Hydro-chemical survey of groundwater of Hisar city and assessment of defluoridation methods used in India.

Ground water quality of Hisar city was assessed for its suitability for drinking purposes. Samples collected from the Bore-wells (forms a part of municipal water supply) and handpumps (direct consumption) were analyzed for the various physico-chemical parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, total hardness, total alkalinity, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate. The concentrations of magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate and especially of chloride were found moderately higher than the WHO standards for the drinking water. Further a comparison of fluoride (F-) levels in groundwater of various cities and towns of Haryana state was performed. The relatively higher concentrations of F- in groundwater of Haryana raise the risk of fluorosis and hence groundwater must be used with proper treatment. Promising defluoridation methods using locally available materials and technologies are discussed for the prevention and control of fluorosis. Data were assessed statistically to find the suitable markers of ground water quality as an aid to monitoring groundwater quality.

Distribution of fluoride in groundwater and its suitability assessment for drinking purpose.

Groundwater samples collected either from the bore-wells (forms a part of municipal water supply) or from the hand pumps (direct consumption) were analysed for fluoride in Hisar city, India. The results indicate considerable variations among the analysed groundwater samples and the concentration of fluoride ranged from 0.03--16.6 mg/l. In most of the groundwater samples the concentration of fluoride was found to be moderately higher, when compared to the WHO standard for drinking water, which may lead to associated health risks in urban population, if the groundwater is being used without proper treatment. Furthermore, it is suggested that the sources of municipal water supply must be established in a region where an adequate level of fluoride was observed.