Exercise-Induced Hyponatremia: An Assessment of the International Hydration Recommendations Followed During the Gran Trail De Peñalara and Vitoria-Gasteiz Ironman Competitions.

Introduction: Hyponatremia often occurs during the practice of endurance sports. We evaluated the impact on hyponatremia of the hydration recommendations of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference 2015 (3IE-AHCD) during the 2017 Gran Trail de Peñalara marathon (GTP) and the Vitoria Gasteiz Ironman triathlon (VGI). Methods: Prospective study of GTP and VGI athletes participating in four information sessions in the months prior to the events, to explain that hydration should only be according to their level of thirst, per the recommendations of the 3IE-AHCD. Consenting event finishers were included in final analysis. Pre- and post-race anthropometric and biochemical parameters were compared. Results: Thirty-six GTP (33 male) and 94 VGI (88 male) finishers were evaluated. GTP race median fluid intake was 800 ml/h, with 900 ml/h in the VGI race. 83.3% GTPfin and 77.6% VGIfin remained eunatremic (blood sodium 135-145 mmol/L). Only 1/36 GTP and 1/94 VGI participant finished in hyponatremia, both with a sodium level of 134 mmol/L. Fourteen percent of GTP, and 21.2% of VGI participants finished in hypernatremia, with no increase in race completion times. No participating athlete required medical attention, except for musculoskeletal complaints. Pro-BNP and Copeptin levels rose significantly. Changes in copeptin levels did not correlate with changes in plasma osmolality, nor total body water content in impedance analysis. Conclusions: Recommending that athletes' fluid intake in endurance events be a function of their thirst almost entirely prevented development of hyponatremia, without induction of clinically significant hypernatremia, or a negative repercussion on race completion times.

[Psychosocial assessment in transgender adolescents]. / Evaluación psicosocial en adolescentes transgénero.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the psychosocial status of the patients who attend a paediatric endocrinology clinic due to gender incongruity (GI), and to establish the impact on this after one-year of cross hormonal therapy (CHT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analytical and prospective study conducted on adolescents between 14 and 18 years old with GI, and who attended the Endocrinology clinic during 2018-2019. The sample included 23 transgender cases (16 male and 7 female cases) and 30 cisgender controls. Study variables were collected at T0 (pre-treatment) and T1 (after one year of CHT) and included sociodemographic data, Utrecht test, SDQ-Cas test, family APGAR test, STAI scale-anxiety Grade, and BDI-II depression assessment test. RESULTS: A significant improvement (P<.05) was found between T0 and T1 in the transgender group in terms of emotional symptoms, behaviour problems, hyperactivity symptoms, pro-social conduct, as well as in the degree of anxiety and depression measured by the SDQ-Cas test, the STAI and the BDI-II scale. There were significant differences in these scales between the transgender group and the controls at T0, however, the scores equalised at T1. The families in this sample of transgender patients provided a very favourable environment according to the scores obtained on the family APGAR scale. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of anxiety, emotional and behaviour distress, depressive symptomatology, as well as the feeling of gender dysphoria of these transgender patients were similar to those of non-transsexual population of the same age after one year of CHT initiated at ages between 14-18 years old.