The global fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal country score for 195 countries and territories.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fatty liver disease is highly prevalent, resulting in overarching wellbeing and economic costs. Addressing it requires comprehensive and coordinated multisectoral action. We developed a fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) country score to provide insights into country-level preparedness to address fatty liver disease through a whole-of-society lens. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We developed 2 fatty liver disease-SDG score sets. The first included 6 indicators (child wasting, child overweight, noncommunicable disease mortality, a universal health coverage service coverage index, health worker density, and education attainment), covering 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. The second included the aforementioned indicators plus an urban green space indicator, covering 60 countries and territories for which 2017 data were available. To develop the fatty liver disease-SDG score, indicators were categorized as "positive" or "negative" and scaled from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better preparedness levels. Fatty liver disease-SDG scores varied between countries and territories (n = 195), from 14.6 (95% uncertainty interval: 8.9 to 19.4) in Niger to 93.5 (91.6 to 95.3) in Japan; 18 countries and territories scored > 85. Regionally, the high-income super-region had the highest score at 88.8 (87.3 to 90.1) in 2017, whereas south Asia had the lowest score at 44.1 (42.4 to 45.8). Between 1990 and 2017, the fatty liver disease-SDG score increased in all super-regions, with the greatest increase in south Asia, but decreased in 8 countries and territories. CONCLUSIONS: The fatty liver disease-SDG score provides a strategic advocacy tool at the national and global levels for the liver health field and noncommunicable disease advocates, highlighting the multisectoral collaborations needed to address fatty liver disease, and noncommunicable diseases overall.

Burden of disease due to liver cirrhosis in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Mexico, it is one of the six leading causes of death. OBJECTIVE: To analyze epidemiological data derived from the Global Burden of Disease study and their relationship with risk factors associated with the development of chronic liver diseases in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis of data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and the National Institute of Geography and Statistics was carried out. RESULTS: Liver cirrhosis has a high prevalence in Mexico, with significant burden of disease translating into lost years of healthy life, premature death and disability. Mortality due to cirrhosis ranked sixth (3.6%) in 2021 and was the eighth cause of years of healthy life lost (2.8%). From 1990 to 2021, the mortality rate increased from 26.7 to 34.2 per 100,000 population. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of disease due to liver cirrhosis continues to be caused by alcohol consumption and hepatitis C; cirrhosis caused by steatotic liver disease has increased in terms of prevalence over the past decade. There are epidemiological changes in the frequency and burden of chronic liver disease that show territorial variations in Mexico.

ANTECEDENTES: La cirrosis hepática es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. En México, constituye una las primeras seis causas de muerte. OBJETIVO: Analizar los datos epidemiológicos derivados del estudio de Global Burden of Disease y su relación con los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de hepatopatías crónicas en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó el análisis de datos provenientes del Instituto para la Medición y Evaluación de la Salud y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. RESULTADOS: La cirrosis hepática tiene una prevalencia alta en México, con una carga de enfermedad importante traducida en años perdidos de vida saludable, por muerte prematura y por discapacidad. La mortalidad por cirrosis ocupó el sexto lugar (3.6 %) en 2021 y fue la octava causa de años de vida saludable perdidos (2.8 %). De 1990 a 2021, la tasa de mortalidad se incrementó de 26.7 a 34.2 por 100 000 habitantes. CONCLUSIONES: La carga de enfermedad por cirrosis hepática se continúa derivando del consumo de alcohol y de la hepatitis C; la prevalencia de la cirrosis causada por enfermedad hepática esteatósica se ha incrementado en la última década. Existen cambios epidemiológicos en la frecuencia y carga de la hepatopatía crónica que muestra variaciones territoriales en México.

Diet Quality and Food Prices Modify Associations between Genetic Susceptibility to Obesity and Adiposity Outcomes.

The role of the retail food environment in obesity risk is unclear, which may be due in part to the lack of consideration of individual differences in the responsivity to food cues. This cross-sectional investigation geo-temporally linked the CARTaGENE biobank (including genetic, dietary, lifestyle, and anthropometric data) with in-store retail food environment data to examine interactions between a polygenic risk score (PRS) for obesity and (1) diet quality (n = 6807) and (2) in-store retail food measures (n = 3718). The outcomes included adiposity-related measures and diet quality assessed using the 2010 Canadian-adapted Healthy Eating Index. A vegetable:soft drink ratio was constructed for each retail measure to assess the relative healthfulness of exposures. Generalized linear models adjusted for individual and neighborhood socio-demographic factors were used to evaluate main and interactive effects. Diet quality significantly modified the association between polygenic risk of obesity and body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percent. A significant interaction was also observed between PRS and frequency of price discount of vegetables in relation to soft drinks on waist circumference. These results replicate previous reports of diet moderating polygenic risk of obesity and suggest that prices of low vs. high-energy density foods are an intervention target to address population obesity rates.