screening for the prediction of incident vertebral fractures.

Objectives: Opportunistic quantitative computed tomography (oQCT) derived from non-dedicated routine CT has demonstrated high accuracy in diagnosing osteoporosis and predicting incident vertebral fractures (VFs). We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of oQCT screening compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the standard of care for osteoporosis screening. Methods: Three screening strategies ("no osteoporosis screening", "oQCT screening", and "DXA screening") after routine CT were simulated in a state-transition model for hypothetical cohorts of 1,000 patients (women and men aged 65 years) over a follow-up period of 5 years (base case). The primary outcomes were the cumulative costs and the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) estimated from a U.S. health care perspective for the year 2022. Cost-effectiveness was assessed based on a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $70,249 per QALY. The secondary outcome was the number of prevented VFs. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the models' robustness. Results: Compared to DXA screening, oQCT screening increased QALYs in both sexes (additional 2.40 per 1,000 women and 1.44 per 1,000 men) and resulted in total costs of $3,199,016 and $950,359 vs. $3,262,934 and $933,077 for women and men, respectively. As a secondary outcome, oQCT screening prevented 2.6 and 2.0 additional VFs per 1,000 women and men, respectively. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, oQCT screening remained cost-effective in 88.3% (women) and 90.0% (men) of iterations. Conclusion: oQCT screening is a cost-effective ancillary approach for osteoporosis screening and has the potential to prevent a substantial number of VFs if considered in daily clinical practice.

Cost-effectiveness of WEB Embolization, Coiling and Stent-assisted Coiling for the Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms.

PURPOSE: Information about the cost-effectiveness of a certain treatment is relevant for decision-making and healthcare providers. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of the novel Woven Endobridge (WEB) for intracranial aneurysm treatment with conventional coiling and stent-assisted coiling (SAC) from the perspective of the German Statutory Health Insurance. METHODS: A patient-level simulation was constructed to simulate 55-year-old patients with an unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm (size: 3-11 mm) considering WEB treatment, coiling or SAC in terms of morbidity, angiographic outcome, retreatment, procedural and rehabilitation costs and rupture rates. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated as costs per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs per year with neurologic morbidity avoided. Uncertainty was explored with deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The majority of data were obtained from prospective multi-center studies and meta-analyses of non-randomized studies. RESULTS: In the base case, lifetime QALYs were 13.24 for the WEB, 12.92 for SAC and 12.68 for coiling. Lifetime costs were 20,440 € for the WEB, 23,167 € for SAC, and 8200 € for coiling. Compared to coiling, the ICER for the WEB was 21,826 €/QALY, while SAC was absolutely dominated by WEB. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that at a willingness-to-pay of ≥ 30,000 €/QALY, WEB was the preferred treatment. Deterministic sampling showed that the discount rate, material costs and retreatment rates had the largest impact on the ICERs. CONCLUSION: The novel WEB showed at least comparable cost-effectiveness to SAC for treatment of broad-based unruptured aneurysms. Considering all three modalities, coiling had the least costs; however this modality is often not appropriate for the treatment of wide-necked aneurysms.

Endovascular thrombectomy is cost-effective in acute basilar artery occlusion stroke.

Objective: Endovascular thrombectomy is a long-established therapy for acute basilar artery occlusion (aBAO). Unlike for anterior circulation stroke, cost-effectiveness of endovascular treatment has not been evaluated and is urgently needed to calculate expected health benefits and financial rewards. The aim of this study was therefore to simulate patient-level costs, analyze the economic potential of endovascular thrombectomy in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion (aBAO), and identify major determinants of cost-effectiveness. Methods: A Markov model was developed to compare outcome and cost parameters between patients treated by endovascular thrombectomy and patients treated by best medical care, based on four recent prospective clinical trials (ATTENTION, BAOCHE, BASICS, and BEST). Treatment outcomes were derived from the most recent literature. Uncertainty was addressed by deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Willingness to pay per QALY thresholds were set at 1x gross domestic product per capita, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Results: Endovascular treatment of acute aBAO stroke yielded an incremental gain of 1.71 quality-adjusted life-years per procedure with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $7,596 per QALY. This was substantially lower than the Willingness to pay of $63,593 per QALY. Lifetime costs were most sensitive to costs of the endovascular procedure. Conclusion: Endovascular treatment is cost-effective in patients with aBAO stroke.

Economic evaluation of 18F-FDG PET/CT, MRI and CE-CT in selection of colorectal liver metastases eligible for ablation - A cost-effectiveness analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancers (CRC) are among the world's most prevailing cancer entities. In a third of all cases, the patients have already developed distant metastases - mainly in the liver - at the time of detection. Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) can be treated by surgical resection or, as is possible in most cases, by percutaneous ablation. For selecting the liver metastases eligible for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA), the common imaging modalities are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT). This study aims to evaluate those imaging modalities for selecting liver lesions eligible for ablation according to their long-term cost-effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Markov model was applied, calculating quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and accumulative costs for every diagnostic strategy, according to predefined input parameters obtained from published research. Further, sensitivity analyses were executed to prove the certainty of the calculations by running Monte-Carlo simulations with 30,000 reiterations. The Willingness-to-pay (WTP) is at $ 100,000. All calculations are based on the U.S. healthcare system. RESULTS: CE-CT caused cumulative costs of $ 31,940.98 and 8,99 QALYs, whereas MRI caused $ 32,070.83 and 9,01 QALYs. PET/CT caused cumulative costs of $ 33,013.21 and 8,99 QALYs. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, according to our analysis, MRI is the most cost-effective strategy for detecting liver metastases eligible for ablation and therefore should be seen as the gold standard.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 177Lu-PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer poses a therapeutic challenge with poor prognosis. The VISION trial showed prolonged progression-free and overall survival in patients treated with lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan (177Lu-PSMA-617) radioligand therapy compared with using the standard of care (SoC) alone. The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of 177Lu-PSMA-617 treatment compared with SoC therapy. METHODS: A partitioned survival model was developed using data from the VISION trial, which included overall and progression-free survival and treatment regimens for 177Lu-PSMA-617 and SoC. Treatment costs, utilities for health states, and adverse events were derived from public databases and the literature. Because 177Lu-PSMA-617 was only recently approved, costs for treatment were extrapolated from 177Lu-DOTATATE. Outcome measurements included the incremental cost, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness ratio. The analysis was performed in a US setting from a healthcare system perspective over the lifetime horizon of 60 months. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set to $50,000, $100,000, and $200,000 per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). RESULTS: The 177Lu-PSMA-617 group was estimated to gain 0.42 incremental QALYs. Treatment using 177Lu-PSMA-617 led to an increase in costs compared with SoC ($169,110 vs $85,398). The incremental cost, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness ratio for 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy was $200,708/QALYs. Sensitivity analysis showed robustness of the model regarding various parameters, which remained cost-effective at all lower and upper parameter bounds. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations, therapy using 177Lu-PSMA-617 was determined as the cost-effective strategy in 37.14% of all iterations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $200,000/QALYs. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment using 177Lu-PSMA-617 was estimated to add a notable clinical benefit over SoC alone. Based on the model results, radioligand therapy represents a treatment strategy for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with cost-effectiveness in certain scenarios.

Lifetime economic potential of mobile stroke units in acute stroke care: A model-based analysis of the drivers of cost-effectiveness.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To simulate patient-level costs, analyze the economic potential of telemedicine-based mobile stroke units for acute prehospital stroke care, and identify major determinants of cost-effectiveness, based on two recent prospective trials from the United States and Germany. METHODS: A Markov decision model was developed to simulate lifetime costs and outcomes of mobile stroke unit. The model compares diagnostic and therapeutic pathways of ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and stroke mimic patients by conventional care or by mobile stroke units. The treatment outcomes were derived from the B_PROUD and the BEST-mobile stroke unit trials and further input parameters were derived from recent literature. Uncertainty was addressed by deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. A lifetime horizon based on the US healthcare system was adopted to evaluate different cost thresholds for mobile stroke unit and the resulting cost-effectiveness. Willingness-to-pay thresholds were set at 1x and 3x gross domestic product per capita, as recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: In the base case scenario, mobile stroke unit care yielded an incremental gain of 0.591 quality-adjusted life years per dispatch. Mobile stroke unit was highly cost-effective up to a maximum average cost of 43,067 US dollars per patient. Sensitivity analyses revealed that MSU cost-effectiveness is mainly affected by reduction of long-term disability costs. Also, among other parameters, the rate of stroke mimics patients diagnosed by MSU plays an important role. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that mobile stroke unit can possibly be operated on an excellent level of cost-effectiveness in urban areas in North America with number of stroke mimic patients and long-term stroke survivor costs as major determinants of lifetime cost-effectiveness.

Integrated diagnostics.

BACKGROUND: Integrated diagnostics is increasingly gaining scientific traction as it promises to address several challenges currently facing diagnostic medicine. These challenges range from the need for improved diagnostic accuracy to optimized timing of diagnostic procedures, to the variety of diagnostic markers and thus the complexity of their interpretation, and finally to economic pressure. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS: While many of these challenges may be difficult to solve with a monomodal approach, the integration of laboratory markers and imaging procedures promises to allow both disciplines to achieve their actual clinical potential. Combining complementary diagnostic approaches can help to improve the interpretation of measurements, provide a better cost-effectiveness particularly when cutting-edge techniques are used for specific indications, and facilitate optimized timing and rational choice of appropriate diagnostic approaches for disease surveillance. Furthermore, close interdisciplinary assessment of diagnostic results will increase diagnostic accuracy and will enable selection of specific patient cohorts at increased risk for certain diseases who are suitable for further testing. CONCLUSION: The potential of an integrated diagnostic approach represents a strategic goal for diagnostic disciplines as it achieves better visibility and greater clinical impact. In addition to close collaboration among relevant diagnostic experts, an appropriate structure for integrated data evaluation needs to be established to provide actionable health guidance so that integrated diagnostics can be implemented in standard care.

Comparison of CT, MRI, and F-18 FDG PET/CT for initial N-staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is based on clinical exam, biopsy, and a precise imaging-based TNM-evaluation. A high sensitivity and specificity for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and F-18 FDG PET/CT are reported for N-staging. Nevertheless, staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma is most often based on computed tomography (CT) scans. This study aims to evaluate cost-effectiveness of MRI and PET/CT compared to standard of care imaging in initial staging of OSCC within the US Healthcare System. METHODS: A decision model was constructed using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and overall costs of different imaging strategies including a CT of the head, neck, and the thorax, MRI of the neck with CT of the thorax, and whole body F-18 FDG PET/CT using Markov transition simulations for different disease states. Input parameters were derived from literature and willingness to pay (WTP) was set to US $100,000/QALY. Deterministic sensitivity analysis of diagnostic parameters and costs was performed. Monte Carlo modeling was used for probabilistic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: In the base-case scenario, total costs were at US $239,628 for CT, US $240,001 for MRI, and US $239,131 for F-18 FDG PET/CT whereas the model yielded an effectiveness of 5.29 QALYs for CT, 5.30 QALYs for MRI, and 5.32 QALYs for F-18 FDG PET/CT respectively. F-18 FDG PET/CT was the most cost-effective strategy over MRI as well as CT, and MRI was the cost-effective strategy over CT. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed high robustness of the model with incremental cost effectiveness ratio remaining below US $100,000/QALY for a wide range of variability of input parameters. CONCLUSION: F-18 FDG PET/CT is the most cost-effective strategy in the initial N-staging of OSCC when compared to MRI and CT. Despite less routine use, both whole body PET/CT and MRI are cost-effective modalities in the N-staging of OSCC. Based on these findings, the implementation of PET/CT for initial staging could be suggested to help reduce costs while increasing effectiveness in OSCC.

Diagnostic Workup for Patients with Solid Renal Masses: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BACKGROUND: For patients with solid renal masses, a precise differentiation between malignant and benign tumors is crucial for forward treatment management. Even though MRI and CT are often deemed as the gold standard in the diagnosis of solid renal masses, CEUS may also offer very high sensitivity in detection. The aim of this study therefore was to evaluate the effectiveness of CEUS from an economical point of view. METHODS: A decision-making model based on a Markov model assessed expenses and utilities (in QALYs) associated with CEUS, MRI and CT. The utilized parameters were acquired from published research. Further, a Monte Carlo simulation-based deterministic sensitivity analysis of utilized variables with 30,000 repetitions was executed. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) is at USD 100,000/QALY. RESULTS: In the baseline, CT caused overall expenses of USD 10,285.58 and an efficacy of 11.95 QALYs, whereas MRI caused overall expenses of USD 7407.70 and an efficacy of 12.25. Further, CEUS caused overall expenses of USD 5539.78, with an efficacy of 12.44. Consequently, CT and MRI were dominated by CEUS, and CEUS remained cost-effective in the sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS should be considered as a cost-effective imaging strategy for the initial diagnostic workup and assessment of solid renal masses compared to CT and MRI.

Economic potential of abbreviated breast MRI for screening women with dense breast tissue for breast cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Abbreviated breast MRI (AB-MRI) was introduced to reduce both examination and image reading times and to improve cost-effectiveness of breast cancer screening. The aim of this model-based economic study was to analyze the cost-effectiveness of full protocol breast MRI (FB-MRI) vs. AB-MRI in screening women with dense breast tissue for breast cancer. METHODS: Decision analysis and a Markov model were designed to model the cumulative costs and effects of biennial screening in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) from a US healthcare system perspective. Model input parameters for a cohort of women with dense breast tissue were adopted from recent literature. The impact of varying AB-MRI costs per examination as well as specificity on the resulting cost-effectiveness was modeled within deterministic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: At an assumed cost per examination of $ 263 for AB-MRI (84% of the cost of a FB-MRI examination), the discounted cumulative costs of both MR-based strategies accounted comparably. Reducing the costs of AB-MRI below $ 259 (82% of the cost of a FB-MRI examination, respectively), the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of FB-MRI exceeded the willingness to pay threshold and the AB-MRI-strategy should be considered preferable in terms of cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary findings indicate that AB-MRI may be considered cost-effective compared to FB-MRI for screening women with dense breast tissue for breast cancer, as long as the costs per examination do not exceed 82% of the cost of a FB-MRI examination. KEY POINTS: • Cost-effectiveness of abbreviated breast MRI is affected by reductions in specificity and resulting false positive findings and increased recall rates. • Abbreviated breast MRI may be cost-effective up to a cost per examination of 82% of the cost of a full protocol examination. • Abbreviated breast MRI could be an economically preferable alternative to full protocol breast MRI in screening women with dense breast tissue.

Identification of CT Imaging Phenotypes of Colorectal Liver Metastases from Radiomics Signatures-Towards Assessment of Interlesional Tumor Heterogeneity.

(1) Background: Tumoral heterogeneity (TH) is a major challenge in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and is associated with inferior response. Therefore, the identification of TH would be beneficial for treatment planning. TH can be assessed by identifying genetic alterations. In this work, a radiomics-based approach for assessment of TH in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) in CT scans is demonstrated. (2) Methods: In this retrospective study, CRLM of mCRC were segmented and radiomics features extracted using pyradiomics. Unsupervised k-means clustering was applied to features and lesions. Feature redundancy was evaluated by principal component analysis and reduced by Pearson correlation coefficient cutoff. Feature selection was conducted by LASSO regression and visual analysis of the clusters by radiologists. (3) Results: A total of 47 patients' (36% female, median age 64) CTs with 261 lesions were included. Five clusters were identified, and the categories small disseminated (n = 31), heterogeneous (n = 105), homogeneous (n = 64), mixed (n = 59), and very large type (n = 2) were assigned based on visual characteristics. Further statistical analysis showed correlation (p < 0.01) of clusters with sex, primary location, T- and N-status, and mutational status. Feature reduction and selection resulted in the identification of four features as a final set for cluster definition. (4) Conclusions: Radiomics features can characterize TH in liver metastases of mCRC in CT scans, and may be suitable for a better pretherapeutic classification of liver lesion phenotypes.

Prostatic Artery Embolization for Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Markov Model-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether prostatic artery embolization (PAE) can be considered a long-term cost-effective treatment option in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia in comparison to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). METHODS: The in-hospital costs of PAE and TURP in the United States were obtained from a recent cost analysis. Clinical outcomes including nature and rate of adverse events for TURP and PAE along with rates of retreatment because of complications or clinical failure were obtained from peer-reviewed literature. A decision tree-based Markov model was created, analyzing long-term cost-effectiveness for TURP and PAE from a US health care sector perspective. Cost-effectiveness over a time frame of 5 years was estimated while assuming a willingness to pay of $50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: PAE resulted in overall cost of $6,464.92 and an expected outcome of 4.566 QALYs. In comparison, TURP cost $9,221.09 and resulted in expected outcome of 4.577 QALYs per treatment. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for TURP was $247,732.65 per QALY. On the basis of the willingness-to-pay threshold, PAE is cost effective compared with TURP. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our model, PAE in comparison with TURP can be regarded as a cost-effective treatment option for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms within the US health care system.

Economic assessment of molecular imaging in the oncology treatment process.

The development towards targeted treatments in oncology has been accompanied by significant improvements in molecular imaging. Yet, broad application of novel imaging techniques has partly been slowed down due to economical considerations. Building on the broad positive evidence of its diagnostic accuracy, modelling of effects on long-term costs and effectiveness may help to foster a broader application and acceptance of comprehensive molecular imaging techniques, such as PET/MRI. In this article, common economic evaluation techniques and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) evaluation methods will be introduced including Markov models and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). This is complemented with a review of literature on recently published cost-effectiveness of molecular imaging. Additionally, the strategic relevance of CEAs for the molecular imaging community is discussed and combined with a global outlook.

Additional MRI for initial M-staging in pancreatic cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic cancer is portrayed to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within the next years. Potentially complicating surgical resection emphasizes the importance of an accurate TNM classification. In particular, the failure to detect features for non-resectability has profound consequences on patient outcomes and economic costs due to incorrect indication for resection. In the detection of liver metastases, contrast-enhanced MRI showed high sensitivity and specificity; however, the cost-effectiveness compared to the standard of care imaging remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze whether additional MRI of the liver is a cost-effective approach compared to routinely acquired contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) in the initial staging of pancreatic cancer. METHODS: A decision model based on Markov simulation was developed to estimate the quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and lifetime costs of the diagnostic modalities. Model input parameters were assessed based on evidence from recent literature. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) was set to $100,000/QALY. To evaluate model uncertainty, deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: In the base-case analysis, the model yielded a total cost of $185,597 and an effectiveness of 2.347 QALYs for CE-MR/CT and $187,601 and 2.337 QALYs for CE-CT respectively. With a net monetary benefit (NMB) of $49,133, CE-MR/CT is shown to be dominant over CE-CT with a NMB of $46,117. Deterministic and probabilistic survival analysis showed model robustness for varying input parameters. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, combined CE-MR/CT can be regarded as a cost-effective imaging strategy for the staging of pancreatic cancer. KEY POINTS: • Additional MRI of the liver for initial staging of pancreatic cancer results in lower total costs and higher effectiveness. • The economic model showed high robustness for varying input parameters.

End-to-end automated body composition analyses with integrated quality control for opportunistic assessment of sarcopenia in CT.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a pipeline for automated body composition analysis and skeletal muscle assessment with integrated quality control for large-scale application in opportunistic imaging. METHODS: First, a convolutional neural network for extraction of a single slice at the L3/L4 lumbar level was developed on CT scans of 240 patients applying the nnU-Net framework. Second, a 2D competitive dense fully convolutional U-Net for segmentation of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT, SAT), skeletal muscle (SM), and subsequent determination of fatty muscle fraction (FMF) was developed on single CT slices of 1143 patients. For both steps, automated quality control was integrated by a logistic regression model classifying the presence of L3/L4 and a linear regression model predicting the segmentation quality in terms of Dice score. To evaluate the performance of the entire pipeline end-to-end, body composition metrics, and FMF were compared to manual analyses including 364 patients from two centers. RESULTS: Excellent results were observed for slice extraction (z-deviation = 2.46 ± 6.20 mm) and segmentation (Dice score for SM = 0.95 ± 0.04, VAT = 0.98 ± 0.02, SAT = 0.97 ± 0.04) on the dual-center test set excluding cases with artifacts due to metallic implants. No data were excluded for end-to-end performance analyses. With a restrictive setting of the integrated segmentation quality control, 39 of 364 patients were excluded containing 8 cases with metallic implants. This setting ensured a high agreement between manual and fully automated analyses with mean relative area deviations of ΔSM = 3.3 ± 4.1%, ΔVAT = 3.0 ± 4.7%, ΔSAT = 2.7 ± 4.3%, and ΔFMF = 4.3 ± 4.4%. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents an end-to-end automated deep learning pipeline for large-scale opportunistic assessment of body composition metrics and sarcopenia biomarkers in clinical routine. KEY POINTS: • Body composition metrics and skeletal muscle quality can be opportunistically determined from routine abdominal CT scans. • A pipeline consisting of two convolutional neural networks allows an end-to-end automated analysis. • Machine-learning-based quality control ensures high agreement between manual and automatic analysis.