Management of calcium oxalate stones.

This article discusses the incidence and prevalence of calcium oxalate renal stones. Etiology and risk factors for all renal stone formation are reviewed. The evaluation, diagnostic procedures, and management for new and recurrent stone formation are detailed. Management includes long-term pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for successful prevention or reduction in the frequency of recurrent stones. Specific patient education factors, patient and family psychological aspects, and referral resources are discussed.