Transcultural adaptation, content validity and reliability of the instrument 'Picture My Participation' for children and youth with and without intellectual disabilities in mainland China.

BACKGROUND: 'Picture My Participation' (PMP) is a validated questionnaire for assessing participation in everyday activities by children with disabilities in low and middle income countries, but it is not yet available in simplified Chinese. AIM: To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the simplified Chinese version of 'Picture My Participation' (PMP-C; Simplified) and explore its validity and reliability. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling was conducted using PMP-C (Simplified) with structured interviews supported by pictures for children and youth with and without intellectual disabilities (ID) in mainland China. The validity of the PMP-C (Simplified) was demonstrated by face validity and content validity while the reliability was evaluated for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. RESULTS: Five items were slightly modified and eight pictures were revised to improve their fit with the culture of mainland China. All the items in PMP-C (Simplified) had excellent content validity, and face validity. The internal consistency, reliability coefficient and test-retest reliability of the subscale attendance for children and youth with and without ID were excellent. CONCLUSION: Preliminary evidence of the content validity of PMP-C (Simplified) items and reliability of the subscale attendance for use with children and youth in mainland China has been gathered. However, psychometric properties in terms of construct validity for the whole instrument and reliability for the engagement subscale need further exploration.

Longitudinal Trends of Participation in Relation to Mental Health in Children with and without Physical Difficulties.

Children with physical disabilities (PD) are known to have participation restrictions when in inclusive settings alongside typically developing (TD) children. The restrictions in participation over time may affect their mental health status. This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship between independence in activities (capability) and frequency of attendance in activities, in relation to perceived mental health status in children with and without PD. The participants were a convenience sample of parents of 77 school children with PD and 94 TD children who completed four assessments with a one-year interval between each assessment. Parents of these children were interviewed with the Functioning Scale of the Disability Evaluation System-Child version (FUNDES-Child). Three dimensions of mental health problems-loneliness, acting upset, and acting nervous-were rated by parents with the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). Linear trend was tested by repeated-measure ANOVA. The results revealed different longitudinal patterns of independence and frequency of attendance over time for children with PD and TD. Frequency of attending activities may be more important than independence in performing activities for experiencing fewer mental health problems. The findings highlight the need for supporting children's actual attendance in daily activities which may benefit their later mental health.

Cultural adaptation and construct validation of the Arabic version of children's assessment of participation and enjoyment and preferences for activities of children measures.

PURPOSE: To establish the construct validity and internal consistency of the Arabic Children Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC) and to determine the effects of age, gender, and disability status on diversity and intensity of participation. METHODS: The World Health Organization guidelines for translation of measures were applied to translate the CAPE and PAC, 75 children with cerebral palsy (mean age = 10.7 ± 2.9 years) and 75 children with typical development (mean age = 10.8 ± 2.7 years) completed the translated measures. The construct validity of the translated measures was demonstrated by principle component analyses in addition to the known-groups method by examining the effects of age, gender, and presence of disability on diversity and intensity scores. The internal consistencies of the extracted components were examined by Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: Four components emerged: (1) physical activities; (2) home-based activities; (3) self-improvement activities; and (4) social activities. Cronbach's alpha varied from 0.61 (social activities) to 0.83 (physical activities). Age, gender, and disability were significant determinants of types of activities. CONCLUSIONS: The Arabic CAPE and PAC are culturally valid in measuring participation of children with or without disabilities in Jordan. The child's age, gender, and disability should be considered to provide participation-based plans of care that are considerate for children and their families. Implications for rehabilitation The Arabic CAPE and PAC are culturally valid measures for participation of children with or without disabilities in Jordan. The Arabic CAPE and PAC measures can guide participation-based plans of care that are meaningful and considerate for children and their families. Child age and gender should be considered to provide appropriate activities and to facilitate participation of children with and without disabilities. Families and service providers in Jordon are encouraged to provide children opportunities to participate in desired physical, self-improvement, and social activities.

Validation of the Chinese version of the Assessment of Preschool Children's Participation for children with physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: To examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Assessment of Preschool Children's Participation (APCP-C). METHOD: The APCP, a measure of participation in play, skill development, active physical, and social activities of preschool children, was translated into Traditional Chinese. Data on 94 Taiwanese children with physical disabilities aged 2 to 6 years were analyzed. RESULTS: Internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.85 and 0.86) and test-retest reliability (ICCs = 0.79) were excellent for total scores, and varied from excellent to poor for activity type scores. Items were generally relevant to the Taiwanese culture. Correlations between scores for the APCP-C and the Chinese version of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Mobility and Social Functioning scales in general supported convergent validity (r = 0.33-0.68) but less support for discriminant validity. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence of reliability, cross-cultural validity, and limited support for construct validity of the APCP-C in measuring participation of children with physical disabilities.

Clinimetric properties of the Assessment of Preschool Children's Participation in children with cerebral palsy.

This study examines the criterion-related validity and clinimetric properties of the Assessment of Preschool Children's Participation (APCP) for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Eighty-two children with CP (age range, two to five years and 11 months) and their caregivers participated in this study. The APCP consists of diversity and intensity scores in the areas of play (PA), skill development (SD), active physical recreation (AP), social activities (SA), and total areas. Tests were administered at baseline and at six-month follow-up. Concurrent and predictive validities were identified by assessing the strength of correlations between APCP scores and criterion-related measures--the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). Responsiveness was measured by standardized response mean (SRM). Minimal detectable change (MDC) at the 95% confidence level (MDC95) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were analyzed. The APCP with GMFM-66 and WeeFIM had fair to excellent concurrent validity (r=0.39-0.85) and predictive validity (r=0.46-0.82). The SRM values of the APCP diversity and intensity scales in all areas were 0.8-1.3. The MDC95 and MCID ranges for all areas (i.e., PA, SD, AP, SA, and total areas) were 0.1-0.7 and 0.4-1.2 points for intensity scores, respectively, and 4-17% and 10-19% for diversity scores, respectively. Therefore, the APCP scale was markedly responsive to change. Clinicians and researchers can use these clinimetric APCP data to determine whether a change score represents a "true" or clinically meaningful effect at post-treatment and follow-up.

Determinants of social participation--with friends and others who are not family members--for youths with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: Social participation provides youths with opportunities to develop their self-concept, friendships, and meaning in life. Youths with cerebral palsy (CP) have been reported to participate more in home-based leisure activities and to have fewer social experiences with friends and others than youths without disabilities. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify youth, family, and service determinants of the participation of youths with CP in leisure activities with friends and others who are not family members. DESIGN: The study design was a cross-sectional analysis. METHODS: The participants were 209 youths who were 13 to 21 years old (52% male), had CP, and were classified in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I to V as well as their parents. The participants were recruited from 7 children's hospitals in 6 different states. Youths completed the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment in structured interviews. Parents completed the Coping Inventory, Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, Family Environment Scale, Measure of Processes of Care, and demographic and service questionnaires. Researchers determined GMFCS levels. A sequential multiple regression analysis was used to determine the youth, family, and service variables that predicted participation with friends and with others who were not family members. RESULTS: Sports and physical function, communication or speech problems, educational program, and the extent to which the desired community recreational activities were obtained explained 45.8% of the variance in the number of activities engaged in with friends. A higher level of parental education explained 6.3% of the variance in the number of activities engaged in with others who were not family members. Limitations The youths' activity preferences and intensity of participation were not examined. CONCLUSIONS: /b> Youth and service characteristics were determinants of participation with friends but not others who were not family members. The findings have implications for the role of physical therapists in promoting sports and physical and communication abilities and enhancing community opportunities to optimize the social participation of youths with CP.