Narrowing feedstock exemptions under the Montreal Protocol has multiple environmental benefits.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) can be further strengthened to control ozone-depleting substances and hydrofluorocarbons used as feedstocks to provide additional protection of the stratospheric ozone layer and the climate system while also mitigating plastics pollution. The feedstock exemptions were premised on the assumption that feedstocks presented an insignificant threat to the environment; experience has shown that this is incorrect. Through its adjustment procedures, the Montreal Protocol can narrow the scope of feedstock exemptions to reduce inadvertent and unauthorized emissions while continuing to exempt production of feedstocks for time-limited, essential uses. This upstream approach can be an effective and efficient complement to other efforts to reduce plastic pollution. Existing mechanisms in the Montreal Protocol such as the Assessment Panels and national implementation strategies can guide the choice of environmentally superior substitutes for feedstock-derived plastics. This paper provides a framework for policy makers, industries, and civil society to consider how stronger actions under the Montreal Protocol can complement other chemical and environmental treaties.

The Answer to "When to Clip" After Colorectal Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Based on a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Delayed bleeding (DB) is the most common major complication of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Two randomized clinical trials recently demonstrated that clip closure after EMR of large nonpedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs) reduces the risk of DB. We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of this prophylactic measure. METHODS: EMRs of LNCPCPs were consecutively registered in the ongoing prospective multicenter database of the Spanish EMR Group from May 2013 until July 2017. Patients were classified according to the Spanish Endoscopy Society EMR group (GSEED-RE2) DB risk score. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed for both Spanish and US economic contexts. The average incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) thresholds were set at 54,000 € or $100,000 per quality-adjusted life year, respectively. RESULTS: We registered 2,263 EMRs in 2,130 patients. Applying their respective DB relative risk reductions after clip closure (51% and 59%), the DB rate decreased from 4.5% to 2.2% in the total cohort and from 13.7% to 5.7% in the high risk of the DB GSEED-RE2 subgroup. The ICERs for the universal clipping strategy in Spain and the United States, 469,706 € and $1,258,641, respectively, were not cost effective. By contrast, selective clipping in the high-risk of DB GSEED-RE2 subgroup was cost saving, with a negative ICER of -2,194 € in the Spanish context and cost effective with an ICER of $87,796 in the United States. DISCUSSION: Clip closure after EMR of large colorectal lesions is cost effective in patients with a high risk of bleeding. The GSEED-RE2 DB risk score may be a useful tool to identify that high-risk population.

Role of Augmented Basis Sets and Quest for ab Initio Performance/Cost Alternative to Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory.

Following a previous work, we have assessed the feasibility of MP2/CBS(d, t) as an alternative to state-of-the-art density functionals. The effect of using augmented basis sets is here tested on the 76 barrier heights and 10 isomerization reactions previously utilized. Moreover, calculations for 20 sets of the GMTKN24 database for thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions have been performed. For the density functional theory calculations, M06-2X and B3LYP-D3 functionals are utilized as two representative functionals, while MP2 and CCSD(T) methods are employed as the ab initio counterparts. The results show that MP2 calculations perform similarly to the ones obtained with M06-2X insofar as accuracy and computational cost are concerned. For all methods, the use of augmented basis sets yields enhanced results for anionic systems when compared with the ones from non-augmented bases. Otherwise, the basis-set change effect is found to be minimal. It is therefore concluded that the use of large basis sets is unjustified when facing the increase in computational cost.

Easy prognostic assessment of concomitant organ failure in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening disease. We evaluated the prognostic utility of Model for End-stage Liver Disease excluding INR (MELD-XI) score for predicting mortality in a cohort of critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation. METHODS: In total, 11,091 mechanically ventilated patients were included in our post-hoc retrospective analysis, a subgroup of the VENTILA study (NCT02731898). Evaluation of associations with mortality was done by logistic and Cox regression analysis, an optimal cut-off was calculated using the Youden Index. We divided the cohort in two sub-groups based on their MELD-XI score at the optimal cut-off (12 score points). RESULTS: Peak-, plateau- and positive end-expiratory pressure were higher in patients with MELD-XI>12. Patients with MELD-XI>12 had higher driving pressures (14 ±â€¯6 cmH2O versus 13 ±â€¯6; p < 0.001). MELD-XI was associated with 28-day mortality after correction for relevant cofounders including SAPS II and ventilation pressures (HR 1.04 95%CI 1.03-1.05; p < 0.001. Patients with MELD-XI>12 evidenced both increased hospital (46% versus 27%; p < 0.001) and 28-day mortality (39% versus 22%). CONCLUSIONS: MELD-XI is independently associated with mortality and constitutes a useful and easily applicable tool for risk stratification in critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02731898, registered 4 April 2016.

Chemometric assessment of soil organic matter storage and quality from humic acid infrared spectra.

The knowledge of biogeochemical mechanisms involved in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is crucial to control its release to the atmosphere. In particular, the chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in the performance of the C storage and resilience in soils. The structural information provided by infrared spectroscopy (IR) of soil humic acid (HA) was used in the assessment of the C storage potential of 35 Spanish soils. Partial least squares (PLS) regression using the intensities of the points of the IR spectra of the HAs (4000-400 cm-1) as descriptors shows that a relationship exists between IR spectral pattern and the SOC content. This was also the case for E4 (humification index based on HA optical density at 465 nm). In addition, the chemical characteristics of the HAs correlated with the SOC levels were identified from digital data treatments of the IR spectra. Additional application of principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) suggested that bands assigned to carboxyl and amide structures were characteristic in HAs from soils with low C content, whereas HA spectra from soils with high C levels showed a conspicuous band pattern suggesting structural units of lignin from slightly transformed plant residues. The spectral profiles were analyzed in detail by an approach based on digital subtraction of IR spectra obtained by averaging those from HAs extracted from soils in the upper and lower quartiles of the SOC distribution. The results showed that significant relationships exist between the molecular composition of HAs and SOC levels and E4 values in a way in which aromatic, carboxyl and amide groups were predominant in HAs from soils with low SOC content, whereas lignin-derived structures were more characteristic of HAs from soils with high SOC content.

Autopercepción del estado de salud en pensionados por complicaciones de diabetes mellitus en Guadalajara, México / Self-perception of health status in people retired due to diabetes mellitus complications from Guadalajara, Mexico

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la autopercepción del estado de salud (APES) de los pensionados por complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus, y que características sociodemográficas, familiares, laborales y clínicas de éstos están asociadas a dichas variables. Métodos Estudio transversal analítico en un universo 240 pensionados que aceptaron participar. Se evaluó la APES con el Cuestionario EuroQol-5D en español, y se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, familiares, laborales y clínicas. Resultados Se estudiaron 240 pensionados con edad media 53,43 ± 8,16 años, 94,3% masculinos y 5,7% femeninos. Se encontró que el 53,4% refiere una APES regular, mala o muy mala. Se halló asociación significativa entre mala APES y vida laboral ≤30 años OR=6,00 (IC95% 1,27, 28,26) e insuficiencia renal crónica OR=7,00 (IC95% 1,39,35,35). No se encontraron modelos explicativos mediante regresión logística. Conclusiones La frecuencia de APES mala fue elevada en la muestra de pensionados por complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus. Se requieren estudios con muestras más amplias para mejores conclusiones.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate self-perception of health status (APES by its Spanish acronym) of people retired due to complications of diabetes mellitus, and what socio-demographic, family, work and clinical characteristics are associated to these variables. Materials and Methods Analytical, cross-sectional study in a universe of 240 pensioners who agreed to participate. The APES was evaluated with the EuroQol-5D questionnaire in Spanish, and socio-demographic, family, work and clinical variables were included. Results 240 pensioners with a mean age of 53.43 ± 8.16 years (94.29% male and 5.71% female) were studied. It was found that 53.4% reported regular, poor or very poor APES. A significant association between poor APES and work life ≤30 years (OR=6.00; 95%CI: 1.27, 28.26) and chronic renal failure (OR=7.00; 95%CI: 1.39, 35.35) was found. No explanatory models were found through logistic regression. No explanatory models were found by logistic regression. Conclusion The frequency of poor APES was high in the sample of patients with diabetes. Studies with larger samples are required for better conclusions.(AU)

Educational intervention to improve the competence of Mexican physicians to provide nutritional management for diabetes mellitus type 2 / Intervención educativa para mejorar la competencia de médicos mexicanos para manejar nutricionalmente diabetes mellitus Tipo 2

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of a participative educational intervention on the clinical competence of Mexican family physicians regarding the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. Materials and Methods Quasi-experimental study with a before-and-after control group. Convenience sample included 60 family physicians distributed in two social security primary health care units, randomly selected: 30 in the "A" unit and 30 in the "B" unit. Unit "A" was assigned randomly as control group, and "B" unit as intervention group. The intervention consisted of a theoretical-practical course-workshop that lasted six months where real cases were discussed and solved. Clinical competence was evaluated by means of an instrument designed ex professo, with a maximum theoretical value of 100 and 94% reliability according to the Kuder-Richardson test. Medians of clinical competence were compared among groups, before and after intervention, using the Mann-Whitney U test, while frequencies distribution of clinical competence level were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p≤0.05). Results Overall medians and intervals for unit "A" were 28 (9-45) pre-intervention and 34 (11-51) pos-intervention, with before-after difference p>0.05; for unit "B", values were 32 (12-50) pre-intervention, 61 (36-82) pos-intervention, and before-after difference p≤0.05. No significant differences were found among groups pre-intervention (p>0.05), although they were observed pos-intervention (p≤0.05). Conclusions The educational intervention evaluated proved to improve, in a statistically significant way, the overall and by dimensions clinical competence level of Mexican family physicians for nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa participativa sobre la competencia clínica de médicos familiares mexicanos para el manejo nutricio de pacientes con diabetes mellitus Tipo 2. Método Estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo control antes-después. Se estudió una muestra por conveniencia de 60 médicos familiares distribuidos en dos unidades médicas de atención primaria de seguridad social elegidas al azar, 30 en la "A" y 30 en la "B". La unidad "A" fue designada grupo control, y la "B" de intervención. La intervención consistió en un curso-taller teórico-práctico que duró seis meses, donde se discutieron y resolvieron casos reales. La competencia clínica se evaluó mediante un instrumento diseñado ex professo, con un valor teórico máximo de 100, y una fiabilidad de 94% según prueba de Kuder-Richardson. Se compararon las medianas de competencia clínica entre grupos antes y después mediante la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, y cinco las distribuciones de frecuencias de los niveles de competencia clínica mediante la prueba de Kolmogórov-Smirnov (p≤0,05). Resultados Medianas e intervalos de la calificación global: unidad "A" 28 (9-45) pre-intervención, 34 (11-51) pos-intervención, diferencia antes-después p≤0,05; unidad "B" 32 (12-50) pre-intervención, 61 (36-82) pos-intervención, diferencia antes-después p≤0,05. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre los grupos pre-intervención (p>0,05), y si pos-intervención (p≤0,05). Conclusiones La intervención educativa evaluada demostró mejorar, de forma estadísticamente significativa, el nivel de competencia clínica global y por dimensión, de médicos familiares mexicanos para el manejo nutricio de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.(AU)

Prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos: aportaciones de los paradigmas científicos a su conocimiento / Inadequate drugs prescription: contributions of scientific paradigms to your knowledge

Resumen Se realizó una revisión narrativa con análisis temático sobre las aportaciones de los paradigmas científicos al conocimiento de la prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos. Se buscaron artículos de acceso abierto indexados en PubMed© entre 2010-2014, y se sistematizó información sobre el paradigma, tipo de publicación, perspectiva teórica, objetivo, método y resultados. De los 992 artículos encontrados, se seleccionaron 118, y se tomó una muestra propositiva de 15, según su diseño, representando los cuatro paradigmas. Los artículos positivistas reportaron prevalencia, factores asociados, efectividad de intervenciones y criterios de evaluación; los interpretativos explicaron las causas del problema según los involucrados; los críticos denunciaron la influencia de la industria farmacéutica; y el participativo abordó el problema secundariamente y lo solucionó en un escenario para una enfermedad y grupo farmacológico específicos. Se concluyó que la prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos como problema de investigación en salud pública recibe aportes de los cuatro paradigmas, con dominio del positivismo, lo que se atribuye al carácter paradigmático de la ciencia desde la que se le aborda habitualmente, y que una perspectiva multi-paradigmática es el mejor abordaje.

Abstract This study conducted a narrative review with thematic analysis about contributions of scientific paradigms to knowledge of inadequate drugs prescription. We searched open access articles indexed in PubMed© between 2010 and 2014, and we systematized information about scientific paradigm, publication type, theoretical perspective, objective, method and results. From the 992 articles found, 118 were selected. From those, we chose a purposive sample of 15, according to the design of the studies, representing the four paradigms. The positivists articles reported prevalence, associated factors, effectiveness of interventions and evaluation criteria; the interpretive explained the causes of the problem according to those involved; the critics denounced the influence of pharmaceutical industry; and the participative addressed the problem secondarily and solved it in a scenario for a specific disease and pharmacological. We concluded that the inadequate drugs prescription as research problem in public health had contributions from the four paradigms, with dominance of positivism, which is attributed to the paradigmatic perspective of the science, from which it is usually studied, and that a multi-paradigmatic perspective is the best approach to the public health issue.

Educational intervention to improve the competence of Mexican physicians to provide nutritional management for diabetes mellitus type 2.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a participative educational intervention on the clinical competence of Mexican family physicians regarding the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quasi-experimental study with a before-and-after control group. Convenience sample included 60 family physicians distributed in two social security primary health care units, randomly selected: 30 in the "A" unit and 30 in the "B" unit. Unit "A" was assigned randomly as control group, and "B" unit as intervention group. The intervention consisted of a theoretical-practical course-workshop that lasted six months where real cases were discussed and solved. Clinical competence was evaluated by means of an instrument designed ex professo, with a maximum theoretical value of 100 and 94% reliability according to the Kuder-Richardson test. Medians of clinical competence were compared among groups, before and after intervention, using the Mann-Whitney U test, while frequencies distribution of clinical competence level were analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p≤0.05). RESULTS: Overall medians and intervals for unit "A" were 28 (9-45) pre-intervention and 34 (11-51) pos-intervention, with before-after difference p>0.05; for unit "B", values were 32 (12-50) pre-intervention, 61 (36-82) pos-intervention, and before-after difference p≤0.05. No significant differences were found among groups pre-intervention (p>0.05), although they were observed pos-intervention (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The educational intervention evaluated proved to improve, in a statistically significant way, the overall and by dimensions clinical competence level of Mexican family physicians for nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Clinical competence of Guatemalan and Mexican physicians for family dysfunction management.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical competence of Mexican and Guatemalan physicians to management the family dysfunction. METHODS: Cross comparative study in four care units first in Guadalajara, Mexico, and four in Guatemala, Guatemala, based on a purposeful sampling, involving 117 and 100 physicians, respectively. Clinical competence evaluated by validated instrument integrated for 187 items. Non-parametric descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The percentage of Mexican physicians with high clinical competence was 13.7%, medium 53%, low 24.8% and defined by random 8.5%. For the Guatemalan physicians'14% was high, average 63%, and 23% defined by random. There were no statistically significant differences between healthcare country units, but between the medium of Mexicans (0.55) and Guatemalans (0.55) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The proportion of the high clinical competency of Mexican physicians' was as Guatemalans.

Efecto de una intervención educativa para promover ejercicios aeróbicos intradialíticos, sobre el estado funcional en pacientes en hemodiálisis de México / Effect of an educational intervention to promote intradialysis aerobic exercises on the functional state of hemodialysis patients from Mexico

INTRODUCCIÓN: La educación en salud busca influir sobre la actitud de las personas para mejorar su salud mediante el fomento de hábitos saludables. En pacientes en hemodiálisis, su capacidad funcional suele estar disminuida por la inactividad física. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa en salud para la promoción del ejercicio aeróbico, sobre la capacidad funcional de pacientes en hemodiálisis de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuasiexperimental antes-después con grupo control en Unidades de Atención Médica Hospitalaria del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Delegación Jalisco, con un universo de 26 pacientes con hemodiálisis muestreados propositivamente, 14 en el Grupo "A" (experimental) y 12 en el "B" (control). Se incluyeron las variables: edad, sexo y capacidad funcional. La intervención consistió en un diálogo dirigido sobre factores biopsicosociales de enfermedad renal, capacidad funcional y nutrición, con acompañamiento en ejercicios aeróbicos de 30 minutos/semana durante 20 semanas. Se evaluó la capacidad funcional con el Test Delta, y se comparó la media antes y después usando T de Student (p ≤ 0,05). RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la edad y sexo de los pacientes en los Grupos "A" y "B". Capacidad funcional media antes y después: Grupo "A" 14 ± 5 vs 8 ± 4 (p < 0,001), Grupo "B" 16 ± 4 vs 17 ± 5 (p = 0,405). Conclusiones: La educación en salud influyó favorablemente sobre la actividad física de los pacientes en hemodiálisis y mejoró su capacidad funcional. Es recomendable implementar programas de ejercicio aeróbico durante las sesiones de hemodiálisis

INTRODUCTION: Health education search to influence on persons' attitude for to improve your health by mean of healthy habits promotion. In patients with hemodialysis your functional capacity usually is diminished for physical inactivity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a health education intervention for aerobic exercise's promotion on the functional capacity in hemodialysis patients from Mexico. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study beforeafter with control group in Hospital Medical Care Units of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Jalisco's Delegation, with a universe of 26 patients with hemodialysis purposively sampled, 14 in Group "A" (experimental) and 12 in Group "B" (control). It included variables: age, gender and functional capacity. The intervention consisted of directed dialogue on biopsychosocial factors of renal disease, functional capacity and nutrition, with accompaniment in aerobic exercises of 30 minutes/week for 20 weeks. It evaluated functional capacity with Delta Test and it compared means before and after with Student's T (p ≤ 0,05). Results: There were no statistically significant differences between age and gender of patients in the "A" and "B" Groups. Mean functional capacity before and after: Group "A" 14 ± 5 vs 8 ± 4 (p < 0,001), Group "B" 16 ± 4 vs 17 ± 5(p=0,405). CONCLUSIONS: The health education influenced favorably on the physical activity of patients with hemodialysis and improved your functional capacity. To implement aerobic exercise programs during hemodialysis sessions it advisable

Competencia clínica de médicos de seguridad social guatemaltecos para manejar hepatitis virales en atención primaria / Clinical competences for human viral hepatitis treatment of primary healthcare physicians from the Guatemalan social security system

RESUMEN Objetivo Medir la competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de hepatitis virales en médicos de primer nivel de atención a la salud. Metodología Se efectuó un estudio transversal en el que usando un instrumento previamente validado se midió la competencia y posteriormente se comparó entre médicos adscritos a diversas unidades médicas de atención primaria a la salud (UMAPS) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial no paramétrica. Se evaluaron 104 médicos de 5 UMAPS del IGSS. Resultados Se encontró un nivel muy bajo de competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las hepatitis virales, dentro de un intervalo de 9 a 62 puntos obtenidos en el instrumento que tiene un valor máximo teórico de 88, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre UMAPS. Conclusiones: Se requiere educación continua en los médicos de las UMAPS del IGSS para mejorar sus competencias en hepatitis virales.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. Methodology Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. Results A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. Conclusions PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.(AU)

[Clinical competences for human viral hepatitis treatment of primary healthcare physicians from the Guatemalan social security system]. / Competencia clínica de médicos de seguridad social guatemaltecos para manejar hepatitis virales en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. RESULTS: A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. CONCLUSIONS: PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.

OBJETIVO: Medir la competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de hepatitis virales en médicos de primer nivel de atención a la salud. METODOLOGÍA: Se efectuó un estudio transversal en el que usando un instrumento previamente validado se midió la competencia y posteriormente se comparó entre médicos adscritos a diversas unidades médicas de atención primaria a la salud (UMAPS) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial no paramétrica. Se evaluaron 104 médicos de 5 UMAPS del IGSS. RESULTADOS: Se encontró un nivel muy bajo de competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las hepatitis virales, dentro de un intervalo de 9 a 62 puntos obtenidos en el instrumento que tiene un valor máximo teórico de 88, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre UMAPS. Conclusiones: Se requiere educación continua en los médicos de las UMAPS del IGSS para mejorar sus competencias en hepatitis virales.

Clinical competencies for primary health care of climacteric in a group of Mexican physicians / Competências clínicas para cuidados de saúde primários de climatério em um grupo de médicos Mexicanos

Objective: Measure clinical competence for female climacteric diagnosis and treatment in physicians from a Mexican social security system. Methods: Cross-sectional and multi-centric study in 78 physicians from five primary health care units from the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Guadalajara City, Jalisco, Mexico. We measured clinical competence with an instrument specially designed and validated (reliability p = 0.92 accord to Kuder­Richardson test). We obtained descriptive statistics and compared proficiency level accord to labor, demographic and academic characteristics using no-parametric statistic. Results: Clinical competencies medians in five primary health care units were 8­21 points in a scale with maximum value of 108. We do not found significant differences to compare medical unit, gender, specialty, previous training in female climacteric symptoms, contract type, workshift and medical certifications (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Climacteric clinical competence is null or very low in primary health care physicians from Guadalajara City. Educational interventions are required.(AU)

Objetivo: Medir competência clínica para o diagnóstico e tratamento do climatério feminino nos médicos a partir de um sistema de segurança social mexicano. Métodos: Estudo transversal e multicêntrico com 78 médicos de cinco unidades básicas de saúde do Instituto Mexicano de Segurança Social na Cidade de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Medimos competência clínica com um instrumento especialmente concebido e validado (confiabilidade p = 0,92 de acordo com o teste de Kuder-Richardson). Obtivemos estatística descritiva e comparação do nível de proficiência no trabalho de acordo com as características demográficas e acadêmicas com o uso do método não paramétrico. Resultados: Competências clínicas medianas em cinco unidades básicas de saúde foram de 8 a 21 pontos em uma escala com valor máximo de 108. Não se encontraram diferenc¸as significativas para comparar unidade médica, sexo, especialidade, treinamento prévio em sintomas do climatério feminino, tipo de contrato, turno de trabalho e certificações médicas (p > 0,05). Conclusões: Competência clínica para o diagnóstico e tratamento do climatério é nula ou muito baixa em cuidados médicos primários de saúde na Cidade de Guadalajara. Intervenções educativas são necessárias.(AU)

Calidad del registro del diagnóstico médico y subsecuente codificación en un hospital de segundo nivel de Tabasco, México, 2009 / Quality of the register of medical diagnosis and subsequent coding in a second level hospital from Tabasco, Mexico, 2009

Objetivo: conocer la proporción de diagnósticos codificados adecuadamente de acuerdo a la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud, Décima Revisión, a consecuencia del registro correcto por parte del médico tratante en los reportes diarios de consulta externa, en un hospital de segundo nivel de Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, en el año 2009. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó una investigación transversal en sistemas de salud, en la cual, de 450 formatos de registro de consulta externa (N = 450) generados durante los meses de abril a octubre de 2009 en un hospital general de seguridad social de Tabasco, México, se tomó una muestra probabilística de 39 formatos (p = 0,8, Z = 1,645, d = 0,1), de la que se excluyeron dos rotos y uno manchado, siendo estudiados 36 (n = 36) que incluían 372 diagnósticos registrados, a los que se revisó calidad del registro y concordancia con los nombres de padecimientos según la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud, Décima Revisión, y se describió su impacto sobre la calidad de la codificación de parte del departamento de estadística. Resultados: de 372 registros estudiados, el 50% mostraron error, siendo el más común el uso de abreviaturas o siglas (37,4%). Solo 100 (26,9%) de los registros incluidos presentaron concordancia con la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud, Décima Revisión, observándose que en 131 de los casos (35,2%) se logró una codificación exitosa. Conclusiones: el 65% de la morbilidad reportada por el departamento de estadística no corresponde a la realidad, lo que lleva a la toma de decisiones administrativas con información de baja calidad.

Objective: To know the proportion of properly coded diagnosis according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, as a result of successful registration by the treating physician in outpatient daily reports in a second level hospital from Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico, in 2009. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional research was conducted in health systems, in which, from 450 outpatient registration forms (N = 450) generated during April to October 2009 in a general hospital of social security from Tabasco, Mexico, it was taken a probability sample of 39 forms (p = 0.8, Z = 1.645, d = 0.1), from which were excluded two broken and one dirty, being studied 36 forms (n = 36) which included 372 diagnoses registered, whose register quality and consistency with the names of diseases according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, were reviewed, and it was described their impact on the quality of the coding, on behalf the Statistic Department. Results: From 372 studied records, 50% showed mistake, being the most common the use of abbreviations or acronyms (37.4%). Only 100 (26.9%) of the records included presented consistency according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, observing that in 131 cases (35.2%) a successful coding was achieved. Conclusions: 65% of morbidity reported by the Statistical Department does not correspond to reality, leading to management decisions with poor quality information.

[Breast self-examination in users of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico]. / Autoexploración mamaria en usuarias del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de Teapa, Tabasco, México.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the proportion of women of 40 years-old and more, which perform properly breast self-examination in the Family Medical Unit 18 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, in 2011. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a universe of 1457 women. A random sample of 127 women was obtained and aleatorily selected. Socio-demographic and hereditary variables were included and breast self-examination technique was evaluated. The information was taken from clinical files and check lists. Descriptive statistic was obtained. RESULTS: The mean age was 52.7 ± 9.3, with a confidence interval of 40-80 years-old. Women with a primary-school education were the largest group, representing 35.4 %. Family antecedent of breast malign tumor was found in 11 %. The mother was the most frequent parent with this background (42.9 %). Adequate breast self-examination technique was observed in 0.8 %. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of women that performs breast self-examination properly is very low. Associated factors were not found. Educative interventions are required in order to correct this problem.

Objetivo: determinar la proporción de mujeres de 40 años o más que se realizan correctamente autoexploración mamaria en la Unidad Médica Familiar 18 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en Teapa, Tabasco, México, en el año 2011. Métodos: estudio transversal, de un universo de 1457 mujeres del que se obtuvo una muestra probabilística de 127, seleccionadas sistematizadamente. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes heredofamiliares de cáncer de mama y la evaluación de la técnica de autoexploración. La información fue obtenida de expedientes clínicos y listas de cotejo. Se obtuvo estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La edad media fue de 52.7 ± 9.3 con un intervalo de confianza de 40-80 años. La escolaridad predominante fue la primaria con 35.4 %. Hubo antecedente heredofamiliar de tumor maligno de las mamas en 11 %. La madre fue el familiar más frecuente con este antecedente (42.9 %). Hubo una correcta autoexploración mamaria en 0.8 %. Conclusiones: la proporción de mujeres que realizan correctamente la autoexploración mamaria es alarmantemente baja. No se encontraron factores asociados. Se requieren intervenciones educativas para corregir el problema.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Peru.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) versus the 13-valent PCV (PCV13) to the National Immunization Schedule in Peru for prevention of pneumococcal disease (PD) in children <5 years of age. METHODS: The integrated TRIVAC vaccine cost-effectiveness model from the Pan American Health Organization's ProVac Initiative (version 2.0) was applied from the perspective of the Government of Peru. Twenty successive cohorts of children from birth to 5 years were evaluated. Clinical outcomes were pneumococcal pneumonia (PP), pneumococcal meningitis (PM), pneumococcal sepsis (PS) and acute otitis media from any causes (AOM). Measures included prevention of cases, neurological sequelae (NS), auditory sequelae (AS), deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs). A sensitivity analyses was also performed. FINDINGS: For the 20 cohorts, net costs with PCV10 and PCV13 were US$ 363.26 million and US$ 408.26 million, respectively. PCV10 prevented 570,273 AOM; 79,937 PP; 2217 PM; 3049 PS; 282 NS; 173 AS; and 7512 deaths. PCV13 prevented 419,815 AOM; 112,331 PN; 3116 PM; 4285 PS; 404 NS; 248 AS; and 10,386 deaths. Avoided DALYs were 226,370 with PCV10 and 313,119 with PCV13. Saved treatment costs were US$ 37.39 million with PCV10 and US$ 47.22 million with PCV13. Costs per DALY averted were US$ 1605 for PCV10, and US$ 1304 for PCV13. Sensitivity analyses showed similar results. PCV13 has an extended dominance over PCV10. CONCLUSION: Both pneumococcal vaccines are cost effective in the Peruvian context. Although the net cost of vaccination with PCV10 is lower, PCV13 prevented more deaths, pneumococcal complications and sequelae. Costs per each prevented DALY were lower with PCV13. Thus, PCV13 would be the preferred policy; PCV10 would also be reasonable (and cost-saving relative to the status quo) if for some reason 13-valent were not feasible.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas de la artritis en ancianos rurales de Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, 2012 / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of arthritis in rural elderlies from Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico, 2012

la artritis afecta hasta un 80% de los adultos mayores, y en Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, no se conocen estudios al respecto, por lo que se desconocen sus características esenciales. Objetivo: identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la artritis en adultos mayores usuarios de una unidad médica familiar de seguridad social en Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, en el año 2012. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal y descriptivo en un universo de 608 adultos mayores, del que se tomó una muestra probabilística simple de n=205 (p=0,28, Z=1,96, DE=0,05), muestreados sistemáticamente. Se incluyeron personas de edad igual o mayor a 60 años, de cualquier sexo, sin deterioro cognitivo conocido ni amputaciones. Se estudiaron variables epidemiológicas y clínicas. La información se obtuvo de expedientes clínicos y anamnesis, y se analizó con estadística descriptiva usando Epi-Info 3,5,1. Resultados: se estudiaron 205 adultos mayores, 60% femeninos y 40% masculinos, con una edad media 68,5 ± 7,4 años. El 100% presentó artritis. Las articulaciones más frecuentemente afectadas fueron: columna lumbar 64,90%, cadera 47,80%, dedos de los pies 31,20% y cuello 22,90%. Los tipos de artritis más frecuentes fueron: poliarticular 75,10%, no traumática 73,70% y crónica 95,10%. No se identificó una causa en el 95%. El medicamento prescrito más frecuentemente fue naproxeno en un 29,80%. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de artritis en los adultos mayores usuarios de la unidad médica es elevada, en proporción mayor a la referida por otros autores, desconociéndose las causas. Existe duplicidad terapéutica que puede ocasionar efectos adversos y debe corregirse...

The arthritis affects about the 80% of the elderlies and, in Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico, are not studies about this topic; therefore, its essential characteristics are unknown. Objective: to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of arthritis in elderly users of a social security family medical unit from Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico in 2012. Materials and methods: cross-sectional and descriptive study in a universe of 608 elderlies from which was taken a simple random sample of n=205 elderlies (p=0.28, Z=1.96, d=0.05) systematically sampled to intervals of k=3. We selected people of age major or equal to 60 years, of any gender, without cognitive impairment known neither amputations. We studied epidemiological and clinical variables. We obtained information from clinical files and anamnesis, and was analyzed with descriptive statistic using Epi-Info 3,5,1. Results: we studied 205 elderlies, 60% females and 40% males, the mean age was 68.5 ± 7.4 years. 100% of them presented arthritis. The most frequent articulations affected were lumbar spine 64.90%, hip 47.80%, toes 31.20% and neck 22.90%. The most frequent arthritis type were chronic 95.10%, polyarticular 75.10% and nontraumatic 73.70%. The cause was not identified in 95%. The most frequent drug prescribed was naproxen in 29.80%. Conclusions: the arthritis prevalence in elderlies from this medical unit is higher than referred by other authors, without known causes. Therapeutic duplicity exists, which can produce adverse effects and must be corrected...

[Gerontological profile of an elderly population in Tabasco, México]. / Perfil gerontológico del adulto mayor en Tabasco, México.

OBJECTIVE: Defining the gerontological profile of an elderly population in Tabasco, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. The study population consisted of 35,745 elderly adults who were enrolled in the Mexican Older Adults' Institute (Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores-INAPAM) in Tabasco. Sampling was not used. The selection criteria invol ved elderly adults who were enrolled in INAPAM from January/2004-December/2006. Socio-demographic, sanitary and personal preferences were the variables considered. INAPAM's Mexican Survey of Senior Citizens' database for the study period was used for providing the necessary information; descriptive statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS: Some elderly adults were unable to work (11.9 %); those working did so in the countryside (10.5 %). Almost all of them had some sort of income (99.8 %): family support (46 %) or employment (22.3 %). A fifth of the population were illiterate (21 %). Most of them li ved with someone else (88.9 %) with a spouse (57.3 %) or children (45.9 %). Most li ved in their own houses (87.1 %), had basic services (94.3 %) and a stove, television and refrigerator (74.5 %). The frequently occurring diseases were osteo-degenerative (50.4 %), ophthalmic (39.2 %) dental (16.3 %), high blood pressure-related, Diabetes mellitus and tumours. Most had social security (63.3 %) but mostly used Mexican Ministry of Health services (28.7 %). They fostered the following values: health (81.2 %), family (72.4 %) and love (45.9 %); sharing family time was the most frequent free-time activity (72 %) followed by religious activities (56.4 %). CONCLUSIONS: The aforementioned features formed the gerontological profile for elderly adults in Tabasco; and the results of this series partially differed from that reported by other Mexican institutions.

Perfil gerontológico del adulto mayor en Tabasco, México / Gerontological profile of an elderly population in Tabasco, México

Objetivo Definir el perfil gerontológico de los adultos mayores en Tabasco, México. Material y métodos Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal, descriptivo. Universo: 35 745 adultos mayores afiliados al Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores (INAPAM), Delegación Tabasco. Muestra: no se tomó. Criterios de selección: adultos mayores que se afiliaron al INAPAM durante el período Enero/2004-Diciembre/2006. Variables: socio demográficas, sanitarias y de preferencias personales. Fuente de información: base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Adultos Mayores del INAPAM correspondiente al período de estudio. Análisis: estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados Algunos adultos mayores se encuentran incapacitados para trabajar (11,9 %), los que laboran lo hacen en el campo (10,5 %). Casi todos tienen ingresos (99,8 %):por apoyo familiar (46 %)o empleo (22,3 %). El analfabetismo está en la quinta parte de la población (21,0 %). La mayoría viven acompañados (88,9 %): por cónyuges (57,3 %) o hijos (45,9 %). Viven en casas propias (87,1 %), con los servicios básicos (94,3 %), y cuentan con estufa, televisión y refrigerador (74,5 %). Las enfermedades más frecuentes: osteo degenerativas (50,4 %), oftalmológicas (39,2 %) y odontológicas (16,3 %), además de: hipertensión arterial, Diabetes mellitus y neoplasias. Cuentan con seguridad social el 63,3 %, pero los servicios de la Secretaría (Ministerio) de Salud son más usados (28,7 %). Fomentan los valores: salud (81,2 %), familia (72,4 %), y amor (45,9 %); la convivencia con la familia es la actividad más frecuente de tiempo libre (72 %), junto a las actividades religiosas (56,4 %). Conclusiones Los rasgos citados integran el perfil gerontológico del adulto mayor de Tabasco. Los resultados de esta serie, difieren parcialmente con los reportados por otras instituciones nacionales.

Objective Defining the gerontological profile of an elderly population in Tabasco, Mexico. Material and methods This was an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. The study population consisted of 35,745 elderly adults who were enrolled in the Mexican Older Adults' Institute (Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores-INAPAM) in Tabasco. Sampling was not used. The selection criteria invol ved elderly adults who were enrolled in INAPAM from January/2004-December/2006. Socio-demographic, sanitary and personal preferences were the variables considered. INAPAM's Mexican Survey of Senior Citizens' database for the study period was used for providing the necessary information; descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results Some elderly adults were unable to work (11.9 %); those working did so in the countryside (10.5 %). Almost all of them had some sort of income (99.8 %): family support (46 %) or employment (22.3 %). A fifth of the population were illiterate (21 %). Most of them li ved with someone else (88.9 %) with a spouse (57.3 %) or children (45.9 %). Most li ved in their own houses (87.1 %), had basic services (94.3 %) and a stove, television and refrigerator (74.5 %). The frequently occurring diseases were osteo-degenerative (50.4 %), ophthalmic (39.2 %) dental (16.3 %), high blood pressure-related, Diabetes mellitus and tumours. Most had social security (63.3 %) but mostly used Mexican Ministry of Health services (28.7 %). They fostered the following values: health (81.2 %), family (72.4 %) and love (45.9 %); sharing family time was the most frequent free-time activity (72 %) followed by religious activities (56.4 %). Conclusions The aforementioned features formed the gerontological profile for elderly adults in Tabasco; and the results of this series partially differed from that reported by other Mexican institutions.