Desigualdades nas Taxas de Mortalidade por Malformações do Sistema Circulatório em Crianças Menores de 20 Anos de Idade entre Macrorregiões Brasileiras / Inequalities in Mortality Rates from Malformations of Circulatory System Between Brazilian Macroregions in Individuals Younger Than 20 Years

Resumo Fundamentos Os óbitos por malformações do aparelho circulatório (MAC) em 2015 corresponderam a 43% daqueles por malformações congênitas (MC) em menores de 20 anos de idade no mundo. Os óbitos por MAC apresentam maior impacto sobre a redução da mortalidade, pelo fato de serem evitáveis na maioria das vezes, com o correto diagnóstico e tratamento. Objetivo Conhecer a distribuição da mortalidade por MAC por sexo, grupos etários e macrorregiões do Brasil no período de 2000 a 2015, nos menores de 20 anos de idade. Métodos Estudo descritivo das taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil e sua mortalidade proporcional, por MAC, outras malformações congênitas (OutMC), doenças do aparelho circulatório (DAC), causas mal definidas (CMD) e causas externas (CE) no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2015 nos menores de 20 anos. As populações foram obtidas no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e os óbitos no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde/Ministério da Saúde. Resultados Ocorreram 1.367.355 óbitos por todas as causas nos menores de 20 anos de idade, sendo 61,7% do sexo masculino e 55,0% dos óbitos nos menores de 1 ano. Os óbitos por MC em quaisquer órgãos ou sistemas foram 144.057 e os por MAC corresponderam a 39% desses óbitos. Em ambos os sexos, a mortalidade anual por MAC foi de 5,3/100 mil habitantes e a mortalidade proporcional (MP) foi de 4,2%, por DAC 2,2%, por CMD 6,2% e por CE 24,9%. As MAC não especificadas apresentaram as maiores taxas de MP em todas as idades e sexos, notadamente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste (60%). Os óbitos por quaisquer MC ocorreram 5,7 vezes mais no primeiro ano de vida do que nas outras faixas etárias (MAC: 5,0; OutMC: 6,4). Conclusão No Brasil, de 2000 a 2015, nos menores de 20 anos de idade, a MAC foi a principal causa de óbito dentre todas as malformações, sendo duas vezes mais importante do que as DAC, principalmente nos menores de 1 ano de idade.A frequência de diagnósticos imprecisos de óbitos por MAC ainda é elevada em todas as idades, sexos, e principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, o que requer fortalecimento das estratégias de saúde pública e maior atenção ao recém-nascido com objetivo de diagnosticar e instituir tratamento precoce das cardiopatias congênitas com consequente redução na mortalidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1164-1173)

Abstract Background Deaths from malformations of the circulatory system (MCS) have a major impact on mortality reduction. given that most cases are avoidable with correct diagnosis and treatment. Objectives To describe the distribution of mortality from MCS by sex. age. and macroregion in Brazil. in individuals under the age of 20. between 2000 and 2015. Methods A descriptive study of mortality rates and proportional mortality (PM) from MCS. other congenital malformations (OCM). circulatory system disease (CSD). ill-defined causes (IDC). and external causes (EC) in Brazil. Results There were 1.367.355 deaths from all causes in individuals younger than 20. 55.0% under 1 year of age. A total of 144.057 deaths were caused by congenital malformations. 39% of them by MCS. In both sexes. the annual mortality from MCS was 5.3/100.000. PM from MCS was 4.2%. CSD 2.2%. IDC 6.2% and EC 24.9%. Unspecified MCS showed the highest PM rates in both sexes and age groups. especially in the north and northeast regions (60%). Deaths from malformations occurred 5.7 times more frequently during the first year of life than in other ages (MCS: 5.0; OCM: 6.4). Conclusions MCS was the leading cause of death among all malformations. being twice as important as CSD. mainly under 1 year of age. The frequency of misdiagnosis of MCS as cause of death was high in all ages and both sexes. especially in the north and northeast regions. These findings highlight the need for the development of public health strategies focused on correct diagnosis and early treatment of congenital cardiopathies. leading to a reduction in mortality. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1164-1173)

Inequalities in Mortality Rates from Malformations of Circulatory System Between Brazilian Macroregions in Individuals Younger Than 20 Years. / Desigualdades nas Taxas de Mortalidade por Malformações do Sistema Circulatório em Crianças Menores de 20 Anos de Idade entre Macrorregiões Brasileiras.

BACKGROUND: Deaths from malformations of the circulatory system (MCS) have a major impact on mortality reduction. given that most cases are avoidable with correct diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVES: To describe the distribution of mortality from MCS by sex. age. and macroregion in Brazil. in individuals under the age of 20. between 2000 and 2015. METHODS: A descriptive study of mortality rates and proportional mortality (PM) from MCS. other congenital malformations (OCM). circulatory system disease (CSD). ill-defined causes (IDC). and external causes (EC) in Brazil. RESULTS: There were 1.367.355 deaths from all causes in individuals younger than 20. 55.0% under 1 year of age. A total of 144.057 deaths were caused by congenital malformations. 39% of them by MCS. In both sexes. the annual mortality from MCS was 5.3/100.000. PM from MCS was 4.2%. CSD 2.2%. IDC 6.2% and EC 24.9%. Unspecified MCS showed the highest PM rates in both sexes and age groups. especially in the north and northeast regions (60%). Deaths from malformations occurred 5.7 times more frequently during the first year of life than in other ages (MCS: 5.0; OCM: 6.4). CONCLUSIONS: MCS was the leading cause of death among all malformations. being twice as important as CSD. mainly under 1 year of age. The frequency of misdiagnosis of MCS as cause of death was high in all ages and both sexes. especially in the north and northeast regions. These findings highlight the need for the development of public health strategies focused on correct diagnosis and early treatment of congenital cardiopathies. leading to a reduction in mortality. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1164-1173).

FUNDAMENTOS: Os óbitos por malformações do aparelho circulatório (MAC) em 2015 corresponderam a 43% daqueles por malformações congênitas (MC) em menores de 20 anos de idade no mundo. Os óbitos por MAC apresentam maior impacto sobre a redução da mortalidade, pelo fato de serem evitáveis na maioria das vezes, com o correto diagnóstico e tratamento. OBJETIVO: Conhecer a distribuição da mortalidade por MAC por sexo, grupos etários e macrorregiões do Brasil no período de 2000 a 2015, nos menores de 20 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo das taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil e sua mortalidade proporcional, por MAC, outras malformações congênitas (OutMC), doenças do aparelho circulatório (DAC), causas mal definidas (CMD) e causas externas (CE) no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2015 nos menores de 20 anos. As populações foram obtidas no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e os óbitos no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde/Ministério da Saúde. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 1.367.355 óbitos por todas as causas nos menores de 20 anos de idade, sendo 61,7% do sexo masculino e 55,0% dos óbitos nos menores de 1 ano. Os óbitos por MC em quaisquer órgãos ou sistemas foram 144.057 e os por MAC corresponderam a 39% desses óbitos. Em ambos os sexos, a mortalidade anual por MAC foi de 5,3/100 mil habitantes e a mortalidade proporcional (MP) foi de 4,2%, por DAC 2,2%, por CMD 6,2% e por CE 24,9%. As MAC não especificadas apresentaram as maiores taxas de MP em todas as idades e sexos, notadamente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste (60%). Os óbitos por quaisquer MC ocorreram 5,7 vezes mais no primeiro ano de vida do que nas outras faixas etárias (MAC: 5,0; OutMC: 6,4). CONCLUSÃO: No Brasil, de 2000 a 2015, nos menores de 20 anos de idade, a MAC foi a principal causa de óbito dentre todas as malformações, sendo duas vezes mais importante do que as DAC, principalmente nos menores de 1 ano de idade.A frequência de diagnósticos imprecisos de óbitos por MAC ainda é elevada em todas as idades, sexos, e principalmente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, o que requer fortalecimento das estratégias de saúde pública e maior atenção ao recém-nascido com objetivo de diagnosticar e instituir tratamento precoce das cardiopatias congênitas com consequente redução na mortalidade. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(6):1164-1173).

Socioeconomic factors and mortality due to cerebrovascular and hypertensive disease in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Socioeconomic factors may affect mortality due to cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), hypertensive diseases (HYPDs), and circulatory system diseases (CSDs). This study aimed to assess the association between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the extent of supplementary health coverage and mortality due to these diseases in the Brazilian Federative Units (FUs) between 2004 and 2013. METHODS: The Municipal HDI (MHDI) scores of each FU for 2000 and 2010 were retrieved from the Atlas Brasil website, and supplementary health coverage data for the period 2004-2013 were obtained from the national regulatory agency for private health insurance. Population and mortality data were obtained from the website of the Department of Information Technology of the Unified Health System (DATASUS). Mortality rates were weighted by ill-defined causes of death and standardized by age. RESULTS: The MHDI increased between 2000 and 2010 in all FUs, in half of which it was 0.7 or higher. Supplementary health coverage increased in the country during the study period and was inversely associated with mortality due to CSDs and CBVDs between 2004 and 2013. Mortality due to CBVDs and HYPD in 2013 showed an inverse linear association with the MHDI in 2000. CONCLUSION: Mortality due to CSDs, CBVDs, and HYPDs was influenced by socioeconomic factors. There was a significant inverse association between socioeconomic factors and mortality due to CSDs, CBVDs, and HYPDs. Plans to reduce mortality due to these diseases should include measures to foster economic development and reduce inequality.

Up to 15-Year Survival of Men and Women after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Paid by the Brazilian Public Healthcare System in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010. / Sobrevida em até 15 Anos de Homens e Mulheres após Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea Paga pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most frequently used invasive therapy for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Studies able to provide information about PCI's effectiveness should be conducted in a population of real-world patients. OBJECTIVES: To assess the survival rate of IHD patients treated with PCI in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). METHODS: Administrative (1999-2010) and death (1999-2014) databases of dwellers aged ≥ 20 years old in the state of RJ submitted to one single PCI paid by the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS) between 1999 and 2010 were linked. Patients were grouped as follows: 20-49 years old, 50-69 years old and ≥ 70 years old, and PCI in primary PCI, with stent and without stent placement (bare metal stent). Survival probabilities in 30 days, one year and 15 years were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox hazards regression models were used to compare risks among sex, age groups and types of PCI. Test results with a p-value < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. RESULTS: Data of 19,263 patients (61 ± 11 years old, 63.6% men) were analyzed. Survival rates of men vs. women in 30 days, one year and 15 years were: 97.3% (97.0-97.6%) vs. 97.1% (96.6-97.4%), 93.6% (93.2-94.1%) vs. 93.4% (92.8-94.0%), and 55.7% (54.0-57.4%) vs. 58.1% (55.8-60.3%), respectively. The oldest age group was associated with lower survival rates in all periods. PCI with stent placement had higher survival rates than those without stent placement during a two-year follow-up. After that, both procedures had similar survival rates (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: In a population of real-world patients, women had a higher survival rate than men within 15 years after PCI. Moreover, using a bare-metal stent failed to improve survival rates after a two-year follow-up compared to simple balloon angioplasty.

Up to 15-Year Survival of Men and Women after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Paid by the Brazilian Public Healthcare System in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010 / Sobrevida em até 15 Anos de Homens e Mulheres após Intervenção Coronariana Percutânea Paga pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010

Abstract Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most frequently used invasive therapy for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Studies able to provide information about PCI's effectiveness should be conducted in a population of real-world patients. Objectives: To assess the survival rate of IHD patients treated with PCI in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Methods: Administrative (1999-2010) and death (1999-2014) databases of dwellers aged ≥ 20 years old in the state of RJ submitted to one single PCI paid by the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS) between 1999 and 2010 were linked. Patients were grouped as follows: 20-49 years old, 50-69 years old and ≥ 70 years old, and PCI in primary PCI, with stent and without stent placement (bare metal stent). Survival probabilities in 30 days, one year and 15 years were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox hazards regression models were used to compare risks among sex, age groups and types of PCI. Test results with a p-value < 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: Data of 19,263 patients (61 ± 11 years old, 63.6% men) were analyzed. Survival rates of men vs. women in 30 days, one year and 15 years were: 97.3% (97.0-97.6%) vs. 97.1% (96.6-97.4%), 93.6% (93.2-94.1%) vs. 93.4% (92.8-94.0%), and 55.7% (54.0-57.4%) vs. 58.1% (55.8-60.3%), respectively. The oldest age group was associated with lower survival rates in all periods. PCI with stent placement had higher survival rates than those without stent placement during a two-year follow-up. After that, both procedures had similar survival rates (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-1.00). Conclusions: In a population of real-world patients, women had a higher survival rate than men within 15 years after PCI. Moreover, using a bare-metal stent failed to improve survival rates after a two-year follow-up compared to simple balloon angioplasty.

Resumo Fundamento: A intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) é o tratamento invasivo mais frequentemente realizado na doença isquêmica do coração (DIC). Estudos capazes de prover informação sobre a sua efetividade são importantes. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida em até 15 anos de pacientes submetidos a ICP no estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ). Métodos: Bases de dados administrativas (1999-2010) e de óbitos (1999-2014) dos residentes com idade ≥ 20 anos do ERJ submetidos a uma única ICP paga pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) entre 1999-2010 foram relacionadas. Os pacientes foram agrupados em 20-49, 50-69 ou ≥ 70 anos, e as ICP em primária (ICP-P), sem stent (ICP-SS) e com stent convencional (ICP-CS). As probabilidades de sobrevida em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos foram estimadas pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Modelos de regressão de risco de Cox foram utilizados para comparar riscos entre sexo, faixas etárias e tipos de ICP. Resultados dos testes com um valor de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 19.263 pacientes (61±11 anos, 63,6% homens). A sobrevida de homens vs. mulheres em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos foram: 97,3% (97,0-97,6%) vs. 97,1% (96,6-97,4%), 93,6% (93,2-94,1%) vs. 93,4% (92,8-94,0%), e 55,7% (54,0-57,4%) vs. 58,1% (55,8-60,3%), respectivamente. Idade ≥ 70 anos foi associada à menor taxa de sobrevida em todos os períodos. A ICP-CS foi associada a uma sobrevida maior do que a ICP-SS até dois anos de acompanhamento, e após este período ambos os procedimentos apresentaram taxas de sobrevida semelhantes (HR 0,91, IC 95% 0,82-1,00). Conclusões: Mulheres apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevida em 15 anos após ICP, e o uso de stent convencional não esteve associado a um aumento de sobrevida em longo prazo.

Evolução da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório e do Produto Interno Bruto per capita nos municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Evolution of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and of gross domestic product per capita in the Rio de Janeiro state municipalities

Background: Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of death in Brazil and the world, falling progressively during the twentieth century, preceded by an increase in Gross Domestic Product. Objective: To correlate balanced and adjusted mortality rates from circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state between 1979 and 2010 with the gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) beginning in 1950. Methods: Population and death data were obtained from the Department of Information and Computer Services at the National Health System/Brazilian Ministry of Health (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - Ministério da Saúde - DATASUS-MS). Mortality rates were calculated for Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Cerebrovascular Disease (CBVD), and Circulatory System Disease (CSD); adjusted by the direct method; and balanced for ill-defined causes. The GDPpc data were obtained from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas - IPEA). Mortality rates were correlated with socioeconomic indicators using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient to determine the annual optimized lag time. Regression slope coefficients between the dependent disease and independent socioeconomic indicator were estimated. Results: In recent decades, there has been a reduction in mortality from CSD in all Rio de Janeiro state municipalities, mainly due to a decline in mortality from CBVD. The decline in mortality from CSD was preceded by an increase in the GDPpc, and a strong correlation was observed between this index and mortality rates. Conclusion: The evolution of the variation in GDPpc demonstrated a strong correlation with the reduction in CSD mortality. This relationship demonstrates the importance of improving the living conditions of the population to reduce cardiovascular mortality

Fundamentos: As doenças do aparelho circulatório são a primeira causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo, apresentando progressiva queda durante o século XX, precedida por elevação no Produto Interno Bruto. Objetivo: Correlacionar taxas de mortalidade compensadas e ajustadas por doenças do aparelho circulatório nos Municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ) entre 1979 e 2010, com o Produto Interno Bruto per capita (PIBpc) a partir de 1950. Métodos: Populações e óbitos obtidos no DATASUS/MS. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por Doenças Isquêmicas do Coração (DIC), Doenças Cerebrovasculares (DCBV), e Doenças do Aparelho Circulatório (DAC), e compensadas por causas mal definidas e ajustadas pelo método direto. Dados de PIBpc foram obtidos no Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas (IPEA). As taxas de mortalidade e o indicador socioeconômico foram correlacionados, pela estimação de coeficientes lineares de Pearson, para determinar a defasagem anual otimizada. Foram estimados os coeficientes de inclinação da regressão entre a dependente doença e a independente indicador socioeconômico. Resultados: Nas últimas décadas houve redução da mortalidade por DAC em todos os municípios do ERJ, esta ocorreu principalmente por queda da mortalidade por DCBV. A queda da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório foi precedida por elevação do PIBpc, com forte correlação entre o indicador e as taxas de mortalidade. Conclusão: A variação evolutiva do PIBpc demonstrou elevada correlação com a redução da mortalidade por DAC. Essas relações sinalizam a importância na melhoria das condições de vida da população para reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular

Tendências e Letalidade Hospitalar dos Procedimentos de Revascularização Miocárdica Pagos pelo SUS no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010 / Trends and Hospital Mortality in Myocardial Revascularization Procedures Covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System in Rio de Janeiro State from 1999 to 2010

As doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) são causas de morte relevantes no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ). A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRVM) e a angioplastia coronariana (AC) objetivam reduzir agravos causados pelas DIC. É preciso conhecer a eficiência desses procedimentos para decisões clínica e gerenciais. Objetivo: Descrever evolução temporal e letalidade hospitalar de CRVM e AC de 1999 a 2010 no ERJ. Métodos: Estudo de dados referentes às CRVM e AC dos bancos de dados das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar pagas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, de 1999 a 2010 no ERJ, com informações sobre diagnóstico, idade, sexo, data e duração da internação, tipo de alta hospitalar. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas e regressão linear para análise de tendências. Resultados: Em 34 413 pacientes com média de idade 61±10 anos, foram realizados 38 509 procedimentos, sendo 66,3% AC e 65,4% homens. Ocorreu aumento anual de 15,8% das AC e de 3,2% das CRVM. O diagnóstico de DIC aguda foi registrado em 60,6% das internações relacionadas a AC e 57,9% das relacionadas a CRVM. As medianas de duração de internação foram de 2 dias nas AC e 10 nas CRVM. As letalidades hospitalares encontradas nas AC e nas CRVM foram de 1,8% e 6,8%, respectivamente, maiores nos indivíduos com 70 anos ou mais, nas mulheres e nas DIC agudas. Conclusão: Houve um aumento nos procedimentos de revascularização miocárdica no ERJ, principalmente nas AC com stent, divergindo de outras regiões do mundo. Além disso, a letalidade hospitalar após a AC e a CRVM foram superiores às encontradas em outros locais e em estudos controlados.

Background: Ischemic heart diseases (IHD) are important causes of deaths in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and coronary angioplasty (CA) procedures aim to mitigate the effects of IHD. Awareness of the efficiency of these procedures is crucial for clinical and administrative decision making. Objective: To describe temporal evolution and hospital mortality of CABG and CA performed in RJ from 1999 to 2010. Methods: Study on data of CA and CABG, covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System in RJ from 1999 to 2010, obtained from the Authorization for Hospital Admission database, concerning diagnosis, age, sex, admission date and hospital internment duration, and type of hospital discharge. Trends analysis was performed by descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis. Results: In 34,413 patients with mean age of 61±10 years, 38,509 procedures were performed, 66.3% CA and 65.4% in men. There was an annual increase by 15.8% in CA and 3.2% in CABG. The diagnosis of acute IHD was recorded in 60.6% of admissions related to CA, and in 57.9% of admissions related to CABG. Median hospital stay was 2 days in CA and 10 days in CABG. Hospital mortality was 1.8% and 6.8% in CA and CABG, respectively, and was higher in patients aged 70 years or older, in women and in acute IHD. Conclusion: The number of myocardial revascularizations in RJ, especially CA with stent, has increased which differs from other regions of the world. In addition, post-CA and post-CABG hospital mortality was higher than that reported in other locations and controlled studies.

Evolution of socioeconomic indicators and cardiovascular mortality in three Brazilian states.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To correlate cardiovascular mortality rates in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, and in their capitals, between 1980 and 2008, with socioeconomic indicators collected from 1949 onwards. METHODS: Population and death data were obtained from the Brazilian Unified Health System databank (Datasus). Mortality rates due to the following were calculated and adjusted by use of the direct method and compensated for poorly defined causes: ischemic heart diseases; cerebrovascular diseases; cardiovascular diseases; poorly defined causes; and all causes. Child mortality data were obtained from state and municipal health secretariats and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Information on gross domestic product (GDP) and educational level was obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea). The mortality rates and socioeconomic indicators were correlated by using the estimation of Pearson linear coefficients to determine optimized year lag. The inclination coefficients of the regression between the dependent variable "disease" and the independent variable "socioeconomic indicator" were estimated. RESULTS: The three states showed a reduction in mortality, which was especially due to a decrease in cardiovascular mortality, mainly of cerebrovascular diseases. The decrease in cardiovascular mortality was preceded by a reduction in child mortality, an elevation in the per capita GDP, and an increase in the educational level, and a strong correlation between indicators and mortality rates was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The three indicators showed an almost maximum correlation with the reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Such relationship indicates the importance of improving quality of life to reduce cardiovascular mortality.

Evolução de indicadores socioeconômicos e da mortalidade cardiovascular em três estados do Brasil / Evolution of socioeconomic indicators and cardiovascular mortality in three brazilian states

FUNDAMENTO: Doenças do aparelho circulatório são a primeira causa de morte no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório nos Estados de Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, e em suas capitais, entre 1980 e 2008, com indicadores socioeconômicos coletados a partir de 1949. MÉTODOS: Populações e óbitos obtidos no Datasus/MS. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração, doenças cerebrovasculares, causas mal definidas, doenças do aparelho circulatório (DApCirc) e todas as causas, ajustadas pelo método direto e compensadas por causas mal definidas. Dados de mortalidade infantil foram obtidos nas secretarias estaduais e municipais de saúde e no IBGE. Dados de PIB e escolaridade foram obtidos no Ipea. As taxas de mortalidade e os indicadores socioeconômicos foram correlacionados pela estimação de coeficientes lineares de Pearson, para determinar a defasagem anual otimizada. Foram estimados os coeficientes de inclinação da regressão entre a dependente doença e a independente indicador socioeconômico. RESULTADOS: Houve redução da mortalidade nos três Estados, essa ocorreu especialmente por queda de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares, em especial das doenças cerebrovasculares. A queda da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório foi precedida por redução da mortalidade infantil, elevação do produto interno bruto per capita e aumento na escolaridade, com forte correlação entre indicadores e taxas de mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A variação evolutiva dos três indicadores demonstrou correlação quase máxima com a redução da mortalidade por DApCirc. Essas relações sinalizam a importância na melhoria das condições de vida da população para reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To correlate cardiovascular mortality rates in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, and in their capitals, between 1980 and 2008, with socioeconomic indicators collected from 1949 onwards. METHODS: Population and death data were obtained from the Brazilian Unified Health System databank (Datasus). Mortality rates due to the following were calculated and adjusted by use of the direct method and compensated for poorly defined causes: ischemic heart diseases; cerebrovascular diseases; cardiovascular diseases; poorly defined causes; and all causes. Child mortality data were obtained from state and municipal health secretariats and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Information on gross domestic product (GDP) and educational level was obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea). The mortality rates and socioeconomic indicators were correlated by using the estimation of Pearson linear coefficients to determine optimized year lag. The inclination coefficients of the regression between the dependent variable "disease" and the independent variable "socioeconomic indicator" were estimated. RESULTS: The three states showed a reduction in mortality, which was especially due to a decrease in cardiovascular mortality, mainly of cerebrovascular diseases. The decrease in cardiovascular mortality was preceded by a reduction in child mortality, an elevation in the per capita GDP, and an increase in the educational level, and a strong correlation between indicators and mortality rates was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The three indicators showed an almost maximum correlation with the reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Such relationship indicates the importance of improving quality of life to reduce cardiovascular mortality.

[Use of medications by elderly Brazilians according to age: a postal survey]. / Utilização de medicamentos por idosos brasileiros, de acordo com a faixa etária: um inquérito postal.

The objective of this study was to evaluate factors associated with use of medicines by the elderly. A national postal survey was conducted with a random sample of 3,000 elderly individuals selected from the registry of the Brazilian National Social Security Institute. The study estimated the prevalence and average number of medicines used in the 15 days prior to the survey, according to age bracket. Prevalence of use of medication was 83.0%: 78.8% in the 60-69 year bracket and 87.3% in individuals 70 years or older (p < 0.05). Older elders had taken an average of 4.4 drugs, as compared to 3.3 among younger elders. Drugs for the cardiovascular system were the most widely used. Age 70 years and older, female gender, poor self-rated health, interruption of routine daily activities, six or more medical visits in the previous year, private health insurance, and reporting of four or more illnesses were independently associated with use of medications (p < 0.05). The results expand the knowledge on use of medications among elderly Brazilians, emphasizing the need to improve pharmaceutical care focused on this subgroup of the population.

Utilização de medicamentos por idosos brasileiros, de acordo com a faixa etária: um inquérito postal / Use of medications by elderly Brazilians according to age: a postal survey

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fatores associados ao uso de medicamentos por idosos. Foi realizado um inquérito postal nacional, com 3 mil idosos, selecionados com base no cadastro do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social. Foram estimadas a prevalência e a média de medicamentos utilizados nos 15 dias anteriores à pesquisa, segundo faixas etárias. A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 83%, sendo de 87,3% no grupo de 70 anos ou mais, e de 78,8% no de 60-69 anos (p < 0,05). Os idosos com 70 anos ou mais usaram em média 4,4 medicamentos, os mais jovens 3,3. Os medicamentos mais utilizados pertenciam ao sistema cardiovascular. Idade de 70 ou mais anos, sexo feminino, pior percepção de saúde, interrupção de atividades habituais, mais de 6 consultas médicas no último ano, filiação a plano de saúde e relato de 4 ou mais doenças estavam associados ao uso de medicamentos (p < 0,05) entre os participantes. Os resultados ampliam o conhecimento a respeito da utilização de medicamentos pelos idosos brasileiros, evidenciando a necessidade de aprimoramento da assistência farmacêutica voltada para esse subgrupo da população.

The objective of this study was to evaluate factors associated with use of medicines by the elderly. A national postal survey was conducted with a random sample of 3,000 elderly individuals selected from the registry of the Brazilian National Social Security Institute. The study estimated the prevalence and average number of medicines used in the 15 days prior to the survey, according to age bracket. Prevalence of use of medication was 83.0%: 78.8% in the 60-69 year bracket and 87.3% in individuals 70 years or older (p < 0.05). Older elders had taken an average of 4.4 drugs, as compared to 3.3 among younger elders. Drugs for the cardiovascular system were the most widely used. Age 70 years and older, female gender, poor self-rated health, interruption of routine daily activities, six or more medical visits in the previous year, private health insurance, and reporting of four or more illnesses were independently associated with use of medications (p < 0.05). The results expand the knowledge on use of medications among elderly Brazilians, emphasizing the need to improve pharmaceutical care focused on this subgroup of the population.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery performance and costs by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from 1999 to 2008.

BACKGROUND: Expenses with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and coronary angioplasty (CA) represented a significant cost to SUS. OBJECTIVE: To analyze SUS expenses with CABG and CA and their performance in hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: The information came from paid HAA in hospitals with more than 100 revascularization procedures. Mortality rates were adjusted by Poisson (with covariates age, length of hospital stay and ICU expenses). Mean relative cost indices were calculated by dividing the mean value of the cost fraction spent in each hospital by the mean expense in the SRJ in U.S. dollars. Stata software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 10,983 CABG and 19,661 CA were paid by SUS in 20 hospitals during the 10 years, with mean values of US$ 3,088.12 and 2,183.93, respectively. The mortality rate in CABG varied from 9.2%-1999 to 7.7%-2008, with ranges of 5.0%-9.2% and in CA, from 1.6%-1999 to 1.5%-2008, with ranges of 0.9%-2.3%. The hospitals decreased the number of CABG procedures and doubled CA procedures. Age, time of hospital stay and ICU costs significantly correlated with lethality in CABG and CA paid by SUS in the SRJ. On average, hospital service costs represented 41% of the total cost of CABG and 18% of CA, and with ortheses and prostheses, 55% in CA and 28% in CABG. CONCLUSION: It is clear the need to improve the quality of healthcare service in institutions that perform CABG and CA paid by SUS.

Desempenho e gastos do SUS com revascularizações do miocárdio no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1999 a 2008 / Coronary artery bypass graft surgery performance and costs by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, from 1999 to 2008

FUNDAMENTO: Os gastos com cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (RVM) e angioplastia coronariana (AC), representaram importante ônus para o SUS. OBJETIVO: Analisar gastos do SUS com RVM e AC e sua performance nos hospitais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), de 1999 a 2008. MÉTODOS: As informações provieram das AIH pagas dos hospitais com mais de 100 revascularizações. As taxas de letalidade foram ajustadas por modelos Poisson (covariáveis idade, dias de permanência no hospital e gasto em UTI). Foram construídos índices de gasto médio relativo, dividindo-se o valor médio da fração de gasto em cada hospital pelo gasto médio no ERJ, em dólares. Para análise estatística empregou-se o Stata. RESULTADOS: Foram pagas 10.983 RVM e 19.661 AC em 20 hospitais nos 10 anos, com valores médios de US$ 3.088,12 e 2.183,93, respectivamente. A taxa de letalidade nas RVM flutuou de 9,2 por cento-1999 para 7,7 por cento-2008, com valores extremos de 5,0 por cento-9,2 por cento e nas AC de 1,6 por cento-1999 para 1,5 por cento-2008, com valores extremos de 0,9 por cento-2,3 por cento. Os hospitais diminuíram a realização de RVM e duplicaram a de AC. Idade, tempo de internação e gastos em UTI correlacionaram-se significativamente com a letalidade nas RVM e AC pagas no ERJ. Em média, os gastos com os serviços hospitalares representaram 41 por cento do total das RVM e 18 por cento das AC, e os com as órteses e próteses, 55 por cento das AC e 28 por cento nas RVM. CONCLUSÃO: Evidencia-se necessidade de melhorar a qualidade do atendimento das instituições que realizam RVM e AC pagas pelo SUS.

BACKGROUND: Expenses with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery and coronary angioplasty (CA) represented a significant cost to SUS. OBJECTIVE: To analyze SUS expenses with CABG and CA and their performance in hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro (SRJ), from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: The information came from paid HAA in hospitals with more than 100 revascularization procedures. Mortality rates were adjusted by Poisson (with covariates age, length of hospital stay and ICU expenses). Mean relative cost indices were calculated by dividing the mean value of the cost fraction spent in each hospital by the mean expense in the SRJ in U.S. dollars. Stata software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 10,983 CABG and 19,661 CA were paid by SUS in 20 hospitals during the 10 years, with mean values of US$ 3,088.12 and 2,183.93, respectively. The mortality rate in CABG varied from 9.2 percent-1999 to 7.7 percent-2008, with ranges of 5.0 percent-9.2 percent and in CA, from 1.6 percent-1999 to 1.5 percent-2008, with ranges of 0.9 percent-2.3 percent. The hospitals decreased the number of CABG procedures and doubled CA procedures. Age, time of hospital stay and ICU costs significantly correlated with lethality in CABG and CA paid by SUS in the SRJ. On average, hospital service costs represented 41 percent of the total cost of CABG and 18 percent of CA, and with ortheses and prostheses, 55 percent in CA and 28 percent in CABG. CONCLUSION: It is clear the need to improve the quality of healthcare service in institutions that perform CABG and CA paid by SUS.

Sobrevida nas reperfusões miocárdicas cirúrgicas e nas angioplastias coronarianas pagas por seguros de saúde e privados no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2000 a 2007 / Survival in coronary artery bypass grafts and coronary angioplasties paid privately or by health insurance in Rio de Janeiro State: 2000-2007

Fundamentos: A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (RVM) e a angioplastia coronariana (AC) são procedimentos comuns na prática clínica, que precisam ser continuamente avaliados. Objetivos: Estudar a sobrevida nos indivíduos submetidos à RVM ou AC no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ), pagas por seguros de saúde e privados, no período de 2000 a 2007. Métodos: Estudo utilizando bancos de dados para identificar os indivíduos submetidos aos procedimentos e aqueles que morreram, para estimar a sobrevida. As informações sobre RVM e AC provieram das Comunicações de Internação Hospitalar (CIH) e sobre óbitos das Declarações de Óbitos. Foi realizado relacionamento probabilístico entre os bancos com o programa RecLink para identificar os indivíduos que morreram após os procedimentos. Resultados: Apenas 980 procedimentos foram notificados em oito anos em 937 indivíduos residentes no ERJ. No interior do ERJ foram realizadas 32,4 por cento das RVM dos 509 indivíduos submetidos ao procedimento, enquanto as demais foram feitas em outros estados, 66,6 por cento em São Paulo (SP). Foram identificados 428 indivíduos com AC, 71,7 por cento realizadas no interior do ERJ e as demais nos outros estados, 22,8 por cento em SP. Não foi encontrada qualquer...

[Complexity of therapeutic regimens prescribed for elderly retirees, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil]. / Complexidade do regime terapêutico prescrito para idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with therapeutic regimen complexity of drug prescriptions for elderly people in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: A household survey of elderly people selected by simple random sampling from Brazil's social security register. The medication complexity index (MCI), a direct measurement of actions required to administer medication, was derived from information in the latest prescription. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the MCI. RESULTS: Of the 667 interviewees, 56.5% had prescriptions meeting the inclusion criteria; most (69.2%) were females aged 72.4 years (mean); 35.5% self-rated their health good or very good; and 37.4% reported five or more diseases. In the 15 days prior to interview, 1873 drugs were used (mean=5.1), of which 942 appeared on the prescriptions examined (mean=2.5). Over the same period, 22.3% of interviewees failed to use some prescribed drug. The MCI ranged from 1 to 24 (mean=6.1). Number of drugs prescribed (>2), less schooling, worse perception of health and a lower benefit payment associated positively with greater complexity (p<0.05). An association was observed between regimen complexity and failure to use some drug in the preceding 15 days (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Elderly people in worse socio-economic and health conditions seem more likely to receive more complex therapeutic regimens, which are associated with non-compliance to the proposed treatment. This is an important consideration in the healthcare of elderly. Simplification of therapy could aid self-care among the elderly.

Complexidade do regime terapêutico prescrito para idosos / Complexity of therapeutic regimens prescribed for elderly retirees, Belo Horizonte/MG, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar fatores associados à complexidade do esquema terapêutico em prescrições de medicamentos para idosos, em Belo Horizonte (MG). MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar, com idosos selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples, a partir do cadastro do INSS. O Índice de Complexidade Terapêutica (ICT), medida direta das ações necessárias para administrar o medicamento, foi obtido de informações contidas na última prescrição. Foram realizadas análises univariada e bivariada dos dados para identificar fatores associados ao ICT. RESULTADOS: Dos 667 entrevistados, 56,5 por cento apresentaram prescrição que atendia aos critérios de inclusão. A maioria (69,2 por cento) era do sexo feminino com idade média de 72,4 anos. 35,5 por cento consideravam seu estado de saúde bom ou muito bom e 37,4 por cento relataram cinco ou mais doenças. Nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista, foram utilizados 1873 medicamentos (média=5,1), desses, 942 constavam nas prescrições analisadas (média=2,5). Para o mesmo período, 22,3 por cento dos entrevistados deixaram de usar algum medicamento prescrito. O ICT encontrado variou de 1 a 24 (média=6,1). Número de medicamentos prescritos (>2), menor escolaridade, pior percepção de saúde e menor valor do benefício recebido foram associados positivamente à maior complexidade (p<0,05). Observou-se associação entre maior complexidade do regime e não uso de algum medicamento nos últimos 15 dias (p=0,034) CONCLUSÃO: Idosos com piores condições socioeconômicas e de saúde parecem mais propensos a receber esquemas terapêuticos mais complexos. Terapias mais complexas estão associadas ao menor cumprimento do tratamento proposto, sendo um importante aspecto a se considerar na atenção à saúde do idoso. A simplificação da terapia pode melhorar o autocuidado entre idosos.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with therapeutic regimen complexity of drug prescriptions for elderly people in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: A household survey of elderly people selected by simple random sampling from Brazil's social security register. The medication complexity index (MCI), a direct measurement of actions required to administer medication, was derived from information in the latest prescription. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the MCI. RESULTS: Of the 667 interviewees, 56.5 percent had prescriptions meeting the inclusion criteria; most (69.2 percent) were females aged 72.4 years (mean); 35.5 percent self-rated their health good or very good; and 37.4 percent reported five or more diseases. In the 15 days prior to interview, 1873 drugs were used (mean=5.1), of which 942 appeared on the prescriptions examined (mean=2.5). Over the same period, 22.3 percent of interviewees failed to use some prescribed drug. The MCI ranged from 1 to 24 (mean=6.1). Number of drugs prescribed (>2), less schooling, worse perception of health and a lower benefit payment associated positively with greater complexity (p<0.05). An association was observed between regimen complexity and failure to use some drug in the preceding 15 days (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Elderly people in worse socio-economic and health conditions seem more likely to receive more complex therapeutic regimens, which are associated with non-compliance to the proposed treatment. This is an important consideration in the healthcare of elderly. Simplification of therapy could aid self-care among the elderly.

[Use of medication by Brazilian retirees: 2 - response rate and item completeness in a postal survey in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil]. / Utilização de medicamentos por aposentados brasileiros: 2 - taxa de resposta e preenchimento de questionário postal em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.

This paper reports on the response rate and completeness of item response in a self-administered postal survey questionnaire on use of medication by retirees 60 years or older under the Brazilian Social Security System, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, in 2003. Questionnaires were sent in two rounds to 800 postal addresses of subjects selected by simple random sampling. The response rate was 47.8%, and there were no significant differences in the selected characteristics between respondents and non-respondents, or between early and late respondents. For almost all socio-demographic and health variables, item omission was less than or equal to 5% for both the entire sample and early or late responders. For all the medicines used, the dose and laboratory were the main items omitted. The findings indicate that details on drug use should be reevaluated in self-administered questionnaires.

Utilização de medicamentos por aposentados brasileiros: 2 - Taxa de resposta e preenchimento de questionário postal em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Use of medication by Brazilian retirees: 2 - Response rate and item completeness in a postal survey in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

São descritos a taxa de resposta e o preenchimento de questionários auto-administrados num inquérito postal sobre o perfil de utilização de medicamentos por aposentados e pensionistas do INSS, de 60 anos ou mais de idade no Município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2003. Os questionários foram enviados duas vezes para os endereços de 800 indivíduos sorteados por amostragem aleatória simples, com base no banco de dados do INSS. A taxa de resposta ao inquérito postal foi de 47,8 por cento e não houve diferença significativa tanto entre participantes e não participantes quanto entre respondentes iniciais e tardios em relação às características selecionadas. Para a maioria das variáveis sócio-demográficas e de saúde, os percentuais de omissão de respostas não ultrapassaram 5 por cento, tanto no total da amostra, quanto em cada um dos subgrupos de respondentes. As informações mais omitidas ocorreram para as variáveis relativas ao uso de medicamentos, com destaque para a não-utilização de medicamentos que deveriam ser usados, a dose e laboratório fabricante do medicamento. Nossos resultados indicam que o detalhamento de aspectos relacionados ao uso de medicamentos deve ser reconsiderado em questionários de autopreenchimento.

This paper reports on the response rate and completeness of item response in a self-administered postal survey questionnaire on use of medication by retirees 60 years or older under the Brazilian Social Security System, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, in 2003. Questionnaires were sent in two rounds to 800 postal addresses of subjects selected by simple random sampling. The response rate was 47.8 percent, and there were no significant differences in the selected characteristics between respondents and non-respondents, or between early and late respondents. For almost all socio-demographic and health variables, item omission was less than or equal to 5 percent for both the entire sample and early or late responders. For all the medicines used, the dose and laboratory were the main items omitted. The findings indicate that details on drug use should be reevaluated in self-administered questionnaires.

Inquérito sobre uso de medicamentos por idosos aposentados, Belo Horizonte,MG / Survey on medicine use by elderly retirees in Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o uso de medicamentos por aposentados e pensionistas idosos, com ênfase nas diferenças entre gêneros. MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar conduzido com amostra aleatória simples de 667 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, residentes em Belo Horizonte, MG, em 2003. Os idosos foram entrevistados por farmacêuticos, utilizando questionário padronizado. Foram estimadas a prevalência de uso e a média de medicamentos usados nos últimos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista, as quais foram estratificadas de acordo com o gênero segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 90,1 por cento, significativamente maior entre as mulheres (93,4 por cento) do que entre os homens (84,3 por cento). Mulheres utilizaram em média 4,6±3,2 produtos e homens 3,3±2,6 (p<0,001). Os princípios ativos mais usados pelos idosos pertenciam aos sistemas cardiovascular, nervoso, e do trato alimentar e metabolismo. O consumo foi superior entre as mulheres nesses três grupos, assim como as médias de uso de medicamentos segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e de saúde selecionadas. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo identificou uso mais intenso de medicamentos pelas mulheres, fato que as torna mais vulneráveis aos prejuízos de polifarmácia, como risco de interações e uso inadequado.

OBJECTIVE: To describe self-reported use of medicines by Brazilian elderly retirees focusing on gender differences. METHODS: Household survey conducted in a random sample comprising 667 subjects aged 60 years or more who were living in Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. The elderly were interviewed by pharmacists, using a standardized questionnaire. The prevalence of medicine use and mean use in the 15 days previous to the interview were estimated and then stratified by gender according to sociodemographic and health variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use was 90.1 percent, and significantly higher among women (93.4 percent) than men (84.3 percent). Women and men took on average 4.6±3.2 and 3.3±2.6 products (p<0.001), respectively. The most frequently used drug category was cardiovascular, followed by nervous system and gastrointestinal tract and metabolism. Women showed higher use in all these drug categories, as well as higher mean number of drugs consumed, according to selected sociodemographic and health variables. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified higher use of medicines by women, making them more vulnerable to the harmful effects of polytherapy, such as drug interactions and inadequate use of medicines.

[Survey on medicine use by elderly retirees in Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil]. / Inquérito sobre uso de medicamentos por idosos aposentados, Belo Horizonte,MG.

OBJECTIVE: To describe self-reported use of medicines by Brazilian elderly retirees focusing on gender differences. METHODS: Household survey conducted in a random sample comprising 667 subjects aged 60 years or more who were living in Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. The elderly were interviewed by pharmacists, using a standardized questionnaire. The prevalence of medicine use and mean use in the 15 days previous to the interview were estimated and then stratified by gender according to sociodemographic and health variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use was 90.1%, and significantly higher among women (93.4%) than men (84.3%). Women and men took on average 4.6+/-3.2 and 3.3+/-2.6 products (p<0.001), respectively. The most frequently used drug category was cardiovascular, followed by nervous system and gastrointestinal tract and metabolism. Women showed higher use in all these drug categories, as well as higher mean number of drugs consumed, according to selected sociodemographic and health variables. CONCLUSIONS: The study identified higher use of medicines by women, making them more vulnerable to the harmful effects of polytherapy, such as drug interactions and inadequate use of medicines.