Public spaces and physical activity in adults: insights from a mixed-methods study.

Public spaces could promote health equity by providing a place for people to engage in physical activity. Whereas most studies show a positive association between public spaces and physical activity, there are still mixed results, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this mixed-methods study were: (i) to assess the quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity; (ii) to assess the modification of the association by public spaces quality, area-level walkability, and social stratifiers; (iii) to explain the quantitative results using qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained with a household survey in two arid-climate Mexican cities in 2017-2018. physical activity was measured with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Access to public spaces was measured in buffers centered on survey blocks, walkability with area-level indicators, and public spaces quality with the Physical Activity Resources Assessment. Qualitative data were obtained with semi-structured interviews and neighborhood observation. No quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity was found, as well as no interactions between access to public spaces and other variables. Walkability was positively associated with physical activity. Qualitative analysis showed that local public spaces were rarely used by adults because they were perceived as small, unequipped, unattractive, and unsafe. The results shed light on the relationship between public spaces and physical activity, highlighting the improvements in design and upkeep of public spaces that are necessary to achieve their potential health benefit.

Public spaces and physical activity in adults: insights from a mixed-methods study / Espacios públicos y actividad física en adultos: reflexiones de un estudio de métodos combinados / Espaços públicos e atividade física em adultos: um estudo de métodos mistos

Abstract: Public spaces could promote health equity by providing a place for people to engage in physical activity. Whereas most studies show a positive association between public spaces and physical activity, there are still mixed results, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The objectives of this mixed-methods study were: (i) to assess the quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity; (ii) to assess the modification of the association by public spaces quality, area-level walkability, and social stratifiers; (iii) to explain the quantitative results using qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained with a household survey in two arid-climate Mexican cities in 2017-2018. physical activity was measured with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Access to public spaces was measured in buffers centered on survey blocks, walkability with area-level indicators, and public spaces quality with the Physical Activity Resources Assessment. Qualitative data were obtained with semi-structured interviews and neighborhood observation. No quantitative association between access to public spaces and physical activity was found, as well as no interactions between access to public spaces and other variables. Walkability was positively associated with physical activity. Qualitative analysis showed that local public spaces were rarely used by adults because they were perceived as small, unequipped, unattractive, and unsafe. The results shed light on the relationship between public spaces and physical activity, highlighting the improvements in design and upkeep of public spaces that are necessary to achieve their potential health benefit.

Resumen: Los espacios públicos podrían promover la equidad en salud, proporcionando un lugar para que todas las personas practiquen actividades físicas. Mientras que la mayoría de los estudios muestran una asociación positiva entre espacios públicos y actividades físicas, existen todavía resultados mixtos, especialmente en países de ingresos medios y bajos. Los objetivos de estos métodos combinados fueron: (i) evaluar la asociación cuantitativa entre el acceso a espacios públicos y actividades físicas; (ii) evaluar la modificación de la asociación por la calidad de los espacios públicos, nivel de transitabilidad del área y estratificadores sociales; (iii) explicar resultados cuantitativos usando datos cualitativos. Los datos cuantitativos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta por hogares en dos ciudades mejicanas de clima árido en 2017-2018. La actividad física se midió mediante el Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física. El acceso a los espacios públicos se midió con áreas de influencia centradas en encuestas por bloques, la transitabilidad según indicadores de nivel del área, y la calidad de los espacios públicos con la Physical Activity Resources Assessment [Evaluación de Recursos de Actividad Física]. Los datos cualitativos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación del barrio. No hallamos ninguna asociación cuantitativa entre el acceso a los espacios públicos y actividades físicas, ni tampoco interacciones entre el acceso a espacios públicos y otras variables. La transitabilidad estuvo positivamente asociada con actividades físicas. El análisis cualitativo mostró que los espacios públicos locales eran raramente usados por adultos, porque los percibían como pequeños, faltos de equipamiento, poco atractivos e inseguros. Los resultados clarificaron la relación entre espacios públicos y actividades físicas, y resaltaban las mejoras en el diseño y el mantenimiento de los espacios públicos que se necesitan para lograr beneficios potenciales en la salud de la población.

Resumo: Os espaços públicos podem promover a equidade na saúde, ao prover um lugar para todas as pessoas praticarem atividades físicas. A maioria dos estudos mostra uma associação positiva entre espaços públicos e atividade física, mas ainda há resultados conflitantes, principalmente em países de renda baixa e média. Os objetivos deste estudo de métodos mistos foram: (i) avaliar a associação quantitativa entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e atividade física; (ii) avaliar a modificação da associação pela qualidade dos espaços públicos, a caminhabilidade das áreas e fatores de estratificação social; e (iii) explicar os resultados quantitativos com base nos dados qualitativos. Os dados quantitativos foram obtidos com um inquérito domiciliar em duas cidades do semiárido mexicano em 2017-2018. A atividade física foi medida com o Questionário Global de Atividade Física. Os autores mediram o acesso aos espaços públicos com buffers centrados nos quarteirões do inquérito, a caminhabilidade com indicadores em nível de área e a qualidade dos espaços públicos com a Physical Activity Resources Assessment [Avaliação de Recursos de Atividade Física]. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos com entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação dos bairros. Não foi encontrada associação quantitativa entre acesso aos espaços públicos e atividade física, ou interações entre o acesso aos espaços públicos e outras variáveis. A caminhabilidade mostrou associação positiva com atividade física. A análise qualitativa mostrou que os espaços públicos locais eram usados raramente por adultos, porque eram percebidos como pequenos, sem equipamentos, pouco atraentes e inseguros. Os resultados ajudam a entender a relação entre os espaços públicos e atividade física, e destacam as melhorias no desenho e na manutenção dos espaços públicos que são necessárias para realizar os benefícios para a saúde da população.

Neighborhood socio-environmental vulnerability and infant mortality in Hermosillo, Sonora / Vulnerabilidad socioambiental y mortalidad infantil en barrios de Hermosillo, Sonora

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the impact of contextual variables at the neighborhood level on a health marker in the city of Hermosillo, Mexico and discusses the importance of collaboration between planners and health professional to minimize the negative effect of contextual factors on urban health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Few studies in Mexico have assessed health outcomes at the intra-urban scale and their interaction with neighborhood-level contextual variables. Using spatial analysis and geographical information systems, the paper explores the association between infant mortality and an index of socio-environmental vulnerability used to measure urban contextual factors. RESULTS: Two high infant mortality clusters were detected within neighborhoods characterized by relatively good environmental conditions and one in a neighborhood with a poor environment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the clustering of high infant mortality areas and some association with built environment factors in Hermosillo. The results support the need to reconnect public health and urban planning as a way to create healthier environments in Mexican cities.

OBJETIVO: Este artículo explora el papel de factores contextuales a nivel de colonia sobre un marcador de salud en la ciudad de Hermosillo, México y discute la importancia de la colaboración entre planificadores urbanos y profesionales de la salud para minimizar el impacto negativo de factores contextuales sobre la salud de la población urbana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Pocos estudios en México han evaluado las condiciones de salud a escala intra-urbana y su interacción con variables contextuales a nivel de colonia. Utilizando análisis espacial y sistemas de información geográfica, el artículo explora la relación entre mortalidad infantil y un índice de vulnerabilidad socio-ambiental construido para medir factores contextuales urbanos. RESULTADOS: Dos conglomerados de alta mortalidad infantil fueron detectados dentro de colonias caracterizadas por condiciones ambientales relativamente buenas y uno en una colonia con un ambiente pobre. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican la formación de conglomerados de alta mortalidad infantil y una conexión moderada con factores del medio ambiente construido en Hermosillo. Estos resultados apoyan la necesidad de reconectar la salud pública y la planeación urbana como un método para crear ambientes más sanos en las ciudades de México.

Neighborhood socio-environmental vulnerability and infant mortality in Hermosillo, Sonora.

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the impact of contextual variables at the neighborhood level on a health marker in the city of Hermosillo, Mexico and discusses the importance of collaboration between planners and health professional to minimize the negative effect of contextual factors on urban health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Few studies in Mexico have assessed health outcomes at the intra-urban scale and their interaction with neighborhood-level contextual variables. Using spatial analysis and geographical information systems, the paper explores the association between infant mortality and an index of socio-environmental vulnerability used to measure urban contextual factors. RESULTS: Two high infant mortality clusters were detected within neighborhoods characterized by relatively good environmental conditions and one in a neighborhood with a poor environment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the clustering of high infant mortality areas and some association with built environment factors in Hermosillo. The results support the need to reconnect public health and urban planning as a way to create healthier environments in Mexican cities.