Trends in neurodevelopmental disability burden due to early life chemical exposure in the USA from 2001 to 2016: A population-based disease burden and cost analysis.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals are known to cause neurodevelopmental toxicity through direct and indirect pathways. In this study we used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, along with known exposure-disease relationships, to quantify the intellectual disability burden attributable to in utero exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphates, and methylmercury and early life exposure to lead. We also estimated the cost of the IQ points lost and cases of intellectual disability. PBDE exposure was the greatest contributor to intellectual disability burden, resulting in a total of 162 million IQ points lost and over 738,000 cases of intellectual disability. This was followed by lead, organophosphates, and methylmercury. From 2001 to 2016, IQ loss from PBDEs, methylmercury, and lead have decreased or remained stagnant. Organophosphate exposure measurements were only available up to 2008 but did show an increase in organophosphate-attributable IQ loss. Although most of these trends show benefit for children's neurodevelopmental health, they may also point towards the use of potentially harmful substitutions for chemicals that are being phased out.

Impact of housing instability on child behavior at age 7.

Housing instability is a thought to be a major influence on children's healthy growth and development. However, little is known about the factors that influence housing instability, limiting the identification of effective interventions. The goals of this study were to 1) explore factors, including material hardship, satisfaction with living conditions and housing disrepair, that predict housing instability (total number of moves that a child experienced in the first seven years); and 2) examine the relationship between housing instability and child behavior at age 7, measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. We analyzed these associations among children enrolled in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) Mothers and Newborns study. In our analysis, we found that housing disrepair predicted residential change after 3 years of age, but not before. Persistent material hardship over the seven-year time period from pregnancy through age 7 was associated with increased number of moves. Children who experienced more than three moves in the first 7 years had significantly more thought- and attention-related problems compared to children who experienced less than 3 moves over the same time period. Children who experienced more than 3 moves also had higher total and internalizing problem behavior scores, although these differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that housing instability is significantly associated with problem behavior in early childhood and that interventions to reduce socioeconomic strain may have the greatest impact in breaking the cycle of children's environmental health disparities related to housing instability.