RESUMO
The rapid and exponential growth of genome editing has posed many challenges for bioethics. This article briefly explains the nature of the technique and the particularly rapid development of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) technology. The international and, specifically, European-level systems for assessing the ethical issues consequent on these developments are outlined and discussed. The challenges posed by cases in China are summarized to raise concerns about how a more shared, universally consistent appraisal of bioethical issues can be promoted.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edição de Genes/ética , Projetos de Pesquisa , HumanosRESUMO
Acute pain is often accompanied by physiological changes, such as increased heart rate, unlike chronic pain, which in sharp contrast is often unaccompanied by any physiological changes other than the patients' self report of pain. Coupled with the lack of physiological changes, chronic pain will outlive the usual healing period if an injury has been sustained thereby leading to the unseen nature of the chronic pain phenomenon. This study (n?=?8) adopted a multi-method approach - a low-structured interview coupled with patients' diaries - and was analysed hermeneutically. 'Unseen pain' was identified as a category with subsequent themes of 'isolation', 'needing to prove the existence of chronic pain', 'in their head' and 'depression'. The unseen nature of the chronic pain phenomenon caused further distress to patients as they could feel disbelieved by society as well as by healthcare professionals. This has a profound effect on patients who then channel valuable psychological resources into appearing credible to society and healthcare professionals in particular. The lack of clear explanations and a definitive diagnosis or acceptable label also adds to the invisible nature of the chronic pain phenomenon and as healthcare professionals we need to confirm the validity of the expressed pain narrative through means that do not enforce illness behaviour, but empower the patient to accept their chronic pain and live with it rather than be ruled by it.
Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Dor/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Doença Crônica , Depressão/etiologia , Feminino , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Narração , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Dor/diagnóstico , Dor/etiologia , Dor/prevenção & controle , Clínicas de Dor , Papel Profissional/psicologia , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Autocuidado/métodos , Autocuidado/psicologia , Isolamento Social , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , País de GalesRESUMO
John Alcock and Ron Iphofen examine a method to assist with interview transcription using free, open source computer software and digital recordings, and consider some underlying practical, ethical and philosophical issues.
Assuntos
Coleta de Dados/métodos , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem/métodos , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Processamento de Texto/métodos , Segurança Computacional/ética , Computadores de Mão , Confidencialidade/ética , Análise Custo-Benefício , Coleta de Dados/ética , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Humanos , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem/ética , Filosofia em Enfermagem , Projetos de Pesquisa , Gravação em Fita , Interface Usuário-Computador , Gravação de Videodisco , Processamento de Texto/éticaRESUMO
This article explores the differing attitudes of patients toward chronic pain. Because pain is a subjective experience, individuals react to living with chronic pain in varying ways. Some patients successfully manage their chronic pain, whereas others continue to seek a pain cure. A convenience sample (n = 8) was generated from a district general hospital's nurse-led pain clinic. The sample was subdivided by an expert panel rating procedure into two groups: those accepting pain management and those seeking a pain cure. The study used a multimethod approach comprising extended, highly focused interviews coupled with patients' diaries and drawing on a phenomenologic theoretical framework. Initial hermeneutic data analysis provided emerging themes: "rules for living," "pain = life," and "acceptance" for the pain management group, and "pillar to post," "self-fulfilling prophecy," and "mood" for those seeking a cure. Thematic content common to both groups were "family" and "coping strategies." These themes illustrate some differences and similarities between those who manage pain compared with those who seek a pain cure. Phenomenologically based research findings can rarely be generalized, but they enlighten and highlight the need for further research to generate detailed understanding of why some patients with chronic pain can accept pain management and others relentlessly seek a cure that is frequently not possible.