[Analysis of project funding in occupational Health and Epidemiology of National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2008 to 2019].

Objective: To analysis the projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China in the fields of occupational health (code H2602) and occupational diseases (code H2402) from 2008 to 2019, to provide a reference for the project application of scientific researchers in the field of occupational diseases in China. Methods: In October 2021, the information of all National Natural Science Foundation projects in the field of occupational health and occupational diseases from 2008 to 2019 was collected through LetPub website. It mainly analyzes the types of funded projects, the types of supporting units, the occupational disease hazard factors of the funded projects, the types of occupational injuries and representative research directions. Results: From 2008 to 2019, the National Natural Science Foundation of China funded a total of 282 projects in the field of occupational health and occupational diseases, with a total funding of 113.902 million yuan. Among them, 138 projects (48.94%) were funded, 96 (34.04%) were funded by youth science funds, and 35 projects (12.41%) were funded by regional science funds. 31 (79.93%) funded projects relied on the type of institutions of higher learning, 126 (46.84%) occupational disease hazard factors were chemical factors, and 83 (30.86%) occupational damage types were lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Epigenetic regulation is the most important representative research direction of the funded projects. Conclusion: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project funding in the field of occupational health and occupational diseases in China has maintained a stable trend, but there are still problems such as incomplete funding system and late start of some research directions.

[Health hazards and hearing loss risk assessment of workers exposed to noise in an automobile manufacturing enterprise].

Objective: To investigate the current situation of occupational exposure to noise among noise workers in an automobile manufacturing enterprise in Tianjin, understand the impact of noise on workers＇ nervous system and hearing, and assess the risk of hearing loss among noise workers. Methods: In May 2021, 3516 workers in an automobile manufacturing enterprise were investigated by using a self-made questionnaire＂Noise Workers Questionnaire＂ and cluster sampling method. The occupational noise hygiene survey and occupational hazards detection were carried out in their workplaces. They were divided into noise exposure group and non-noise exposure group according to whether they were exposed to noise or not. The general characteristics, hearing and nervous system symptoms of the two groups of workers were compared, and the risk of hearing loss was assessed. Results: There were 758 workers in the noise exposure group, aged (26±5) years old, with a working age of 3.0 (2.0, 6.0) years exposed to noise. 2758 workers in the non-noise exposure group, aged (25±6) years old, with a working age of 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) years. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of workers＇education level, working age and memory loss between the two groups (χ(2)=37.98, 38.70, 5.20, P<0.05). The workers in the noise exposure group showed a decreasing trend of insomnia, dreaminess, sweating and fatigue with the increase of working age (χ(2trend)=6.16, 7.99, P<0.05). The risk classification of binaural high-frequency hearing loss for workers in all noise positions until the age of 50 and 60 was negligible, the risk of occupational noise deafness was low for workers in stamping and welding noise positions until the age of 60. Conclusion: The occupational noise exposed to automobile manufacturing workers may cause certain harm to their nervous and auditory systems. Noise protection measures should be taken to reduce the risk of hearing loss and occupational noise deafness.

[Application of five methods in the occupational health risk assessment of workers exposed to welding fumes].

Objective: To assess the health risks of welding fume jobs with five occupational health risk assessment methods, and to compare the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of these methods in the health risk assessment of welding fume. Methods: The International Commission for Mining and Metals (ICMM) occupational health risk assessment method, MES method, the qualitative method and comprehensive index method in GBZ/T 298-2017 "Technical Guidelines for Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazardous Factors in the Workplace" were used to assess the risk of welding fume exposure positions in four manufacturing enterprises in Tianjin in March, 2020. The assessment results of different methods were standardized by risk ratio (RR) . Results: After the results were standardized, the results of enterprises 1, 2 and 4 were negligible risks, enterprise 3 was medium risk in the ICMM matrix method and MES method, and the results of ICMM quantitative method for each enterprise were negligible risk, low risk, extremely high risk and low risk, respectively. The results of the qualitative assessment of the guidelines for all companies were negligible risks, and the comprehensive index method were medium risks. Conclusion: The five models are all suitable for occupational health risk assessment of welding fumes, but they all have certain shortcomings. They should be combined with qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment results for comprehensive analysis.

[Analysis of relationship between personal wellbeing index and related factors in the elderly aged 55 or above, who visit the day care centers in Macao, Hong Kong and Guangzhou].

Objective: To investigate the personal wellbeing index (PWI) among elderly aged 55 and above from the elderly day care centers in Macao, Hong Kong and Guangzhou, and associated factors. Methods: We used convenient sampling to select participants from 16 elderly day care centers in Macao, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Inclusion criteria were: females aged 55 or above, males 60 or above, the participants who were conscious and clearly understood the questionnaire. Informed consent form was signed by the participants. A total of 324 elderly participated in the study: 90 from Macao, 100 from Hong Kong, and 134 from Guangzhou. Close-end questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and PWI inventory (Cantonese version) was used to assess the PWI scores. Comparison in the PWI scores difference was conducted. Multiple regression method was used to analyze factors associated with PWI. Results: The PWI was 7.3±1.9 (Macao: 7.7±1.9, Hong Kong: 7.2±1.7, Guangzhou: 7.0±1.9) (F=3.32, P=0.037). The multiple regression analysis showed that comparing to those who did exercised 3 times or less, or single/devoiced/separated, or had no education, the elderly who did exercised 4 times or more per week or married/widowed, or received education in primary school or above had higher PWI scores. The beta values (95%CI) were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.31-1.34), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.12-1.94), 0.51 (95% CI: 0.04-0.99) respectively. Conclusion: The elderly participants aged 55 or above who went to elderly day care centers in three cities had higher PWI score generally. Marital status, participate in sufficient physical activity and advanced education level were significant related to PWI.

Chinese Koreans complete demographic transition.

PIP: The 1990 national census disclosed that there were 1,920,597 Koreans in China. There number increased 21% from 1,110, 000 in 1953 to 1,350,000 in 1964. The transition to low birth rate, low mortality rate, and low growth rate started in the mid-1960s and it was completed by 1974. Chinese Korean population increased form 1,350,000 in 1964 to 1,770,000 in 1982, and to 1,920,000 in 1990. Between 1982 and 1990, the average annual growth rate of the Han population, with the promotion of the 1-child policy, was 1.3%, while that of the Korean population who were allowed to have 2 children was only 1.0%. The total fertility rate (TFR) of Korean women in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture decreased from 4.7 in 1965 to 1.9 in 1974, to 1.8 in 1981, and to 1.6 in 1983, and increasing to 1.9 in 1989. 89-90% of women were primiparas between 1973 and 1983. In 1989 in Jilin Province 71% of Korean women were primiparas, 26% were secundiparas, and 3% were tertiparas or had higher parity. The decelerated population growth of the Korean nationality is attributed to the popularization of compulsory education. Primary school became compulsory in 1952 and junior high school in 1958. The illiteracy rate of Koreans was only 11% in 1982, 21% lower than that of the Han nationality and 32% lower than that of other ethnic groups in China. The rate declined further to 7% in 1987. The illiteracy rate of Korean women in reproductive age was only 3%, while the national illiteracy rate of such women was 30%, and that of women in ethnic groups was 46%. The marriage age of Korean women was 20 in 1966 increasing to 23 by 1973 with the birth interval of over 5 years.^ieng

[A preliminary study on population condition and characteristics of Korean minority in China].

PIP: Koreans comprise one of the major ethnic minorities in China. Its demographic changes have shown special characteristics compared with other ethnic minorities. The Korean population has basically completed its demographic transition. Its total fertility rate has been below replacement level since the early 1980s. 1st and 2nd parity births were 91% in 1981. 3rd parity births and above was 64% lower than the Han majority. The age structure of Korean population is gradually changing to a stationary population. 0-14 year olds comprise 25% of the population and 50 year olds comprise 26%. The average level of education of Koreans is high. The number of college graduates/1000 population is 3 times higher than the Hans and 6 times higher than other ethnic minorities. The illiteracy rate among age 15 and over is 7.16%, the lowest of all ethnic groups. Compared with the Hans living in the same areas, Koreans have higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy. Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases have been the major causes of death. The level of economic development in the areas where the Korean population is concentrated fell behind its stage of population development. The economy ranked in the middle among the areas of ethnic minorities. Brain drain is an important problem in some Korean minority areas. With in-migration of Hans with low level of education and out-migration of the well-educated Koreans, the labor structure and its quality in these areas is at stake. Such imbalance may produce serious negative social implications.^ieng

Physical, achievement and personality characteristics of Chinese children.

The physical, achievement, and personality characteristics of Chinese schoolchildren are evaluated. The results of two surveys of Chinese schoolchildren, conducted in Beijing and Jilin Province, are presented. In the Beijing sample, the differences between only children and others were small but statistically significant, with the only children having higher scores in achievement and physical size. In the Jilin Province sample, the differences between only children and others were also small but significant. These differences were found entirely in physical characteristics, with only children being smaller, perhaps because the only children in the Jilin sample were much younger than the non-only children. Analyses of the combined sample of Beijing and Jilin schoolchildren indicated that the only-child advantages in achievement were found among children from urban families, not rural peasant families. While significant differences in height and weight were found in all three samples, none of the results indicated a significant difference in the proportion of body fat. None of the analyses indicated that only children had undesirable personalities, as judged by teachers and mothers.