Assessment of mandibular retromolar space in adults with regard to third molar eruption status.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the difference in length and width of the mandibular retromolar space (RMS) stratified by the different eruption and impaction statuses of the third molars in patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The right mandibular RMS in 186 adult patients categorized according to the different statuses of the third molar was analyzed by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The shortest distances between the inner lingual cortex of the mandibular body and second molar root were measured parallel to the posterior occlusal line (POL) at depths of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm (mandibular retromolar space length in root level, RLin2,4,6,8,10) on the axial slices with the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) as the reference level. The width of the RMS and second molar root was measured vertical to the POL at the terminal point of the molar distalization at depths of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm (width of the mandibular retromolar space, BW2,4,6,8,10/ width of the second molar distal root, TW2,4,6,8,10) from the CEJ. RESULTS: RL in different measurement planes was 2.72 ± 2.22 ~ 3.74 ± 2.26 for Group A, 5.27 ± 1.68 ~ 9.10 ± 2.04 for Group B, 1.94 ± 2.34 ~ 5.71 ± 4.37 for Group C, 1.83 ± 2.95 ~ 5.05 ± 4.24 for Group D, and 5.93 ± 3.97 ~ 10.52 ± 2.16 for Group E. The BW measurement results for A ~ E group were 9.71 ± 1.41 ~ 10.51 ± 1.81, 9.83 ± 1.39 ~ 12.55 ± 2.11, 9.96 ± 1.21 ~ 12.17 ± 1.62, 9.82 ± 1.47 ~ 12.28 ± 2.77, and 10.02 ± 1.20 ~ 12.75 ± 0.82, respectively. There was no significant difference between men and women in any measurements (P > 0.05). Patients with normal third molars erupted and those vertically impacted possessed larger RMS lengths than those in which the third molars were missing, horizontally impacted or mesially impacted (P < 0.05). In each measurement plane, TW was significantly smaller than BW (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sex had no effect on the length or width of the mandibular RMS. Different statuses of third molars can also differentially affect the mandibular RMS. The mandibular RMS width is not a limit for mandibular molar distalization. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When considering the distalization of mandibular molars, more attention should be directed to the lingual cortex of the mandible, and CBCT scans are recommended for patients who require significant mandibular molar distalization. The mandible buccal shelf and retromolar area maybe a safe zone to insert the miniscrew for molar distalization.

Analysis of regional vegetable circulation efficiency and its spatial effect considering carbon emission.

In order to explore the evolution process of regional vegetable circulation efficiency and its influencing factors, this paper uses Super-SBM model considering unexpected output and GML index to calculate the vegetable circulation efficiency of 13 provinces (cities) in Central China and its surrounding areas from 2015 to 2019, then conducts spatial autocorrelation analysis on the vegetable circulation efficiency in this region through Moran index. Finally, SPDM model is constructed to explore the spatial effect of the influencing factors on the vegetable circulation efficiency in this region. The results show that (1) the vegetable circulation efficiency of most provinces (cities) in this region is low. (2) The Global Moran's I of the vegetable circulation efficiency in this region is positive, that is, the vegetable circulation efficiency in this region shows a certain degree of spatial agglomeration effect. (3) The level of scientific and technological innovation and the degree of government support have significant positive direct and indirect effects on the efficiency of vegetable circulation in the region, the quality of workers has significant positive indirect effects, and the level of economic development and industrial structure have significant negative indirect effects.