[Haitian health system]. / Sistema de salud de Haití.

The Haitian health system includes a public and a private sector. The public sector comprises the Ministry of Health and Population (MSPP) and a social security institution (Ofatma). The private sector includes private insurance agencies and providers. MSPP provides health services to the non-salaried population, while Ofatma provides services to the salaried population. Health expenditure in Haiti in 2016 was 5.4% of gross domestic product. Expenditure per capita in health was 38 American dollars. There is a great dependency on foreign resources. The MSPP is in charge of most stewardship functions. The main challenge faced by the Haitian health system is the provision of comprehensive health services with financial protection to all the population. This goal will not be met without additional financial resources, mostly public, and an effort to strengthen health institutions.

El sistema de salud haitiano se conforma por un sector público y un sector privado. El primero está compuesto por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Población (MSPP) y la Caja de Seguro de Accidentes de Trabajo, Enfermedades y Maternidad (Ofatma). El sector privado incluye a los seguros y prestadores de servicios de salud privados. El MSPP ofrece servicios básicos a la población no asalariada (95% de la población total), mientras que la Ofatma ofrece seguros contra accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades y maternidad a los trabajadores del sector formal privado y público. El gasto total en salud enmHaití representó 5.4% del producto interno bruto en 2016 y el gasto en salud per cápita fue de 38 dólares estadunidenses. Hay una enorme dependencia de los recursos externos. El MSPP es el responsable de la mayor parte de las actividades de rectoría. El mayor reto que enfrenta el sistema de salud de Haití es ofrecer servicios integrales de salud con protección financiera a toda la población. Esta meta no podrá alcanzarse sin mayores recursos financieros, sobre todo públicos, y sin un importante esfuerzo de fortalecimiento institucional.

Sistema de salud de Haití / Haitian health system

Resumen: El sistema de salud haitiano se conforma por un sector público y un sector privado. El primero está compuesto por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Población (MSPP) y la Caja de Seguro de Accidentes de Trabajo, Enfermedades y Maternidad (Ofatma). El sector privado incluye a los seguros y prestadores de servicios de salud privados. El MSPP ofrece servicios básicos a la población no asalariada (95% de la población total), mientras que la Ofatma ofrece seguros contra accidentes de trabajo, enfermedades y maternidad a los trabajadores del sector formal privado y público. El gasto total en salud en Haití representó 5.4% del producto interno bruto en 2016 y el gasto en salud per cápita fue de 38 dólares estadunidenses. Hay una enorme dependencia de los recursos externos. El MSPP es el responsable de la mayor parte de las actividades de rectoría. El mayor reto que enfrenta el sistema de salud de Haití es ofrecer servicios integrales de salud con protección financiera a toda la población. Esta meta no podrá alcanzarse sin mayores recursos financieros, sobre todo públicos, y sin un importante esfuerzo de fortalecimiento institucional.

Abstract: The Haitian health system includes a public and a private sector. The public sector comprises the Ministry of Health and Population (MSPP) and a social security institution (Ofatma). The private sector includes private insurance agencies and providers. MSPP provides health services to the non-salaried population, while Ofatma provides services to the salaried population. Health expenditure in Haiti in 2016 was 5.4% of gross domestic product. Expenditure per capita in health was 38 American dollars. There is a great dependency on foreign resources. The MSPP is in charge of most stewardship functions. The main challenge faced by the Haitian health system is the provision of comprehensive health services with financial protection to all the population. This goal will not be met without additional financial resources, mostly public, and an effort to strengthen health institutions.

Individual, programmatic and systemic indicators of the quality of mental health care using a large health administrative database: an avenue for preventing suicide mortality. / Prévenir la mortalité par suicide grâce à des indicateurs individuels, programmatiques et systémiques de la qualité des soins en santé mentale élaborés à l'aide de grandes bases de données administratives sur la santé.

Suicide is a major public health issue in Canada. The quality of health care services, in addition to other individual and population factors, has been shown to affect suicide rates. In publicly managed care systems, such as systems in Canada and the United Kingdom, the quality of health care is manifested at the individual, program and system levels. Suicide audits are used to assess health care services in relation to the deaths by suicide at individual level and when aggregated at the program and system levels. Large health administrative databases comprise another data source used to inform population-based decisions at the system, program and individual levels regarding mental health services that may affect the risk of suicide. This status report paper describes a project we are conducting at the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) with the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System (QICDSS) in collaboration with colleagues from Wales (United Kingdom) and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. This study describes the development of quality of care indicators at three levels and the corresponding statistical analysis strategies designed. We propose 13 quality of care indicators, including system-level and several population-level determinants, primary care treatment, specialist care, the balance between care sectors, emergency room utilization, and mental health and addiction budgets, that may be drawn from a chronic disease surveillance system.

RÉSUMÉ: Le suicide est un enjeu majeur de santé publique au Canada. Si les facteurs individuels et démographiques influent sur le taux de suicide, la qualité des services de santé a également un impact. Dans un système public de soins comme celui du Canada ou celui du Royaume-Uni, la qualité des soins se manifeste à trois niveaux : individuel, programmatique et systémique. L'examen des suicides sert à évaluer les services de santé quant au décès par suicide et, au niveau agrégé, à évaluer ces services à l'échelle des programmes et du système. Les grandes bases de données médico-administratives constituent une autre source de données utile à la prise de décisions sur l'ensemble de la population à l'échelle systémique, programmatique et individuelle et portant sur les services en santé mentale susceptibles d'avoir une influence sur le risque de suicide. Cet article décrit un projet mené à l'Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) utilisant le Système intégré de surveillance des maladies chroniques du Québec (SISMACQ), en collaboration avec des collègues du pays de Galles (Royaume-Uni) et de l'Institut norvégien de santé publique. Cette étude décrit l'élaboration d'indicateurs de la qualité des soins à ces trois niveaux et les stratégies connexes d'analyse statistique. Nous proposons 13 indicateurs de soins de santé pouvant être créés à partir d'un système de surveillance des maladies chroniques : déterminant systémique, déterminants démographiques, soins primaires, soins spécialisés, équilibre entre les secteurs de soins, consultation à l'urgence et budgets en santé mentale et toxicomanie.

A population-based study of homicide deaths in Ontario, Canada using linked death records.

BACKGROUND: Homicide - a lethal expression of violence - has garnered little attention from public health researchers and health policy makers, despite the fact that homicides are a cause of preventable and premature death. Identifying populations at risk and the upstream determinants of homicide are important for addressing inequalities that hinder population health. This population-based study investigates the public health significance of homicides in Ontario, Canada, over the period of 1999-2012. We quantified the relative burden of homicides by comparing the socioeconomic gradient in homicides with the leading causes of death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neoplasm, and estimated the potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to homicide. METHODS: We linked vital statistics from the Office of the Registrar General Deaths register (ORG-D) with Census and administrative data for all Ontario residents. We extracted all homicide, neoplasm, and cardiovascular deaths from 1999 to 2012, using International Classification of Diseases codes. For socioeconomic status (SES), we used two dimensions of the Ontario Marginalization Index (ON-Marg): material deprivation and residential instability. Trends were summarized across deprivation indices using age-specific rates, rate ratios, and PYLL. RESULTS: Young males, 15-29 years old, were the main victims of homicide with a rate of 3.85 [IC 95%: 3.56; 4.13] per 100,000 population and experienced an upward trend over the study period. The socioeconomic neighbourhood gradient was substantial and higher than the gradient for both cardiovascular and neoplasms. Finally, the PYLL due to homicide were 63,512 and 24,066 years for males and females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Homicides are an important cause of death among young males, and populations living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Our findings raise concerns about the burden of homicides in the Canadian population and the importance of addressing social determinants to address these premature deaths.

Impact of economic fluctuations on suicide mortality in Canada (1926-2008): Testing the Durkheim, Ginsberg, and Henry and Short theories.

Three theories have been proposed to explain the relationship between suicide and economic fluctuations, including the Durkheim (nonlinear), Ginsberg (procyclical), and Henry and Short (countercyclical) theories. This study tested the effect of economic fluctuations, measured by unemployment rate, on suicide rates in Canada from 1926 to 2008. Autoregressive integrated moving average time-series models were used. The results showed a significant relationship between suicide and economic fluctuation; this association was positive during the contraction period (1926-1950) and negative in the period of economic expansion (1951-1973). Males and females showed differential effects in the period of moderate unemployment (1974-2008). In addition, the suicide rate of mid-adults (45-64) was most impacted by economic fluctuations. Our study tends to support Durkheim's theory and suggests the need for public health responses in times of economic contraction and expansion.