Prevalência de atividade sexual desprotegida na população brasileira e fatores associados: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019 / Prevalencia de actividad sexual sin protección en la población brasileña y factores asociados: Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2019 / Prevalence of unprotected sexual activity in the Brazilian population and associated factors: National Health Survey, 2019

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados à atividade sexual desprotegida na população brasileira. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 61.523 adultos, na idade de 18 anos ou mais, participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2019. Foram estimadas as prevalências de atividade sexual desprotegida no último ano. A associação das variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas com o desfecho foi analisada pela regressão de Poisson, com estimação das razões de prevalência (RPs) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: A prevalência de atividade sexual desprotegida foi de 76,9% (IC95% 76,3;77,6), maior em todas as macrorregiões nacionais quando comparadas à região Norte, em moradores da zona rural (RP = 1,04; IC95% 1,03;1,06), sexo feminino (RP = 1,06; IC95% 1,05;1,08), idade de 60 anos ou mais (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,27;1,38), casados (RP = 1,25; IC95% 1,23;1,27) e menos escolarizados (RP = 1,05; IC95% 1,03;1,06). Conclusão: Estratégias direcionadas aos grupos com maior prevalência de atividade sexual desprotegida são necessárias.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la actividad sexual sin protección en la población brasileña. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 61.523 adultos mayores de 18 años participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2019. Se estimó la prevalencia de actividad sexual sin protección en el último año. La asociación de variables socioeconómicas y demográficas con el desenlace se analizó mediante regresión de Poisson, con estimación de razones de prevalencia (RP) e IC95%. Resultados: La prevalencia de actividad sexual sin protección fue del 76,9% (IC95% 76,3;77,6), siendo mayor en todas las regiones en comparación con el Norte, residentes rurales (RP = 1,04; IC95% 1,03;1,06), sexo femenino (RP = 1,06; IC95% 1,05;1,08), mayores de 60 años (RP = 1,33; IC95% 1,27;1,38), casados (RP = 1,25; IC95% 1,23;1,27) y menos educados (RP = 1,05; IC95% 1,03;1,06). Conclusión: Se necesitan estrategias dirigidas a los grupos con mayor prevalencia de actividad sexual sin protección.

Objective: To estimate prevalence of unprotected sexual activity and associated factors in the Brazilian population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 61,523 adults aged 18 years or older who took part in the 2019 National Health Survey. We estimated prevalence of unprotected sexual activity in the last year. We analyzed association of socioeconomic and demographic variables with the outcome using Poisson regression, estimating prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Prevalence of unprotected sexual activity was 76.9% (95%CI 76.3;77.6), being higher in all the country's regions in comparison to the Northern region, as well as being higher among people living in rural areas (PR = 1.04; 95%CI 1.03;1.06), females (PR = 1.06; 95%CI 1.05;1.08), participants aged 60 years or older (PR = 1.33; 95%CI 1.27;1.38), married individuals (PR = 1.25; 95%CI 1.23;1.27) and those with less education (PR = 1.05; 95%CI 1.03;1.06). Conclusion: Strategies aimed at groups with higher prevalence of unprotected sexual activity are necessary.

Correlation of overweight condition and obesity with mortality by COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight condition and obesity with mortality rates due to COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals. Materials and methods: This is an ecological study, whose units of analysis were the 26 state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. Prevalence was estimated by the results of the Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico 2019 (VIGITEL). The general mortality rates due to COVID-19 were collected on the official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) and stratified by the same Brazilian capitals evaluated in the VIGITEL survey. The rates included the period between the 1st and 29th Epidemiological Weeks of 2020. The Partial Correlation Test (r) was used, controlled for confounding factors, to evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the overall mortality rates due to COVID-19. Results: The mean mortality rate for COVID-19 in the period was 65.1 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Regarding the prevalence of obesity and overweight, 20.2% and 54.7% were the mean values observed in the state capitals, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was positively correlated with the overall mortality rate due to COVID-19, with mean positive correlation (r=0.380) and statistically significant correlation (p=0.034). Conclusion: This study pointed out that, at the aggregate level, there is a concomitant and correlated increase in mortality rates due to COVID-19 and prevalence of obesity in Brazilian capitals. The data found may contribute to actions to cope with the pandemic aimed at this population.

Correlation of overweight condition and obesity with mortality by COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight condition and obesity with mortality rates due to COVID-19 in Brazil's state capitals. METHODS: This is an ecological study, whose units of analysis were the 26 state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. Prevalence was estimated by the results of the Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico 2019 (VIGITEL). The general mortality rates due to COVID-19 were collected on the official website of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MH) and stratified by the same Brazilian capitals evaluated in the VIGITEL survey. The rates included the period between the 1st and 29th Epidemiological Weeks of 2020. The Partial Correlation Test (r) was used, controlled for confounding factors, to evaluate the correlation between the prevalence of overweight/obesity and the overall mortality rates due to COVID-19. RESULTS: The mean mortality rate for COVID-19 in the period was 65.1 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Regarding the prevalence of obesity and overweight, 20.2% and 54.7% were the mean values observed in the state capitals, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was positively correlated with the overall mortality rate due to COVID-19, with mean positive correlation (r=0.380) and statistically significant correlation (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: This study pointed out that, at the aggregate level, there is a concomitant and correlated increase in mortality rates due to COVID-19 and prevalence of obesity in Brazilian capitals. The data found may contribute to actions to cope with the pandemic aimed at this population.

Factors associated with the use of waterpipe and other tobacco products among students, Brazil, 2015. / Fatores associados ao uso de narguilé e outros produtos do tabaco entre escolares, Brasil, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency and factors associated with the use of waterpipe and other tobacco products among Brazilian students. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey. The sample consisted of 9th-grade students from elementary school. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the use of tobacco products in 2012 and 2015. To explore the relationship between the use of other tobacco products and factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, family, mental health, and life habits, we calculated the adjusted odds ratio. RESULTS: The use of other tobacco products increased from 4.8% (95%CI 4.6 - 5.0) in 2012 to 6.1% (95%CI 5.7 - 6.4) in 2015, with a higher proportion among boys. Waterpipe was the most commonly used product in 2015 (71.6%; 95%CI 68.8 - 74.2), especially among girls. Factors positively associated with the use of other tobacco products were: attending private school, living with father/mother, working, not having friends, suffering domestic violence, skipping classes, consuming cigarettes and alcohol, experimenting drug, having had sex, having smoker parents or guardians, and seeing people smoking. The protective factors were: female gender, increasing age, multiracial or indigenous people, having meals with a guardian, family supervision, and practicing physical activity. CONCLUSION: The use of other tobacco products was high and has been increasing in recent years, particularly waterpipe. It is important to raise awareness of the risks and monitor the use of these products, as well as improve public policies of tobacco control in the country.

OBJETIVO: Identificar a frequência e os fatores associados ao uso de narguilé e outros produtos do tabaco entre os escolares brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar. A amostra foi composta por alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Foi realizada análise descritiva do uso de produtos do tabaco em 2012 e 2015. Para explorar a relação de fatores como características sociodemográficas, familiares, saúde mental e hábitos de vida com o uso de outros produtos do tabaco, foram calculados odds ratio ajustados. RESULTADOS: O uso de outros produtos do tabaco aumentou de 4,8% (IC95% 4,6 - 5,0), em 2012, para 6,1% (IC95% 5,7 - 6,4), em 2015, com maior proporção em meninos. O narguilé foi o produto mais usado em 2015 (71,6%; IC95% 68,8 - 74,2), sendo mais frequente em meninas. Foram positivamente associados ao uso de outros produtos do tabaco: escola privada, morar com pai/mãe, trabalhar, não ter amigos, sofrer violência familiar, faltar às aulas, fazer uso de cigarros e álcool, ter experimentado drogas, já ter tido relação sexual, ter pais ou responsáveis fumantes e presenciar pessoas fumando. Os fatores de proteção foram: sexo feminino, incremento da idade, cor da pele parda ou indígena, fazer refeições com responsável, ter supervisão familiar e praticar atividade física. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o uso de outros produtos do tabaco foi elevado, com aumento nos últimos anos, destacando-se o narguilé. Torna-se importante a conscientização dos riscos e a vigilância do uso desses produtos, bem como o avanço das políticas públicas de controle do tabagismo no país.

Fatores associados ao uso de narguilé e outros produtos do tabaco entre escolares, Brasil, 2015 / Factors associated with the use of waterpipe and other tobacco products among students, Brazil, 2015

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar a frequência e os fatores associados ao uso de narguilé e outros produtos do tabaco entre os escolares brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar. A amostra foi composta por alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Foi realizada análise descritiva do uso de produtos do tabaco em 2012 e 2015. Para explorar a relação de fatores como características sociodemográficas, familiares, saúde mental e hábitos de vida com o uso de outros produtos do tabaco, foram calculados odds ratio ajustados. Resultados: O uso de outros produtos do tabaco aumentou de 4,8% (IC95% 4,6 - 5,0), em 2012, para 6,1% (IC95% 5,7 - 6,4), em 2015, com maior proporção em meninos. O narguilé foi o produto mais usado em 2015 (71,6%; IC95% 68,8 - 74,2), sendo mais frequente em meninas. Foram positivamente associados ao uso de outros produtos do tabaco: escola privada, morar com pai/mãe, trabalhar, não ter amigos, sofrer violência familiar, faltar às aulas, fazer uso de cigarros e álcool, ter experimentado drogas, já ter tido relação sexual, ter pais ou responsáveis fumantes e presenciar pessoas fumando. Os fatores de proteção foram: sexo feminino, incremento da idade, cor da pele parda ou indígena, fazer refeições com responsável, ter supervisão familiar e praticar atividade física. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o uso de outros produtos do tabaco foi elevado, com aumento nos últimos anos, destacando-se o narguilé. Torna-se importante a conscientização dos riscos e a vigilância do uso desses produtos, bem como o avanço das políticas públicas de controle do tabagismo no país.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To identify the frequency and factors associated with the use of waterpipe and other tobacco products among Brazilian students. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on data from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey. The sample consisted of 9th-grade students from elementary school. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the use of tobacco products in 2012 and 2015. To explore the relationship between the use of other tobacco products and factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, family, mental health, and life habits, we calculated the adjusted odds ratio. Results: The use of other tobacco products increased from 4.8% (95%CI 4.6 - 5.0) in 2012 to 6.1% (95%CI 5.7 - 6.4) in 2015, with a higher proportion among boys. Waterpipe was the most commonly used product in 2015 (71.6%; 95%CI 68.8 - 74.2), especially among girls. Factors positively associated with the use of other tobacco products were: attending private school, living with father/mother, working, not having friends, suffering domestic violence, skipping classes, consuming cigarettes and alcohol, experimenting drug, having had sex, having smoker parents or guardians, and seeing people smoking. The protective factors were: female gender, increasing age, multiracial or indigenous people, having meals with a guardian, family supervision, and practicing physical activity. Conclusion: The use of other tobacco products was high and has been increasing in recent years, particularly waterpipe. It is important to raise awareness of the risks and monitor the use of these products, as well as improve public policies of tobacco control in the country.