Hand-drawn&written pen-on-paper electrochemiluminescence immunodevice powered by rechargeable battery for low-cost point-of-care testing.

In this paper, a pen-on-paper electrochemiluminescence (PoP-ECL) device was entirely hand drawn and written in commercially available crayon and pencil in turn for the first time, and a constant potential-triggered sandwich-type immunosensor was introduced into the PoP-ECL device to form a low-cost ECL immunodevice proof. Each PoP-ECL device contained a hydrophilic paper channel and two PoP electrodes, and the PoP-ECL device was produced as follows: crayon was firstly used to draw hydrophobic regions on pure cellulose paper to create the hydrophilic paper channels followed with a baking treatment, and then a 6B-type black pencil with low resistivity was applied for precision writing, as the PoP electrodes, across the hydrophilic paper channel. For further point-of-care testing, a portable, low-cost rechargeable battery was employed as the power source to provide constant potential to the PoP electrodes to trigger the ECL. Using Carbohydrate antigen 199 as model analyte, this PoP-ECL immunodevice showed a good linear response range from 0.01-200 U mL(-1) with a detection limit of 0.0055 U mL(-1), a high sensitivity and stability. The proposed PoP-ECL immunodevice could be used in point-of-care testing of other tumor markers for remote regions and developing countries.

A three-dimensional origami-based immuno-biofuel cell for self-powered, low-cost, and sensitive point-of-care testing.

A three-dimensional microfluidic origami glucose-air immuno-biofuel cell has been successfully demonstrated for the first time to implement self-powered, sensitive, and low-cost sandwich immunoassay for cancer markers based on the signal amplifications of a porous Au-paper electrode and Au nanoparticles attached to carbon nanotubes.

Flexible paper-based ZnO nanorod light-emitting diodes induced multiplexed photoelectrochemical immunoassay.

ZnO nanorods inorganic-organic heterostructured light-emitting diodes have been demonstrated on a cheap/disposable paper substrate and applied in multiplexed photoelectrochemical immunoassay.

A paper-based photoelectrochemical immunoassay for low-cost and multiplexed point-of-care testing.

A photoelectrochemical immunoassay was introduced for the first time into a microfluidic paper-based analytical device equipped with a paper supercapacitor for low-cost, simple, portable, and disposable point-of-care testing, based on a chemiluminescence light source and a digital multi-meter.

Rechargeable battery-triggered electrochemiluminescence detection on microfluidic origami immunodevice based on two electrodes.

A low-cost, portable rechargeable battery was firstly used to fabricate a battery-triggered, screen-printed two-electrode electrochemiluminescent immunoassay on a 3D microfluidic origami electronic device.

3D origami-based multifunction-integrated immunodevice: low-cost and multiplexed sandwich chemiluminescence immunoassay on microfluidic paper-based analytical device.

A novel 3D microfluidic paper-based immunodevice, integrated with blood plasma separation from whole blood samples, automation of rinse steps, and multiplexed CL detections, was developed for the first time based on the principle of origami (denoted as origami-based device). This 3D origami-based device, comprised of one test pad surrounded by four folding tabs, could be patterned and fabricated by wax-printing on paper in bulk. In this work, a sandwich-type chemiluminescence (CL) immunoassay was introduced into this 3D origami-based immunodevice, which could separate the operational procedures into several steps including (i) folding pads above/below and (ii) addition of reagent/buffer under a specific sequence. The CL behavior, blood plasma separation, washing protocol, and incubation time were investigated in this work. The developed 3D origami-based CL immunodevice, combined with a typical luminuol-H(2)O(2) CL system and catalyzed by Ag nanoparticles, showed excellent analytical performance for the simultaneous detection of four tumor markers. The whole blood samples were assayed and the results obtained were in agreement with the reference values from the parallel single-analyte test. This paper-based microfluidic origami CL detection system provides a new strategy for a low-cost, sensitive, simultaneous multiplex immunoassay and point-of-care diagnostics.

A novel chemiluminescence paper microfluidic biosensor based on enzymatic reaction for uric acid determination.

In this work, chemiluminescence (CL) method was combined with microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) to establish a novel CL µPAD biosensor for the first time. This novel CL µPAD biosensor was based on enzyme reaction which produced H(2)O(2) while decomposing the substrate and the CL reaction between rhodanine derivative and generated H(2)O(2) in acid medium. Microchannels in µPAD were fabricated by cutting method. And the possible CL assay principle of this CL µPAD biosensor was explained. Rhodanine derivative system was used to reach the purpose of high sensitivity and well-defined signal for this CL µPAD biosensor. And the optimum reaction conditions were investigated. The quantitative determination of uric acid could be achieved by this CL µPAD biosensor with accurate and satisfactory result. And this biosensor could provide good reproducible results upon storage at 4°C for at least 10 weeks. The successful integration of µPAD and CL reaction made the final biosensor inexpensive, easy-to-use, low-volume, and portable for uric acid determination, which also greatly reduces the cost and increases the efficiency required for an analysis. We believe this simple, practical CL µPAD biosensor will be of interest for use in areas such as disease diagnosis.