[Impact factors analysis on child neglect of children aged 3-6 year-old in rural areas of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the major influence factors of child neglect among rural areas children aged 3-6 years in China. METHODS: According to multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, distribution characteristics and the level of economic development, we randomly sampled 10 provinces, 26 cities (8 capital cities, 16 prefecture-level cities and 2 municipalities) using lottery method. Depending on the different level of economic and cultural, we sampled one medium county from each city (municipalities sampled two counties), a total of 28 counties. All towns were divided into high, medium and low three levels in accordance with economic and cultural, each level sampled one town, each conty sampled three towns, a total of 84 towns were sampled. Each town sampled 40 children, including 20 boys and 20 girls (including each 10 children aged 3 to 6, half and half boys and girls). 4 096 rural children aged 3-6 years old were sampled and surveyed of China. Based on "the Neglect Norms for Children Aged 3 to 6 Years Old in Rural Areas of China" explored the risk factors of child neglect. SPSS 18. 0 for windows was employed for statistics analysis. Multifactorial analysis was conducted through multivariate Logistic Regression. RESULTS: The total neglected rate of the rural children aged 3 to 6 was 53.7% (2,047/3,810), and the total neglected degree was 44.42±7.57. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, neglected risk of the boys was higher than the girls (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.49), neglected risk of children were higher, when their mothers were migrant workers (OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.59-3.00); the lower educational level of mothers, the higher neglected risk of children, the children in families that mothers only received primary education or was uneducated were most likely to be neglected (OR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.91-4.47), the second was the families that mothers received primary education (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.29-2.69); the lower the household income, the easier to be neglected the children, the easiest one was the household income less than 5000 RMB (OR=2.85, 95% CI: 2.14-3.79), the second was 5000-9,999 RMB (OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.40-2.20); the relationship between children and mothers was distanced, neglect risk of children was higher (OR=3.88, 95% CI: 1.31-11.52); left behind children were easier to be neglected (OR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.09-1.54). CONCLUSION: The influence factors among children aged 3-6 years in the rural areas of China were boys, mother's occupation, maternal education level, the relationship between children and mothers, household income and left-behind children.

Child neglect in one-child families from Suzhou City of mainland China.

BACKGROUND: The one-child policy introduced in China in 1979 has led to far-reaching changes in socio-demographic characteristics. Under this policy regime, each household has few children. This study aims to describe the prevalence of child neglect in one-child families in China and to examine the correlates of child neglect. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 2044 children aged 6 to 9 years and recruited from four primary schools in Suzhou City, China was conducted. Neglect subtypes were determined using a validated indigenous measurement scale reported by parents. Child, parental and family characteristics were obtained by questionnaires and review of social security records. Linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the associations between these factors and the subtypes of child neglect. RESULTS: The prevalence of child any neglect was 32.0% in one child families in Suzhou City, China. Supervisory (20.3%) neglect was the most prevalent type of child neglect, followed by emotional (15.2%), physical (11.1%), and educational (6.0%) neglect After simultaneous adjustment to child and family characteristics and the school factor, boys, children with physical health issues and cognitive impairment, younger and unemployed mother, were positively associated with neglect subtypes. We also found that parents with higher education and three-generation families were negatively associated with neglect. CONCLUSION: The rates of child neglect subtypes vary across different regions in China probably due to the different policy implementation and socio-economic levels, with a lower level of physical and educational neglect and a higher level of emotional neglect in this study. The three-generation family structure was correlates of neglect which may be unique in one child families. This indicates that future intervention programs in one-child families should target these factors.

Age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition: exploring its usefulness in mainland China.

The aim of this paper was to examine the validity and reliability of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2) in preparation for its standardization in mainland China. Interrater and test-retest reliability of the MABC-2 was estimated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Cronbach's alpha for each item and Item-total correlation were used to determine internal consistency. The content validity was determined by the Item-level content validity index (I-CVI). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial validity of the MABC-2 test. The correlation coefficients between the MABC-2 and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2) were used to assess the criteria-related validity. The Cronbach's alpha values of all eight items together were moderate but acceptable. The correlation coefficients between each test item and the total score were moderate except for two items. The ICC of interrater and test-retest reliability for each test items was good. The I-CVI of each item was excellent (each above 0.78). The result of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit indices of the adjusted model were good (each above 0.9), indicating a satisfactory fit of the data to the model. The total score on MABC-2 and PDMS-2 was correlated well (r=0.631). It is concluded that the reliability and validity of age band 1 of MABC-2 were fair in this study based on a large sample. However, there was a need to adjust part of items to improve the test's psychometric properties when it is used in Chinese children.

[Assessment on the validity and reliability of Family Environment Scale on Motor Development for Urban Pre-school Children].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reliability of Family Environment Scale on Motor Development for Urban Pre-school Children (FESMDUPC) so as to provide valid and reliable tools for measuring the influencing factors from home environment on motor development of the children. METHODS: One thousand eight hundreds and twenty four preschool children from 15 kindergartens in Suzhou city were included in this study which related to reliability and validity of FESMDUPC. Data on test-retest reliability, internal consistent reliability, content validity and construct validity were assessed using the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Cronbach α coefficient, Item-level content validity index (I-CVI) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). When the Observation for Measurement of the Environment Revisited was used as criteria, the criteria-related validity of MABC was assessed, using the Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: This study showed that the ICC of all items was above or close to 0.9. The total Cronbach α coefficient was 0.875 and the Cronbach α coefficient was 0.868-0.873 when each item was deleted. Formal validity and reliability study showed that I-CVI of the 23 items was 0.79-1.00. The average I-CVI was 0.92. Results from the CFA model showed that χ2=1077.5, df=224 and χ2/df=4.810. Fit of Goodness on the other indices of the model were as follows: GFI (0.949), AGF (0.937), NFI (0.889), CFI (0.896), with each of them above or close to 0.9. The RMSEA was 0.046 which showed that the model's Fit of Goodness could be accepted. The factor loadings were all above 0.3 with statistical significance. However, according to this model, the strengths of relationship between Outside Space, Inside Space and Toy were high, so the high-step CFA of FESMDUPC was further analyzed. The model's Fit of Goodness was good. The factor loadings were all above 0.3 with statistical significance. Results showed that the Spearman Coefficient of the total score of FESMDUPC and HOME scale was 0.476 (each P<0.001). Among them only the learning staff and movement variety were comparatively and highly correlated with Toy, Parental Rearing Patterns. Spearman coefficients were all above 0.3 (each P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The above results showed that the reliability of test-retest, the internal consistent reliability, the content validity and the construct validity of FESMDUPC were fair and had met the basic psychometric demands. FESMDUPC could be used as a quantitative tool to assess the motor development among children.

[Assessment on the application of 'Movement Assessment Battery' for Children].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the application of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2), to provide valid tools for developmental coordination disorder (DCD) screening. METHODS: A total number of 1823 preschool children from 15 kindergartens in Suzhou city were included in this study regarding the reliability and validity on MABC-2. Data on test-retest reliability internal consistent reliability, content validity and construct validity were assessed, using methodologies as Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Cronbach α coefficient, Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). When the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) was considered as the criteria, the criteria-related validity of MABC was assessed, using the area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: from the study showed that the ICCs of most items were above 0.9 except for 'Drawing and Walking Heels Raised' and 'Jumping on Mats'. The total Cronbach α coefficient was 0.502, with the total Cronbach α coefficient as 0.549 when the two items of 'Drawing and Walking Heels Raised' were deleted. I-CVIs of the eight items were 1.0, 1.0, 0.96, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.96, 0.96, respectively. The average I-CVI was 0.985. RESULTS: from the final CFA model showed that the factor loading of the items was above 0.4 except for the 'Jumping on Mats', while the 'Modification Index' was below 3.84. The areas under ROC curve of the total score on revised-MABC-2 (when the items of 'Drawing and Walking Heels Raised' was deleted) were significantly different from the DCDQ (χ(2) = 110.145, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In addition to the internal consistent reliability, the validity and reliability of MABC-2 were fair which could be applied well in China. However, some items of MABC-2 should be revised. MABC-2 could be used to screen the children with motor coordination dysfunction at the health care clinics for children, as well as applied in the large-scale epidemiologic studies.