Development and validation of the Michigan Chronic Disease Simulation Model (MICROSIM).

Strategies to prevent or delay Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) are urgently needed, and blood pressure (BP) management is a promising strategy. Yet the effects of different BP control strategies across the life course on AD/ADRD are unknown. Randomized trials may be infeasible due to prolonged follow-up and large sample sizes. Simulation analysis is a practical approach to estimating these effects using the best available existing data. However, existing simulation frameworks cannot estimate the effects of BP control on both dementia and cardiovascular disease. This manuscript describes the design principles, implementation details, and population-level validation of a novel population-health microsimulation framework, the MIchigan ChROnic Disease SIMulation (MICROSIM), for The Effect of Lower Blood Pressure over the Life Course on Late-life Cognition in Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites (BP-COG) study of the effect of BP levels over the life course on dementia and cardiovascular disease. MICROSIM is an agent-based Monte Carlo simulation designed using computer programming best practices. MICROSIM estimates annual vascular risk factor levels and transition probabilities in all-cause dementia, stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality in a nationally representative sample of US adults 18+ using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). MICROSIM models changes in risk factors over time, cognition and dementia using changes from a pooled dataset of individual participant data from 6 US prospective cardiovascular cohort studies. Cardiovascular risks were estimated using a widely used risk model and BP treatment effects were derived from meta-analyses of randomized trials. MICROSIM is an extensible, open-source framework designed to estimate the population-level impact of different BP management strategies and reproduces US population-level estimates of BP and other vascular risk factors levels, their change over time, and incident all-cause dementia, stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality.

Factor structure of the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol neuropsychological battery in the Health and Retirement Study.

OBJECTIVE: The Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) describes an assessment battery and a family of population-representative studies measuring neuropsychological performance. We describe the factorial structure of the HCAP battery in the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS). METHOD: The HCAP battery was compiled from existing measures by a cross-disciplinary and international panel of researchers. The HCAP battery was used in the 2016 wave of the HRS. We used factor analysis methods to assess and refine a theoretically driven single and multiple domain factor structure for tests included in the HCAP battery among 3,347 participants with evaluable performance data. RESULTS: For the eight domains of cognitive functioning identified (orientation, memory [immediate, delayed, and recognition], set shifting, attention/speed, language/fluency, and visuospatial), all single factor models fit reasonably well, although four of these domains had either 2 or 3 indicators where fit must be perfect and is not informative. Multidimensional models suggested the eight-domain model was overly complex. A five-domain model (orientation, memory delayed and recognition, executive functioning, language/fluency, visuospatial) was identified as a reasonable model for summarizing performance in this sample (standardized root mean square residual = 0.05, root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, confirmatory fit index = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The HCAP battery conforms adequately to a multidimensional structure of neuropsychological performance. The derived measurement models can be used to operationalize notions of neurocognitive impairment, and as a starting point for prioritizing pre-statistical harmonization and evaluating configural invariance in cross-national research.

Pediatric Mental Health Emergencies During 5 COVID-19 Waves in New York City.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the proportion of pediatric mental health emergency department (MH-ED) visits across 5 COVID-19 waves in New York City (NYC) and to examine the relationship between MH-ED visits, COVID-19 prevalence, and societal restrictions. METHODS: We conducted a time-series analysis of MH-ED visits among patients ages 5 to 17 years using the INSIGHT Clinical Research Network, a database from 5 medical centers in NYC from January 1, 2016, to June 12, 2022. We estimated seasonally adjusted changes in MH-ED visit rates during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with predicted prepandemic levels, specific to each COVID-19 wave and stratified by mental health diagnoses and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimated associations between MH-ED visit rates, COVID-19 prevalence, and societal restrictions measured by the Stringency Index. RESULTS: Of 686 500 ED visits in the cohort, 27 168 (4.0%) were MH-ED visits. The proportion of MH-ED visits was higher during each COVID-19 wave compared with predicted prepandemic trends. Increased MH-ED visits were seen for eating disorders across all waves; anxiety disorders in all except wave 3; depressive disorders and suicidality/self-harm in wave 2; and substance use disorders in waves 2, 4, and 5. MH-ED visits were increased from expected among female, adolescent, Asian race, high Child Opportunity Index patients. There was no association between MH-ED visits and NYC COVID-19 prevalence or NY State Stringency Index. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of pediatric MH-ED visits during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher during each wave compared with the predicted prepandemic period, with varied increases among diagnostic and sociodemographic subgroups. Enhanced pediatric mental health resources are essential to address these findings.

Spotlighting the imbalance: Gender disparities among speakers and awardees at pediatric emergency medicine conferences.

BACKGROUND: There are wide variations in the gender makeup of speakers at national pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) conferences with no significant change in recent years. OBJECTIVE: Gender disparities exist among national speakers and award recipients. PEM represents the intersection of pediatrics, a female-dominated specialty with approximately 58% women, and emergency medicine, a male-dominated specialty. We describe the proportion of women speakers and award recipients at two national PEM conferences, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Emergency Medicine (SOEM) and the Advanced PEM Assembly (APEMA), to the AAP National Conference & Exhibition (NCE), a national pediatric conference. METHODS: Data from SOEM and APEMA, obtained from 2016 to 2021 were compared to the 2021 NCE. Invited speakers, abstract presenters, and award recipients were identified. Gender was determined by searching each individual's name for self-identification. Gender proportions were compared across conferences, speaker type, and year. RESULTS: Compared to the NCE, a significantly smaller proportion of women were invited speakers at APEMA (NCE 59.9% vs. APEMA 38.8%, p < 0.001), but similar proportions of women were invited speakers (53.9%, p = 0.178) and awardees at SOEM (50% vs. 50%, p = 1.0). A larger number of women were SOEM abstract presenters than invited speakers (63.3% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.041). Between 2016 and 2021, the proportion of women invited speakers (SOEM, p = 0.744; APEMA, p = 0.947) or abstract presenters (SOEM, p = 0.632) did not significantly change. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to NCE, women are underrepresented as speakers at APEMA, but not at SOEM. Abstract presenters are more likely to be women compared to invited speakers. While awards appear equally distributed, recipients do not mirror the proportion of women in PEM. Conference organizers and leaders in PEM should ensure gender equity in national recognition.

Cost-effectiveness of carotid artery stenting vs endarterectomy: A simulation.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical trials conducted before the introduction of modern medical management to prevent stroke demonstrated that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) prevent stroke following transient ischemic attack (TIA). We compared the cost-effectiveness of CEA, CAS, and modern medical management in two secular settings of medical management in individuals with incident TIA and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Using simulation modeling, our base-case analyses were performed from the healthcare sector perspective over a 20-year time horizon with an annual 3% discount rate applied to both costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Outcomes depended on age, sex, biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk, and treatment effects based on a validated model of type 2 diabetes. Our simulation population was drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2014 cohort. Costs for modern medical management were based on average wholesale prices, and revascularization costs were derived from published literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Compared to all other strategies, historical medical management plus CEA was either cost-saving or cost-effective at a threshold of $100,000 per QALY gained. Modern medical management was cost-effective compared to historical medical management without revascularization at a $100,000 acceptability threshold. However, both revascularization approaches (plus medical management) were cost-saving compared to modern medical management alone. CONCLUSION: Among individuals requiring carotid revascularization, carotid endarterectomy is the cost-effective strategy to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes following a TIA. For individuals for whom revascularization is contraindicated, modern medical therapy is cost-effective.

Association Between Loneliness and Postoperative Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

This cohort study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study and Medicare claims to examine the association between loneliness and postoperative mortality after elective vs nonelective surgery among older adults.

The Influence of Cognitive Impairment on Postoperative Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in rates of elective surgery, postoperative mortality, and readmission by pre-existing cognitive status among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing surgery. BACKGROUND: MCI is common among older adults, but the impact of MCI on surgical outcomes is understudied. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals ≥65 who underwent surgery between 2001 and 2015 using data from the nationally-representative Health and Retirement Study linked with Medicare claims. Cognitive status was assessed by the modified telephone interview for cognitive status score and categorized as normal cognition (score: 12-27), MCI (7-11), and dementia (<7). Outcomes were 30- and 90-day postoperative mortality and readmissions. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the risk of each outcome by cognition, adjusting for patient characteristics. RESULTS: In 6,590 patients, 69.9% had normal cognition, 20.1% had MCI, and 9.9% had dementia. Patients with MCI (79.9%) and dementia (73.6%) were less likely to undergo elective surgery than patients with normal cognition (85.9%). Patients with MCI had similar postoperative mortality and readmissions rates as patients with normal cognition. However, patients with dementia had significantly higher postoperative 90-day mortality (5.2% vs 8.4%, P = 0.002) and readmission rates (13.9% vs 17.3%, P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: Patients with self-reported MCI are less likely to undergo elective surgery but have similar postoperative outcomes compared with patients with normal cognition. Despite the variability of defining MCI, our findings suggest that MCI may not confer additional risk for older individuals undergoing surgery, and should not be a barrier for surgical care.

Estimating the Prevalence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the US: The 2016 Health and Retirement Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol Project.

Importance: Nationally representative data are critical for understanding the causes, costs, and outcomes associated with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the US and can inform policies aimed at reducing the impact of these conditions on patients, families, and public programs. The nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is an essential resource for such data, but the HRS substudy providing dementia diagnostic information was fielded more than 20 years ago and more recent data are needed. Objective: The Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) was developed to update national estimates of the prevalence of MCI and dementia in the US and examine differences by age, race, ethnicity, and sex. Design, Setting, and Participants: HRS is an ongoing longitudinal nationally representative study of people 51 years and older with staggered entry dates from 1992 to 2022 and follow-up ranging from 4 to 30 years. HCAP is a cross-sectional random sample of individuals in HRS who were 65 years or older in 2016. Of 9972 age-eligible HRS participants, 4425 were randomly selected for HCAP, and 3496 completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and informant interview, none of whom were excluded. Dementia and MCI were classified using an algorithm based on standard diagnostic criteria and comparing test performance to a robust normative sample. Exposures: Groups were stratified by age, sex, education, race, and ethnicity. Main Outcomes and Measures: National prevalence estimates using population weights. Results: The mean (SD) age of the study population sample (N = 3496) was 76.4 (7.6) years, and 2095 participants (60%) were female. There were 551 participants who self-identified as Black and not Hispanic (16%), 382 who self-identified as Hispanic regardless of race (16%), 2483 who self-identified as White and not Hispanic (71%), and 80 who self-identified as another race (2%), including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, or another self-described race. A total of 393 individuals (10%; 95% CI, 9-11) were classified as having dementia and 804 (22%; 95% CI, 20-24) as having MCI. Every 5-year increase in age was associated with higher risk of dementia (weighted odds ratio [OR], 1.95 per 5-year age difference; 95%, CI, 1.77-2.14) and MCI (OR, 1.17 per 5-year age difference, 95% CI, 1.09-1.26). Each additional year of education was associated with a decrease in risk of dementia (OR, 0.93 per year of school, 95% CI, 0.89-0.97) and MCI (OR, 0.94, 95% CI, 0.91-0.97). Dementia was more common among non-Hispanic Black individuals (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.20-2.75) and MCI in Hispanic individuals (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03-1.96) compared with non-Hispanic White individuals. Other group comparisons by race and ethnicity were not possible owing to small numbers. No differences in prevalence were found between female individuals and male individuals. Conclusions and Relevance: Using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and large sample, the national prevalence of dementia and MCI in 2016 found in this cross-sectional study was similar to that of other US-based studies, indicating a disproportionate burden of dementia and MCI among older Black and Hispanic adults and those with lower education.

Mexican Americans Participate in Research More than Expected while non-Hispanic Whites Participate Less than Expected.

OBJECTIVE: To identify Hispanic/Latinx and non Hispanic White participation rates in a community-based project using door-to-door recruitment. METHODS: We conducted a two-stage area probability sample of housing units in Nueces County, Texas, using Census data including Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). From May 2018-February 2020, residents over 64 were asked to take a cognitive screen. We compared expected and observed ethnic-specific participation. RESULTS: Nearly a thousand (996) participants enrolled. Accounting for sampling error, the observed count of MAs (n=609) significantly exceeded expectations ([inline-graphic 01], [95% CI: 521,542]). The observed count of NHWs (n=387) was less than expected ([inline-graphic 02], [95% CI: 455, 473]. The sub-group with the largest difference in observed vs. expected participants was MA women, n=376 observed, 306 (95% CI: 300, 312) expected. CONCLUSIONS: Mexican Americans were significantly more likely to participate than expected, challenging the notion that ethnic minority populations are less likely to agree to research.

Differential Relationships Between the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Informant-Rated Cognitive Decline Among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the concurrent validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) with other cognitive screening instruments among Mexican Americans (MA) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW). METHODS: In a community-based study in Nueces county, Texas (5/2/18-2/26/20), participants 65+ with MoCA ≤25 completed the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol. Regressions examined associations between MoCA and: 1) Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); 2) abbreviated Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI-D); 3) Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). RESULTS: MA (n = 229) and NHW (n = 81) differed by education but not age or sex. MoCA and cognitive performance associations (MMSE, CSI-D-Respondent) did not differ between MA and NHW (p's > .16). MoCA and informant rating associations (IQCODE, CSI-D-Informant) were stronger in NHW than MA (NHW R2 = 0.39 and 0.38, respectively; MA R2 = 0.30 and 0.28, respectively). DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest non-equivalence across cognitive screening instruments among MAs and NHWs.

Affordable Care Act and Cancer Survivors' Financial Barriers to Care: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey, 2009-2018.

PURPOSE: Since Affordable Care Act (ACA) implementation in 2014, studies have demonstrated gains in insurance coverage for cancer survivors < 65 years. We assessed the impact of ACA implementation on financial barriers to care by stratifying survivors at age 65 years, when individuals typically become Medicare-eligible. METHODS: We used data from respondents with cancer in the 2009-2018 National Health Interview Survey. We identified 21,954 respondents representing approximately 7.4 million survivors, who were then age-stratified at age 65 years. Survey responses regarding financial barriers to medical care and medications were analyzed, and age-stratified multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed, which evaluated the impact of ACA implementation on these measures, adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: After multivariable logistic regression, ACA implementation was associated with higher adjusted odds of Medicaid insurance (odds ratio [95% CI] 2.02 [1.72 to 2.36]; P < .0001) and lower adjusted odds of no insurance (0.57 [0.48 to 0.68]; P < .0001). Regarding financial barriers, ACA implementation was associated with lower adjusted odds of inability to afford medications (0.68 [0.59 to 0.79]; P < .0001), inability to afford dental care (0.83 [0.73 to 0.94]; P = .004), and delaying care (0.78 [0.69 to 0.89]; P = .002) in the 18-64 years group. Similarly, ACA implementation was associated with lower adjusted odds of secondary outcomes such as delaying refills, skipping doses, and anxiety over medical bills. Similar associations were not seen in the > 65 years group. CONCLUSION: Survivor-reported measures of financial barriers in cancer survivors age 18-64 years significantly improved following ACA implementation. Similar changes were not seen in the Medicare-eligible cohort, likely because of high Medicare enrollment and few uninsured.

Bilingualism, assessment language, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Mexican Americans.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Assessment of cognition in linguistically diverse aging populations is a growing need. Bilingualism may complicate cognitive measurement precision, and bilingualism may vary across Hispanic/Latinx sub-populations. We examined the association among bilingualism, assessment language, and cognitive screening performance in a primarily non-immigrant Mexican American community. DESIGN: Prospective, community-based cohort study: The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC)-Cognitive study. SETTING: Nueces County, Texas. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling Mexican Americans age 65+, recruited door-to-door using a two-stage area probability sampling procedure. MEASUREMENTS: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); self-reported bilingualism scale. Participants were classified as monolingual, Spanish dominant bilingual, English dominant bilingual, or balanced bilingual based upon bilingualism scale responses. Linear regressions examined relationships among bilingualism, demographics, cognitive assessment language, and MoCA scores. RESULTS: The analytic sample included 547 Mexican American participants (60% female). Fifty-eight percent were classified as balanced bilingual, the majority (88.6%) of whom selected assessment in English. Balanced bilinguals that completed the MoCA in English performed better than balanced bilinguals that completed the MoCA in Spanish (b = -4.0, p < 0.05). Among balanced bilinguals that took the MoCA in Spanish, education outside of the United States was associated with better performance (b = 4.4, p < 0.001). Adjusting for demographics and education, we found no association between the degree of bilingualism and MoCA performance (p's > 0.10). CONCLUSION: Bilingualism is important to consider in cognitive aging studies in linguistically diverse communities. Future research should examine whether cognitive test language selection affects cognitive measurement precision in balanced bilinguals.

Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R) Study: Study Design.

The Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R) is a national prospective study of adults at risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) comprising 14 established United States (US) prospective cohort studies. For decades, C4R cohorts have collected extensive data on clinical and subclinical diseases and their risk factors, including behavior, cognition, biomarkers, and social determinants of health. C4R will link this pre-COVID phenotyping to information on SARS-CoV-2 infection and acute and post-acute COVID-related illness. C4R is largely population-based, has an age range of 18-108 years, and broadly reflects the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic diversity of the US. C4R is ascertaining severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 illness using standardized questionnaires, ascertainment of COVID-related hospitalizations and deaths, and a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey via dried blood spots. Master protocols leverage existing robust retention rates for telephone and in-person examinations, and high-quality events surveillance. Extensive pre-pandemic data minimize referral, survival, and recall bias. Data are being harmonized with research-quality phenotyping unmatched by clinical and survey-based studies; these will be pooled and shared widely to expedite collaboration and scientific findings. This unique resource will allow evaluation of risk and resilience factors for COVID-19 severity and outcomes, including post-acute sequelae, and assessment of the social and behavioral impact of the pandemic on long-term trajectories of health and aging.

Interventions Targeting Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Stroke Prevention and Treatment.

Systemic racism is a public health crisis. Systemic racism and racial/ethnic injustice produce racial/ethnic disparities in health care and health. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in stroke care and health exist and result predominantly from unequal treatment. This special report aims to summarize selected interventions to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in stroke prevention and treatment. It reviews the social determinants of health and the determinants of racial/ethnic disparities in care. It provides a focused summary of selected interventions aimed at reducing stroke risk factors, increasing awareness of stroke symptoms, and improving access to care for stroke because these interventions hold the promise of reducing racial/ethnic disparities in stroke death rates. It also discusses knowledge gaps and future directions.

Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Prevalence Differs by Appalachian Residence in Ohio.

BACKGROUND: Areas within the Appalachian region may have a greater burden of under diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRD). OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of ADRD in the Appalachian counties of Ohio, and to determine if differences exist by geographic location (Appalachian/non-Appalachian and rural/urban) and across time among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Public Use Files from 2007-2017 were used to estimate county-level ADRD prevalence among all fee-for-service beneficiaries in Ohio. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate prevalence overall, by Appalachian Regional Commission's Appalachian/non-Appalachian designation, and by rural/urban (Rural-Urban Continuum Codes) classification. Models were repeated, adjusting for county-level demographics and comorbidities. RESULTS: The prevalence of ADRD varied by both Appalachian residence and rural status (p = 0.008). Before adjustment by county-level demographics and comorbidities, the prevalence of ADRD in urban Appalachian counties was 1-3% lower than in urban non-Appalachian counties, while rural Appalachian counties had 2-3% higher prevalence compared to rural non-Appalachian counties. After adjustment, the differences between prevalence ratios were accentuated; the prevalence ratio was consistently higher for rural Appalachian counties, yet varied across the study period for urban counties (1.03 in 2007 to 0.97 in 2017). CONCLUSION: The results suggest a disparate burden of ADRD in Ohio with higher prevalence in rural Appalachian counties. This potential difference by Appalachian region is important to consider for availability of services and subsequent delivery of care. In order to better understand the disparity, further epidemiologic studies are necessary to better estimate the burden of ADRD.

Association of Blood Pressure and Cognition after Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: It is unclear whether blood pressure (BP) is associated with cognition after stroke. We examined associations between systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP), pulse pressure (PP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and cognition, each measured 90 days after stroke. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of prospectively obtained data of 432 dementia-free subjects greater than or equal to 45 (median age, 66; 45% female) with stroke (92% ischemic; median NIH stroke score, 3 [IQR, 2-6]) from the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project in 2011-2013. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination (3MSE; range, 0-100). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Animal Fluency Test (AFT; range, 0-10) and Trail Making Tests A and B (number of correct items [range, 0-25]/completion time [Trails A: 0-180 seconds; Trails B: 0-300 second]). Linear or tobit regression adjusted associations for age, education, and race/ethnicity as well as variables significantly associated with BP and cognition. RESULTS: Higher SBP, lower DBP, higher PP, and lower MAP each were associated with worse cognitive performance for all 4 tests (all P < .001). After adjusting for patient factors, no BP measures were associated with any of the 4 tests (all P > .05). Lower cognitive performance was associated with older age, less education, Mexican American ethnicity, diabetes, higher stroke severity, more depressive symptoms, and lower BMI. Among survivors with hypertension, anti-hypertensive medication use 90 days after stroke was significantly associated with higher AFT scores (P = .02) but not other tests (P > .15). CONCLUSIONS: Stroke survivors' BP levels were not associated with cognitive performance at 90 days independent of sociodemographic and clinical factors.

Neuropsychological assessment of mild cognitive impairment in Latinx adults: A scoping review.

Objective: Latinx populations are rapidly growing and aging in the United States. There is a critical need to accurately and efficiently detect those at risk for dementia, particularly those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI diagnosis often relies on neuropsychological assessment, although cultural, demographic, and linguistic characteristics may impact test scores. This study provides a scoping review of neuropsychological studies on MCI in Hispanic/Latinx populations to evaluate how studies report and account for these factors in diagnosis of MCI. Method: Studies were identified using Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, using search terms (Hispanic* OR Latin* OR "Mexican American*" OR "Puerto Ric*" OR Caribbean) and ("Mild Cognitive Impairment" OR MCI). Studies using neuropsychological tests in diagnosis of MCI for Latinx individuals in the United States were identified. Sample characterization (e.g., country of origin, literacy, language preference and proficiency), neuropsychological testing methods (e.g., test selection and translation, normative data source), and method of MCI diagnosis were reviewed. Results: Forty-four articles met inclusion criteria. There was considerable variability in reporting of demographic, cultural and linguistic factors across studies of MCI in Latinx individuals. For example, only 5% of studies reported nativity status, 52% reported information on language preference and use, and 34% reported the method and/or source of test translation and adaptation. Conclusions: Future studies of diagnosis of MCI in Latinx individuals should report cultural details and use of appropriate neuropsychological assessment tools and normative data. This is important to accurately estimate the prevalence of MCI in Latinx individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Mild Cognitive Impairment and Receipt of Treatments for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) should receive evidence-based treatments when indicated. Providers and patients may overestimate the risk of dementia in patients with MCI leading to potential under-treatment. However, the association between pre-existing MCI and receipt of evidence-based treatments is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To compare receipt of treatments for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between older adults with pre-existing MCI and cognitively normal patients. DESIGN: Prospective study using data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study, Medicare, and American Hospital Association. PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred nine adults aged 65 or older hospitalized for AMI between 2000 and 2011 and followed through 2012 with pre-existing MCI (defined as modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status score of 7-11) and normal cognition (score of 12-27). MAIN MEASURES: Receipt of cardiac catheterization and coronary revascularization within 30 days and cardiac rehabilitation within 1 year of AMI hospitalization. KEY RESULTS: Among the survivors of AMI, 19.2% had pre-existing MCI (55.6% were women and 44.4% were male, with a mean [SD] age of 82.3 [7.5] years), and 80.8% had normal cognition (45.7% were women and 54.3% were male, with a mean age of 77.1 [7.1] years). Survivors of AMI with pre-existing MCI were significantly less likely than those with normal cognition to receive cardiac catheterization (50% vs 77%; P < 0.001), coronary revascularization (29% vs 63%; P < 0.001), and cardiac rehabilitation (9% vs 22%; P = 0.001) after AMI. After adjusting for patient and hospital factors, pre-existing MCI remained associated with lower use of cardiac catheterization (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48-0.89; P = 0.007) and coronary revascularization (aHR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37-0.81; P = .003), but not cardiac rehabilitation (aHR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.49-2.07; P = 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing MCI is associated with lower use of cardiac catheterization and coronary revascularization but not cardiac rehabilitation after AMI.

State School Policies as Predictors of Physical and Mental Health: A Natural Experiment in the REGARDS Cohort.

We used differences in state school policies as natural experiments to evaluate the joint influence of educational quantity and quality on late-life physical and mental health. Using US Census microsample data, historical measures of state compulsory schooling and school quality (term length, student-teacher ratio, and attendance rates) were combined via regression modeling on a scale corresponding to years of education (policy-predicted years of education (PPYEd)). PPYEd values were linked to individual-level records for 8,920 black and 14,605 white participants aged ≥45 years in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study (2003-2007). Linear and quantile regression models estimated the association between PPYEd and Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) from the Short Form Health Survey. We examined interactions by race and adjusted for sex, birth year, state of residence at age 6 years, and year of study enrollment. Higher PPYEd was associated with better median PCS (ß = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40, 1.49) and possibly better median MCS (ß = 0.46, 95% CI: -0.01, 0.94). Effect estimates were higher among black (vs. white) persons (PCS × race interaction, ß = 0.22, 95% CI: -0.62, 1.05, and MCS × race interaction, ß = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.44). When incorporating both school quality and duration, this quasiexperimental analysis found mixed evidence for a causal effect of education on health decades later.

The Health and Retirement Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol Project: Study Design and Methods.

INTRODUCTION: The Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) Project is a substudy within the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), an ongoing nationally representative panel study of about 20,000 adults aged 51 or older in the United States. The HCAP is part of an international research collaboration funded by the National Institute on Aging to better measure and identify cognitive impairment and dementia in representative population-based samples of older adults, in the context of ongoing longitudinal studies of aging in high-, middle-, and low-income countries around the world. METHODS: The HCAP cognitive test battery was designed to measure a range of key cognitive domains affected by cognitive aging (including attention, memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial function) and to allow harmonization and comparisons to other studies in the United States and around the world. The HCAP included a pair of in-person interviews, one with the target HRS respondent (a randomly selected HRS sample member, aged 65+) that lasted approximately 1 h and one with an informant nominated by the respondent that lasted approximately 20 min. The final HRS HCAP sample included 3,496 study subjects, representing a 79% response rate among those invited to participate. CONCLUSION: Linking detailed HCAP cognitive assessments to the wealth of available longitudinal HRS data on cognition, health, biomarkers, genetics, health care utilization, informal care, and economic resources and behavior will provide unique and expanded opportunities to study cognitive impairment and dementia in a nationally representative US population-based sample. The fielding of similar HCAP projects in multiple countries around the world will provide additional opportunities to study international differences in the prevalence, incidence, and outcomes of dementia globally with comparable data. Like all HRS data, HCAP data are publicly available at no cost to researchers.