A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Effects of Imprisonment Period on the Oral Health Status of Inmates in Ghaziabad, Delhi National Capital Region, India.

BACKGROUND: Incarcerated individuals usually exhibit high oral health needs than the average population. Several factors contribute to these needs both before incarceration and during the sentence itself. Inmates are a marginalized group, who are at a higher risk for a variety of medical, dental, and emotional disorders than the general population. The aim of the study was to assess of effects of the imprisonment period on the oral health status of inmates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 532 inmates with imprisonment up to three years, three to six years, and six to ten years were included in the study. Incidence and prevalence of dental caries, decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, and periodontal and prosthetic status were evaluated in detail. RESULTS: Results showed that the prevalence of dental caries was relatively high among the convicts. It was found that 98.2% of the inmates had one or more teeth decayed. Additionally, 31.2% (pocket >4mm) of the inmates had poor periodontal status with 4.5% of the subjects having a loss of attachment score of 4-5mm or more. A total of 3.5% of the inmates had full dentures, either upper or lower arch. The relative need for full prosthesis was projected to be around 1.4% of the studied population. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the study, the authors found that dental healthcare delivered and received by the inmates is much below the acceptable limit. Additionally, the incidence of dental caries in inmates was unexpectedly higher with tooth decay in 98.2% of subjects. Hence, the need of the hour is to critically incorporate and reinforce our efforts with a special focus on the risk factors of oral health.

Assessment and grading of pigmentation in chronic venous insufficiency.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic venous insufficiency causes skin pigmentation of the leg ranging from small patches of mild dyschromia to extensive areas of severe skin pigmentation. It is thought that the pigmentation is mainly due to haemosiderin or melanin deposition. Erythrodiapedesis which occurs as a result of venular hypertension causes erythrocytes to migrate across the microvascular network into the dermis. METHODS: We categorized the grading of pigmentation into four grades: +, few spots; ++, pigmentation over gaiter area; +++, pigmentation involving leg and ankle; ++++, heavily pigmented (dark). Skin biopsies were taken from the patient while undergoing surgery; two biopsies were taken from each patient, one from apparently normal skin and other from the site of pigmentation. A total of 45 patients diagnosed as chronic venous insufficiency with pigmentation were included in the study and five patients included in control. The biopsy specimens were sent to pathology department for H&E, Perls stain and IHC for S100. RESULTS: Majority of cases, i.e. 62% of limbs fall under (++) grade of pigmentation, followed by (+) grade of pigmentation in 20%, while (+++) and (++++) constitute 9% of the cases each. Increased melanin deposition was seen in 40 pigmented skin biopsies and 3 normal skin biopsies from the case group, and normal melanin deposition was seen in all the non-varicose controls. CONCLUSION: We have tried to categorize pigmentation in chronic venous insufficiency into four grades. As the grade of pigmentation increases the per cent of cases with ulceration is increasing. It was observed that presence of melanin deposition irrespective of the grade of pigmentation was distributed more towards the advanced clinical classification (C5 and C6).

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of relationship between mandibular third molar and angle fracture on North Indian population: A clinico-radiographic study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between impacted mandibular third molar presence and the risk for mandibular angle fracture with the effect of various positions of mandibular third molar and the risk of mandibular angle fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the North Indian territory, a total of 289 patients with mandibular angle fractures were studied and evaluated for the possible relationship with impacted third molar on the basis of clinical and panoramic radiographical findings. RESULTS: Results that confirmed the highest risk for mandibular angle fracture was associated with mesioangular angulations (45.42%) followed by vertical (26.34%), distoangular in sequence and least risk was found with bucco-version angulations (2.67%) according to Winter's classification. Additionally, the highest risk of mandibular angle fracture was reported with partially erupted third molar (47.75%), followed by erupted (23.53%) and unerupted third molar (19.38%). CONCLUSION: The risk for mandibular angle fracture is not only affected by status of eruption, angulations, position, number of roots present in third molar but also by the distance of mandibular third molar from inferior border of mandible and the percentage of remaining amount of bone at the mandibular angle region.