Tracking the psychological and socio-economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: A methodological report from Wave 5 of the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study was established in March 2020 to monitor the psychological and socio-economic impact of the pandemic in the UK and other countries. This paper describes the protocol for Wave 5 (March-April 2021). METHODS: The survey assessed: COVID-19 related experiences; experiences of common mental health disorders; psychological characteristics; and social and political attitudes. Adults who participated in any previous wave (N = 4949) were re-invited to participate. Weights were calculated using a survey raking algorithm to ensure the longitudinal panel was nationally representative in terms of gender, age, and household income, amongst other factors. RESULTS: Overall, 2520 adults participated. A total of 2377 adults who participated in the previous survey wave (November-December 2020) were re-interviewed at Wave 5 (61.5% retention rate). Attrition between these two waves was predicted by younger age, lower household income, children living in the household, and treatment for mental health difficulties. Of the adults recruited into the C19PRC study at baseline, 57.4% (N = 1162) participated in Wave 5. The raking procedure re-balanced the longitudinal panel to within 1.5% of population estimates for selected socio-demographic characteristics. CONCLUSION: This paper outlines the growing strength of the publicly available C19PRC Study data for COVID-19-related interdisciplinary research.

Validation of the International Trauma Interview (ITI) for the Clinical Assessment of ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD) in a Lithuanian Sample.

Background: The 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) includes a new diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). The International Trauma Interview (ITI) is a novel clinician-administered diagnostic interview for the assessment of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ITI in a Lithuanian sample in relation to interrater agreement, latent structure, internal reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. Method: In total, 103 adults with a history of various traumatic experiences participated in the study. The sample was predominantly female (83.5%), with a mean age of 32.64 years (SD = 9.36). For the assessment of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD, the ITI and the self-report International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) were used. Mental health indicators, such as depression, anxiety, and dissociation, were measured using self-report questionnaires. The latent structure of the ITI was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In order to test the convergent and discriminant validity of the ITI we conducted a structural equation model (SEM). Results: Overall, based on the ITI, 18.4% of participants fulfilled diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 21.4% for CPTSD. A second-order two-factor CFA model of the ITI PTSD and disturbances in self-organization (DSO) symptoms demonstrated a good fit. The associations with various mental health indicators supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the ITI. The clinician-administered ITI and self-report ITQ had poor to moderate diagnostic agreement across different symptom clusters. Conclusion: The ITI is a reliable and valid tool for assessing and diagnosing ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD.

Antecedentes: La 11ª revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11) incluye un nuevo diagnóstico de trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo (TEPT-C). La Entrevista Internacional de Trauma (ITI en su sigla en inglés) es una nueva entrevista diagnóstica administrada por un clínico para la evaluación del TEPT y el TEPT-C de la CIE-11.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la ITI en una muestra lituana en relación con el acuerdo entre evaluadores, la estructura latente, la confiabilidad interna, así como la validez convergente y discriminante.Método: En total, participaron en el estudio 103 adultos con antecedentes de diversas experiencias traumáticas. La muestra fue predominantemente femenina (83.5%), con una edad media de 32.64 años (DE = 9.36). Para la evaluación del TEPT y TEPT-C de la CIE-11, se utilizaron la ITI y el Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (ITQ en su sigla en inglés) de autoinforme. Los indicadores de salud mental, como la depresión, la ansiedad y la disociación, se midieron mediante cuestionarios de autoinforme. La estructura latente de la ITI se evaluó mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Para probar la validez convergente y discriminante de la ITI, llevamos a cabo un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM).Resultados: En general, según la ITI, el 18.4% de los participantes cumplió con los criterios diagnósticos de TEPT y el 21.4% de TEPT-C. El modelo AFC de dos factores de segundo orden de la ITI de TEPT y los síntomas de trastornos en la autoorganización (DSO) demostraron un buen ajuste. Las asociaciones con varios indicadores de salud mental apoyaron la validez convergente y discriminante de la ITI. La ITI administrada por un clínico y el ITQ autoinformado tuvieron una concordancia de diagnóstico pobre a moderada en diferentes grupos de síntomas.Conclusión: La ITI es una herramienta fiable y válida para evaluar y diagnosticar TEPT y TEPT-C según la CIE-11.

PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Chronic and repeated trauma are well-established risk factors for complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in adult samples. Less is known about how trauma history and other factors contribute to the development of CPTSD in adolescence. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential contribution of trauma history and social factors to CPTSD in adolescents. Method: In a cross-sectional community study of 1299 adolescents aged 12-16 years, PTSD (n = 97) and CPTSD (n = 108) was assessed with the Child and Adolescent version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ-CA). Trauma exposure, family functioning, school problems, and social support as potential discriminating factors between the PTSD and CPTSD groups were investigated. Results: Cumulative trauma exposure did not discriminate between PTSD and CPTSD in this sample. CPTSD was associated with family problems (such as financial difficulties and conflicts in the home), school problems (bullying and learning difficulties), and lack of social support. Conclusions: Our study indicates that factors other than cumulative trauma are important for the development of CPTSD in adolescence. Interventions targeting adolescent's social environment both at home and at school may be beneficial.

Antecedentes: Los traumatismos crónicos y repetidos son factores de riesgo bien establecidos para el trastorno de estrés postraumático complejo (CPTSD) en muestras de adultos. Se sabe menos acerca de cómo la historia del trauma y otros factores contribuyen al desarrollo de TEPT-C en la adolescencia.Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la potencial contribución de la historia de trauma y los factores sociales al TEPT-C en adolescentes.Método: En un estudio comunitario transversal de 1299 adolescentes de 12 a 16 años, se evaluó el PTSD (n = 97) y CPTSD (n = 108) con la versión para Niños y Adolescentes del Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (ITQ-CA por sus siglas en ingles). Se investigaron la exposición al trauma, el funcionamiento familiar, los problemas escolares y el apoyo social como posibles factores de discriminación entre los grupos de TEPT y TEPT-C.Resultados: La exposición acumulada al trauma no discriminó entre TEPT y TEPT-C en esta muestra. El TEPT-C se asoció con problemas familiares (como dificultades financieras y conflictos en el hogar), problemas escolares (acoso escolar {bullying} y dificultades de aprendizaje) y apoyo social.Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio indica que otros factores además del trauma acumulativo son importantes para el desarrollo de TEPT-C en la adolescencia. Las intervenciones dirigidas al entorno social de los adolescentes tanto en el hogar como en la escuela pueden resultar beneficiosas.

A longitudinal assessment of depression and anxiety in the Republic of Ireland before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Few studies have examined changes in mental health before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. We examined changes in the prevalence of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) between February 2019 and March-April 2020; if there were changes in major depression and GAD during six weeks of nationwide lockdown; and we identified factors that predicted major depression and GAD across the six-week lockdown period. Nationally representative samples of Irish adults were gathered using identical methods in February 2019 (N = 1020) and March-April 2020 (N = 1041). The latter was reassessed six weeks later. Significantly more people screened positive for depression in February 2019 (29.8% 95% CI = 27.0, 32.6) than in March-April 2020 (22.8% 95% CI = 20.2, 25.3), and there was no change in GAD. There were no significant changes in depression and GAD during the lockdown. Major depression was predicted by younger age, non-city dwelling, lower resilience, higher loneliness, and higher somatic problems. GAD was predicted by a broader set of variables including several COVID-19 specific variables. These findings indicate that the prevalence of major depression and GAD did not increase as a result of, or during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland.

Pandemic buying: Testing a psychological model of over-purchasing and panic buying using data from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The over-purchasing and hoarding of necessities is a common response to crises, especially in developed economies where there is normally an expectation of plentiful supply. This behaviour was observed internationally during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the absence of actual scarcity, this behaviour can be described as 'panic buying' and can lead to temporary shortages. However, there have been few psychological studies of this phenomenon. Here we propose a psychological model of over-purchasing informed by animal foraging theory and make predictions about variables that predict over-purchasing by either exacerbating or mitigating the anticipation of future scarcity. These variables include additional scarcity cues (e.g. loss of income), distress (e.g. depression), psychological factors that draw attention to these cues (e.g. neuroticism) or to reassuring messages (eg. analytical reasoning) or which facilitate over-purchasing (e.g. income). We tested our model in parallel nationally representative internet surveys of the adult general population conducted in the United Kingdom (UK: N = 2025) and the Republic of Ireland (RoI: N = 1041) 52 and 31 days after the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 were detected in the UK and RoI, respectively. About three quarters of participants reported minimal over-purchasing. There was more over-purchasing in RoI vs UK and in urban vs rural areas. When over-purchasing occurred, in both countries it was observed across a wide range of product categories and was accounted for by a single latent factor. It was positively predicted by household income, the presence of children at home, psychological distress (depression, death anxiety), threat sensitivity (right wing authoritarianism) and mistrust of others (paranoia). Analytic reasoning ability had an inhibitory effect. Predictor variables accounted for 36% and 34% of the variance in over-purchasing in the UK and RoI respectively. With some caveats, the data supported our model and points to strategies to mitigate over-purchasing in future crises.

Monitoring the psychological, social, and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the population: Context, design and conduct of the longitudinal COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study.

OBJECTIVES: The C19PRC study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the adult population of the UK, Republic of Ireland, and Spain. This paper describes the conduct of the first two waves of the UK survey (the "parent" strand of the Consortium) during March-April 2020. METHODS: A longitudinal, internet panel survey was designed to assess: (1) COVID-19 related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors; (2) the occurrence of common mental health disorders as well as the role of (3) psychological factors and (4) social and political attitudes, in influencing the public's response to the pandemic. Quota sampling (age, sex, and household income) was used to recruit a nationally representative sample of adults. RESULTS: Two thousand and twenty five adults were recruited at baseline, and 1406 were followed-up one-month later (69.4% retention rate). The baseline sample was representative of the UK population in relation to economic activity, ethnicity, and household composition. Attrition was predicted by key socio-demographic characteristics, and an inverse probability weighting procedure was employed to ensure the follow-up sample was representative of the baseline sample. CONCLUSION: The C19PRC study data has strong generalizability to facilitate and stimulate interdisciplinary research on important public health questions relating to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sharing data to better understand one of the world's most significant shared experiences: data resource profile of the longitudinal COVID-19 psychological research consortium (C19PRC) study.

This paper serves to alert IJPDS readers to the availability of a major new longitudinal survey data resource, the COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study, which is being released for secondary use via the Open Science Framework. The C19PRC Study is a rich and detailed dataset that provides a convenient and valuable foundation from which to study the social, political, and health status of European adults during an unprecedented time of change as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic and Brexit. Here, we provide an overview of the C19PRC Study design, with the purpose of stimulating interest about the study among social scientists and maximising use of this resource.

Translation and validation of the Chinese ICD-11 International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for the Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD).

Background: Two stress-related disorders have been proposed for inclusion in the revised ICD-11: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a bespoke measure of PTSD and CPTSD and has been widely used in English-speaking countries. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to develop a Chinese version of the ITQ and assess its content, construct, and concurrent validity. Methods: Six mental health practitioners and experts rated the Chinese translated and back-translated items to assess content validity. A sample of 423 Chinese young adults completed the ITQ, the WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Among them, 31 participants also completed the English and Chinese versions of the ITQ administered in random order at retest. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested using data from participants who reported at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE; N = 314). Results: The Chinese ITQ received excellent ratings on relevance and appropriateness. Test-retest reliability and semantic equivalence across English and Chinese versions were acceptable. The correlated first-order six-factor model and a second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) both provided an acceptable model fit. The six ITQ symptoms clusters were all significantly correlated with anxiety, depression, and the number of ACEs. Conclusions: The Chinese ITQ generates scores with acceptable psychometric properties and provides evidence for including PTSD and CPTSD as separate diagnoses in ICD-11.

Antecedentes: Dos trastornos relacionados con estrés han sido propuestos para su inclusión en la CIE-11 revisada: Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y TEPT complejo (TEPTC). El Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (CIT) esta diseñado para medir TEPT y TEPTC, y ha sido utilizado ampliamente en los países de habla inglesa. Objetivo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue desarrollar una versión china del CIT y evaluar su validez concurrente, de contenido y constructo.Método: Seis profesionales de salud mental y expertos calificaron los items traducidos al chino y retraducidos para evaluar la validez de contenido. Una muestra de 423 adultos jóvenes chinos completó el CIT, el Cuestionario Internacional de Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia de la OMS y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria. Entre ellos, 31 participantes también completaron las versiones en inglés y chino del CIT administrado en orden aleatorio al realizar la prueba nuevamente. Se probaron cuatro modelos confirmatorios alternativos de análisis factorial utilizando datos de los participantes que informaron al menos una experiencia adversa en la infancia (EAI; N = 314).Resultados: El CIT chino recibió calificaciones excelentes en relevancia y pertinencia. La fiabilidad test-retest y la equivalencia semántica entre las versiones en inglés y chino fue aceptable. El modelo de seis factores de primer orden correlacionado y uno de dos factores de segundo orden (TEPT y DSO) proporcionaron un ajuste aceptable. Los seis grupos de síntomas de CIT se correlacionaron significativamente con ansiedad, depresión y número de EAI.Conclusiones: El CIT chino genera cifras con propiedades psicométricas aceptables y proporciona evidencia para incluir el TEPT y el TEPTC como diagnósticos separados en la CIE-11.

Holistic needs assessment in brain cancer patients: A systematic review of available tools.

This systematic review describes tools which could be considered for use for holistic needs assessment (HNA) in brain cancer. MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PsycINFO were searched. Studies were included which met the following criteria; primary research published in English which reported the development, psychometric testing or clinical utility testing of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for the assessment of adult brain cancer patients' needs, problems or concerns or generic cancer needs assessment tools developed specifically on a brain cancer or brain tumour population. Nine articles describing four tools were identified. The tools were first assessed using the COSMIN protocol for systematic reviews of measurement properties and then assessed for their quality and usefulness as a holistic needs assessment tool. None of the four tools had strong psychometric properties; however, the two symptom questionnaires had better psychometric properties but would need adapted to holistically assess the multiple domains of need. The two HNA tools had only minimal psychometric testing. The lack of a tool, which adequately meets all requirements for HNA, supports the need to further development of tools to optimise this intervention.

An initial psychometric assessment of an ICD-11 based measure of PTSD and complex PTSD (ICD-TQ): Evidence of construct validity.

Among the conditions following exposure to traumatic life events proposed by ICD-11 are Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). The primary aim of this study was to provide an assessment of the reliability and validity of a newly developed self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD: the ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ). Participants in this study were a sample of individuals who were referred for psychological therapy to a National Health Service (NHS) trauma centre in Scotland (N=193). Participants completed the ICD-TQ and measures of traumatic life events, DSM-5 PTSD, emotion dysregulation, self-esteem, and interpersonal difficulties. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported the factorial validity of the ICD-TQ with results in line with ICD-11 proposals. The ICD-TQ demonstrated satisfactory internal reliability, and correlation results indicated that the scale exhibited convergent and discriminant validity. Current results provide initial support for the psychometric properties of this initial version of the ICD-TQ. Future theoretical and empirical work will be required to generate a final version of the ICD-TQ that will match the diagnostic structure of PTSD and CPTSD when ICD-11 is published.

The experiences of family carers in the delivery of invasive clinical interventions for young people with complex intellectual disabilities: policy disconnect or policy opportunity?

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the experiences of family carers in the delivery of invasive clinical interventions within community settings. BACKGROUND: Many young people with intellectual disabilities present with complex health needs and require clinical interventions to sustain life. As the population lives into older age there is growing demand for the delivery of these interventions within the community setting. DESIGN: An interpretivist qualitative design. METHODS: Ten family carers of children with intellectual disabilities and complex care needs requiring invasive clinical interventions participated in semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: There are barriers identified regarding the delivery of invasive clinical interventions in the home setting by social care support workers. These include a reluctance to carry out invasive clinical interventions both for family carers and staff, anxiety, a lack of knowledge and training and difficulties in recruiting appropriate staff. CONCLUSIONS: There needs to be strategic policy developments focusing on this population who are cared for in the community and require invasive clinical interventions. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Registered Nurses have a key role in educating and preparing families and social care support workers to safely deliver invasive clinical interventions in community settings for both children and adults with intellectual disabilities.

The health role of local area coordinators in Scotland: a mixed methods study.

The study set out to explore whether local area coordinators (LACs) and their managers view the health role of LACs as an essential component of their work and identify the health-related activities undertaken by LACs in Scotland. A mixed methods cross-sectional phenomenological study involving local authority service managers (n = 25) and LACs (n = 40) was adopted. Quantitative data from LACs were obtained using online and postal questionnaires. Qualitative data from local authority service managers and LACs were collected using one-to-one interviews and focus groups. Thematic analysis was undertaken of the qualitative data. The results indicate that there is a need to develop further the wider public health role of LACs to incorporate health-related activities focused on broader community-based outcomes such as empowerment and community integration. By adopting a public health role, LACs will be able to contribute to the reduction of health inequalities in people with learning disabilities.