The influence of social status on children's merit-based resource allocation: The potential explanation of expectation.

How 3- to 11-year-old children integrate recipients' merit and social status when allocating resources was examined in 2021 and 2022. Study 1 (Han Chinese, n = 309, 150 girls) showed that while children prioritized merit, they developed from favoring high-status recipients to favoring low-status recipients. Study 2 (n = 194, 98 girls) and Study 3 (n = 138, 68 girls) revealed that children held stereotypes about the relation between merit and social status which shifted with age from expecting high-status peers to expecting low-status peers to work harder, these expectations corresponded allocation decisions. These findings suggest children shift from perpetuating to rectifying inequity and changing stereotypes about people of different social status may serve an important function in the process.

Effect of Orem's Self-Care Theory Combined with Active Pain Assessment on Pain, Stress and Psychological State of Children with Nephroblastoma Surgery.

Background: With the development of medical technology and the innovation of various surgical options, the survival time of children with nephroblastoma is significantly prolonged. However, postoperative pain and stress response have been plagued by children with nephroblastoma during the postoperative treatment. At present, there is still a lack of effective care programs. Methods: We accessed our institutional database to retrospectively screen clinical data from all children with nephroblastoma who were surgically treated in our hospital between July 2020 and July 2021. Some children received routine care, while others received Orem-based self-care theory and active pain assessment. Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 150 children with nephroblastoma who underwent surgical treatment were included in this study. On the third day after surgery, the scores of pain control effect and satisfaction degree of pain education in the study group were higher than those in the control group, and the physical and daily life influence, emotion influence, and pain experienced in the study group were lower than those in the control group. The differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in C-SUPPH and ESCA scores between the two groups before nursing (p > 0.05). After nursing, the C-SUPPH and ESCA scores of the two groups were higher than those before nursing, and the C-SUPPH and ESCA scores of the study group were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Before nursing, the levels of ACTH, Cor, and ANP between the two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The levels of ACTH, Cor, and ANP in the two groups were lower than those before nursing and 3 d and 7 d after nursing, and the index levels after 7 d of nursing were lower than those after 3 d of nursing. After nursing, the levels of ACTH, Cor, and ANP in the study group at each time point were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in SAS and SDS scores between the two groups before nursing (p > 0.05). After nursing, the SAS and SDS scores of both groups were lower than those before nursing, and the SAS and SDS scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in PSQI scores between the two groups before nursing (p > 0.05). After nursing, the PSQI scores of the two groups were lower than those before nursing, and the PSQI scores of the study were lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The average daily crying time, the average hospitalization time, and postoperative off-bed time in the study group were shorter than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Orem's self-care theory combined with active pain assessment can reduce pain in children undergoing nephroblastoma surgery, improve their stress response and psychological state, and improve their sleep quality, which is conducive to postoperative recovery and worthy of promotion.

Material and relational asymmetry: The role of receivers' wealth and power status in children's resource allocation.

Asymmetries in social status, specifically social status related to wealth and relational power, appear to influence the ways in which children allocate resources. However, the impact of wealth and relational power status on children's resource allocation decisions has yet to be examined among children developing within a Chinese cultural context. In addition, how children weight the relative importance of these factors when they exist concurrently is not well understood. In Study 1, we examined the impact of recipients' wealth and relational power status on Chinese children's (3- to 8-year-olds; N = 199) allocation decisions. We found that across both categories of social status, 3- and 4-year-olds gave more to high-status individuals, whereas 7- and 8-year-olds gave more to low-status individuals, despite younger children also showing a strong egalitarian preference when the resources could be allocated equally. In Study 2, we investigated how children (3- to 8-year-olds; N = 219) weigh the relative importance of these two types of social status in situations where the level of recipients' wealth and relational power were either consistent or in conflict. When they needed to allocate the resources unequally, the youngest children were found to place greater emphasis on wealth over relational power and favored the high-status individual, whereas older children tended to favor the low-status individual and placed greater importance on relational power over wealth. Overall, we found a consistent age-related shift from favoring high-status individuals toward compensating low-status individuals, suggesting a developing concern for social equity.

Source, fate and budget of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in a typical semi-closed sea, China.

Dechlorane Plus (DP), which has severe effects on marine ecosystems, has been proposed for listing under the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant (POPs). This study was the first comprehensive investigation of the concentration and fate of DP in the Bohai Sea (BS) based on determination of river estuary water, river estuary sediment, surface seawater, bottom seawater, and sea sediments samples. The highest water DP levels were found in river estuary in Tianjin in North China due to the huge usage of DP in recent years, and spatial distribution analysis indicates it was mainly affected by regional high urbanization and emission of E-waste. The spatial distribution of DP in the BS was mainly affected by a combination of coastal hydrodynamics and land anthropogenic activities. On the basis of multi-box mass balance, simulations of DP in seawater showed an increase from 2014 to 2025, before leveling off at 184 pg L -1 by a constant DP input to the BS. Riverine discharge almost contributed to the total input (∼99%) and dominated the DP levels in the BS. Degradation of DP accounted for 55.3% and 78.1% of total DP output in seawater and sediment, respectively, indicating that degradation mainly affected decline of DP in the environment.

Group bias in children's merit-based resource allocation.

From early in life, children show sensitivity to both merit and group membership. However, little research has examined how children react to the conflicting demands of allocating meritoriously and favoring in-groups during resource allocation over the course of their development. We compared how children aged 3-5 years and children aged 6-8 years allocated and reasoned about allocations to in-group and out-group members in a merit-based context. In Study 1, in four distribution tasks, children needed to allocate resources to high- and low-merit persons who were either in-group or out-group members and then indicate the reasons for their decisions. In Study 2, we chose the condition where the conflict between merit and group bias was strongest and further tested the effect of merit and group bias. We found that children prioritized merit across conditions, whereas in a context where the conflict was sufficiently intense they also took group membership into consideration. In addition, with age, children incorporated the conflicting demands of merit and group bias during resource allocation. The findings suggest that, with age, children weighed the moral concerns of merit and the social concerns of group bias when determining the allocation of resources.

[Assessment of the posttraumatic symptoms among survivors for three years following Wenchuan Earthquake].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its influencing factors for three years following the "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake. METHODS: A systematic sampling of 870 subjects who came from Beichuan (605 persons) and Jiangyou (265 persons) areas were investigated by adopting subscale of PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and Social Demographic Questionnaire. RESULTS: The incidence rate of PTSD was 8.5% (74/870), the incidence rates of PTSD for the area of Beichuan and Jiangyou were 11.2% (68/605) and 2.3% (6/265) respectively. Subjects from Beichuan had higher PTSD incidence rate compared to Jiangyou (P < 0.05). The prevalence of PTSD for female and male were 11.8% (55/465) and 4.7% (19/405) respectively, female had higher prevalence of PTSD compared to male (P < 0.05). The incidence rates of PTSD for victims who suffered from major property lost and those who lost less were 13.3% (62/466) and 3.0% (12/404) respectively, victims suffered major property lost had higher incidence rate of PTSD(P < 0.05). The incidence rates of PTSD for victims who lost family members and those did not were 13.4% (45/336) and 5.4% (29/534) respectively, victims who lost family members had higher incidence rates of PTSD (P < 0.05). The posttraumatic symptoms for survivors who suffered from PTSD mainly focused on the symptoms of reexpericement and over vigilance, the prevalence rate was 100% (74/74). Exaggerated startle response, intense psychological distress and physiological reactivity were higher than others in total 17 symptoms, accounting for 96% (71/74), 94% (70/74) and 90% (67/74). The logistic regression showed that being female, victims who suffered from major property lost, lost family member in this earthquake were the risk factors of PTSD, and the values of OR (95%CI) were 2.746 (1.580 - 4.772), 3.616 (1.871 - 6.988) and 1.805(1.057 - 3.084), respectively. CONCLUSION: Posttraumatic symptoms were still common among survivors three years after "5.12" Wenchuan Earthquake. Survivors in Beichuan (heavy hit area), female victims, victims who suffered from major property lost, victims who lost family member need more social and economic support.