3M: Measuring Vital Signs With Markov-Gauss Model.

Measuring vital signs (VS) contained in the echoes is crucial to the analyses of breathing and heartbeat signals using medical radar. Although many advanced signal processing algorithms have been developed for radar-based VS measurement and make some improved progress, existing schemes cannot achieve a good estimation of echo phases modulated by the respiratory and cardiac activities with high accuracy or low computation, and thus resulting in serious performance degradation on the subsequent separation of breathing and heartbeat patterns as well as the assessment of breathing rate (BR), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV). In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to measure VS for medical radar, named 3M method. Specifically, our method firstly introduces the Markov-Gauss model to obtain the recursive expression of the echo phases carrying VS, and secondly derive a simple observation equation (SOE) to reflect the relationship between the observed signal and VS of radar measurement. Thirdly, the aforementioned Markov-Gauss model and SOE are fused by Kalman filter to measure VS with accurate estimation. The 3M method demonstrates an elegant structure, low complexity and excellent features introduced by Kalman filter. Simulation results show the superiority of 3M over other methods. Then, we conduct extensive experiments with insightful visualizations to validate the effectiveness of the 3M method. Comparative results on different scenarios illustrate that the 3M method not only achieves state-of-the-art VS measurement performance but also expresses robust properties to HRV analysis.

Exploring efficient strategies for air quality improvement in China based on its regional characteristics and interannual evolution of PM2.5 pollution.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) harms human health and hinders normal human life. Considering the serious complexity and obvious regional characteristics of PM2.5 pollution, it is urgent to fill in the comprehensive overview of regional characteristics and interannual evolution of PM2.5. This review studied the PM2.5 pollution in six typical areas between 2014 and 2022 based on the data published by the Chinese government and nearly 120 relevant literature. We analyzed and compared the characteristics of interannual and quarterly changes of PM2.5 concentration. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) made remarkable progress in improving PM2.5 pollution, while Fenwei Plain (FWP), Sichuan Basin (SCB) and Northeast Plain (NEP) were slightly inferior mainly due to the relatively lower level of economic development. It was found that the annual average PM2.5 concentration change versus year curves in the three areas with better pollution control conditions can be merged into a smooth curve. Importantly, this can be fitted for the accurate evaluation of each area and provide reliable prediction of its future evolution. In addition, we analyzed the factors affecting the PM2.5 in each area and summarize the causes of air pollution in China. They included primary emission, secondary generation, regional transmission, as well as unfavorable air dispersion conditions. We also suggested that the PM2.5 pollution control should target specific industries and periods, and further research need to be carried out on the process of secondary production. The results provided useful assistance such as effect prediction and strategy guidance for PM2.5 pollution control in Chinese backward areas.

Burden of depression in adolescents in the Western Pacific Region from 1990 to 2019: An age-period-cohort analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a highly prevalent and disabling mental health condition among adolescents. The epidemiology of depression in adolescents has been changing over time, reflecting changes in risk factors as well as disease concepts and diagnosis. However, few studies have characterized the longitudinal epidemiology of depression in adolescents. Understanding trends of disease burden provides key insights to improve resource allocation and design targeted interventions for this vulnerable population. The Western Pacific Region (WPR) is home to over 1.3 billion people with tremendous diversity in culture and socioeconomic development. The epidemiology of adolescent depression in WPR remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to estimate trends of disease burden attributable to depressive disorders among adolescents aged 10-24 years in WPR countries between 1990 and 2019, and to investigate period and cohort effects using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study database. METHODS: The study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, concentrating on adolescents aged 10 to 24 years with depression. We conducted an in-depth analysis of depression, including its age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), across diverse demographics such as regions, ages, genders, and socio-demographic indexes, spanning from 1990 to 2019. RESULTS: The analysis found decreasing trends in the prevalence, incidence, and DALYs of adolescent depression in the WPR between 1990-2019, although some countries like Australia and Malaysia showed increases. Specifically, the prevalence of adolescent depression in the region decreased from 9,347,861.6 cases in 1990 to 5,551,341.1 cases in 2019. The incidence rate declined from 2,508.6 per 100,000 adolescents in 1990 to 1,947.9 per 100,000 in 2019. DALYs decreased from 371.9 per 100,000 in 1990 to ASR 299.7 per 100,000 in 2019. CONCLUSION: This study found an overall decreasing trend in adolescent depression burden in the Western Pacific Region between 1990 and 2019, with heterogeneity across countries. For 30 years, the 20-24 age group accounted for the majority of depression among adolescents Widening inequality in depression burden requires policy attention. Further analysis of risk factors contributing to epidemiological trends is warranted to inform prevention strategies targeting adolescent mental health in the region.

[Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils of a City in Guangdong Province Based on Source Oriented and Monte Carlo Models].

Taking a city in Guangdong Province as the research area, the concentration and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the surface soil were studied to clarify the situation of soil heavy metal pollution and priority control factors, providing basic data for the prevention and control of soil heavy metal pollution in the city. The content characteristics of heavy metals in 221 soil samples in the city were analyzed, and the potential health risk assessment and source analysis were carried out through the Monte Carlo model, the potential health risk assessment (HRA) model, and the PMF receptor model. It was found that heavy metals ω(As), ω(Hg), ω(Cd), ω(Pb), ω(Cr), ω(Cu), ω(Ni), and ω(Zn) in the soil of the city were 18.16, 0.43, 1.46, 68.57, 98.34, 64.19, 26.53, and 257.32 mg·kg-1, respectively, with a moderate to high degree of variation. Except for Ni concentration, the soil concentrations of other heavy metal elements exceeded the background values of soil in Guangdong Province to a certain extent, and the concentrations of Cd and Zn exceeded the national secondary standards, resulting in severe heavy metal pollution; the main sources of heavy metals were industrial sources, and natural parent materials, lead battery manufacturing, transportation, artificial cultivation, and pesticide and fertilizer inputs also had an undeniable impact on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. Heavy metals in the soil had a certain degree of tolerable carcinogenic health risk for both children and adults, whereas non-carcinogenic risks could be ignored. The potential health risk of children was greater than that of adults, and the main exposure route was through oral intake. The input sources of pesticides and fertilizers and As should be the main controlling factors for the health risks of heavy metals in the city's soil, followed by mixed sources and Cr. There were differences in the spatial distribution characteristics and relative pollution levels of heavy metals, and it is necessary to deepen zoning monitoring and control, strengthen soil pollution prevention and control, and reduce human input of heavy metals in soil.

[Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils of Guangzhou].

In order to comprehensively study the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in soils of Guangzhou， 222 topsoil samples were collected and analyzed. The ecological risk of soil PAHs pollution was evaluated using the effect interval low/median method （ERL/ERM） and the （BaP） toxicity equivalent method， and the health risk of soil PAHs pollution was evaluated using the lifelong cancer risk increment model. The source of PAHs was analyzed using the characteristic compound ratio method and PMF model. The results indicated that： the content of surface soil （∑16PAHs） in Guangzhou was 38-11 115 µg·kg-1， with an average of 526 µg·kg-1， and 16 types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon monomers showed strong variation. There was a certain degree of ecological risk of PAHs in Guangzhou， and there was already a significant ecological risk of PAHs pollution in individual sampling points， which were generally in a state of mild pollution. Based on the results of the health risk assessment， the contribution rates of total cancer risk in both adults and children were presented as follows： skin contact > ingestion of soil > respiratory intake. The health risk of children was greater than that of adults， and the overall health risk was within an acceptable range. Source analysis showed that the main sources of soil PAHs in Guangzhou were coal （37.1%）； diesel （32%）； coking （17.3%）； and mixed sources of traffic emissions， biomass combustion， and petrochemical product volatilization （13.6%）. The overall source of soil PAHs belonged to mixed sources. The research results have enriched our understanding of the pollution status of PAHs in the surface soil of Guangzhou and are helpful in promoting soil pollution prevention and control actions.

[Fire resistance of 15 main economic tree species in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan, China.] / 凉山州15ç§ä¸»è¦ç»æµŽæ ‘ç§çš„é˜²ç«æ€§èƒ½.

Liangshan Prefecture is one of the three major forest areas in Sichuan Province and one of the three major disaster areas of forest fire. We measured the physicochemical properties and combustion performances of different organs (leaves and branches) of 15 main economic tree species in Liangshan, and analyzed the bioecology characteristics, silviculture characteristics and value characteristics of different tree species. We investigated the fire resistance of different tree species to screen out fire-resistant species suitable for economic forest development in Liangshan Prefecture, and improve the biological fire prevention ability. The seven physicochemical properties and combustion performances indices of 15 tree species showed significant differences. Except for crude ash and lignin, the weights of moisture content, caloric value, ignition point, crude fat, and crude fibre of leaves were higher than those of branches. Crude fibre index of leaves (9.6%) and the crude ash index of branches (9.9%) were the highest weight indices of the two organs, respectively. Based on the fire resistance, we divided all the species into three classes, i.e., class Ⅰ (excellent fire-resistance trees) Juglans regia and Morus alba; class Ⅱ (better fire-resistant trees) Sapium sebiferum, Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Eriobotrya japonica, Ligustrum lucidum, Castanea mollissima, and Punica granatum; class Ⅲ (poor fire-resistant trees) Pinus armandii, Illicium simonsii, Morella rubra, Sapindus mukorossi, Olea europaea and Camellia oleifera. J. regia and M. alba had fireproof solid performance and could be used as the preferred species for fireproof economic forest in Liangshan region. It was suggested that to use class Ⅰ to Ⅱ fire-resistant tree species built the main fireproof isolated forest belt, and pay attention to fire prevention after planting class Ⅲ tree species in a large area.

Dynamic changes in water resources and comprehensive assessment of water resource utilization efficiency in the Aral Sea basin, Central Asia.

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia faces significant challenges in improving water utilization and treatment because of frequent transboundary river water disputes and shortages of water resources. However, the traditional water resource utilization efficiency (WRUE) assessment models generally have the defect of over-validating evaluation results. To solve this problem, this study used the Coefficient of Variation method to constrain the self-contained weights in the traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to construct an improved CV-DEA model, and assessed the WRUE of the Aral Sea Basin countries during 2000-2018 and compared the WRUE with that of the countries in the Mekong River Basin and Northeast Asia, then explored the factors influencing water utilization. The conclusions were drawn: since 1960, the runoff from the upper Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers increased significantly, while the runoff from the lower Amu Darya River into the Aral Sea declined. Meanwhile, the water area of the Aral Sea shrank from 2.56 × 104 km2 to 0.70 × 104 km2 in 2000-2018, with the Northern Aral Sea remaining stable while the southern part shrinking sharply. The WRUE of the Aral Sea Basin (0.599, on average) was higher than that of the Mekong River Basin (0.547) and lower than that of Northeast Asia (0.885). Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had the highest WRUE of 0.819 and 0.685 respectively, and the WRUE in both two countries improved from 2000 to 2018. Tajikistan (0.495) and Turkmenistan (0.402) experienced decreases in WRUEs. The high input redundancy of agricultural water consumption was the main driving force affecting WRUE in the basin.

Global, regional, and national burdens of facial fractures: a systematic analysis of the global burden of Disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of facial fractures has undergone tremendous changes in recent years as a result of socio-economic development and aging populations. Currently, there is a lack of updated and comprehensive analyses of global trends and causes of facial fractures. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database is a product of a global research organization used to quantify the global impact of hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. The aim of this study was to update global burden of facial fractures from 1990 to 2019 by using the GBD2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study extracted the global incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for facial fractures, as well as the age-standardized rates (ASRs) of these variables using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was used to assess the trends of ASRs. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, the incidence of facial fractures increased from 8,943,707 to 10,676,340, but the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) decreased from 161.5 to 138.8 per 100,000. Prevalence and YLDs exhibited the same trend as incidence. Over the 30 years, the incidence of facial fractures was consistently greater in males than in females. However, females aged ˃ 75 years had higher fracture incidence rates than males aged ˃ 75 years in 2019. The leading cause of facial fractures was falls, and both the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized years lived with disability rate (ASYR) of falls increased with age. CONCLUSION: Facial fractures still represent a significant burden to the world. Incidence, prevalence and YLDs all showed increasing trends, while ASRs decreased gradually from 1990 to 2019. Enhancing the quality of facial fractures data is helpful for monitoring the burden of facial fractures.

Overview of Health-Monitoring Technology for Long-Distance Transportation Pipeline and Progress in DAS Technology Application.

There are various health issues associated with the different stages of long-distance pipeline transportation. These issues pose potential risks to environmental pollution, resource waste, and the safety of human life and property. It is essential to have real-time knowledge of the overall health status of pipelines throughout their entire lifecycle. This article investigates various health-monitoring technologies for long-distance pipelines, providing references for addressing potential safety issues that may arise during long-term transportation. This review summarizes the factors and characteristics that affect pipeline health from the perspective of pipeline structure health. It introduces the principles of major pipeline health-monitoring technologies and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The review also focuses on the application of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology, specifically time and space continuous monitoring technology, in the field of pipeline structure health monitoring. This paper discusses the process of commercialization development of DAS technology, the main research progress in the experimental field, and the open research issues. DAS technology has broad application prospects in the field of long-distance transportation pipeline health monitoring.

Correlation of ultrasound measurement of limb muscle thickness and echo intensity with frailty assessment in elderly patients undergoing malignancies surgery.

Introduction: It remains controversial which frailty score correlates with adverse outcomes. Instead of these subjective and time consuming scores, we studied whether ultrasound guided lower extremity thickness measurements more closely are associated with adverse outcomes. Method: Patients undergoing gastrointestinal malignancy surgery were included as study subjects. Frailty was identified using the FRAIL scale assessment. Ultrasound measured the muscle thickness and echo intensity of the patient's upper and lower limbs. ANOVA was used to analyze the relationship between muscle data and frailty assessment. Significant indicators from the one-way analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression equation. Results: A total of 160 study subjects were included, 52 in the normal group, 78 in the prefrailty group, and 30 in the frailty group. The ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in age, hemoglobin, albumin, history of hypertension, history of coronary artery disease, the history of cerebrovascular disease, rate of postoperative complications, rate of transferring to intensive care unit, time out of bed, length of hospitalization, thickness and echo intensity of quadriceps femoris the vastus lateralis and the tibialis anterior, echo intensity of the medial gastrocnemius among the three groups (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis showed FRAIL score was correlated with muscle thickness and echo intensity of the lower limbs. Multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that the prefrailty group was positively correlated with age（ߠ= 0.146, P = 0.004）, echo intensity of the medial gastrocnemius (ß = 0.055, P = 0.031), and rate of postoperative complications（ߠ= 1.439, P = 0.021）, also negatively correlated with muscle thickness of the tibialis anterior（ߠ= -2.124, P = 0.007）. The frailty group was positively correlated with age（ߠ= 0.22, P = 0.005）, tibialis anterior echo intensity (ß = 0.082, P = 0.015), medial gastrocnemius echo intensity (ß = 0.089, P = 0.026), cerebrovascular disease history (ß = 2.311, P = 0.04), and postoperative complication rate (ß = 2.684, P = 0.003). It was negatively correlated with albumin (ß = -0.26, P = 0.017), quadriceps muscle thickness (ß = -2.257, P = 0.017), and tibialis anterior muscle thickness (ß = -5.408, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Ultrasound measurement of lower (not upper) extremity muscle thickness and echo intensity was significantly associated with discriminating severity of frailty and postoperative outcomes than frailty scores in elderly patients.

A decision tree model to help treatment decision-making for severe spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment demonstrated a reduction in mortality among patients suffering from severe spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SSICH). However, which SSICH patients could benefit from surgical treatment was unclear. This study aimed to establish and validate a decision tree (DT) model to help determine which SSICH patients could benefit from surgical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SSICH patients from a prospective, multicenter cohort study were analyzed retrospectively. The primary outcome was the incidence of neurological poor outcome (modified Rankin scale as 4-6) on the 180th day posthemorrhage. Then, surgically-treated SSICH patients were set as the derivation cohort (from a referring hospital) and validation cohort (from multiple hospitals). A DT model to evaluate the risk of 180-day poor outcome was developed within the derivation cohort and validated within the validation cohort. The performance of clinicians in identifying patients with poor outcome before and after the help of the DT model was compared using the area under curve (AUC). RESULTS: One thousand two hundred sixty SSICH patients were included in this study (middle age as 56, and 984 male patients). Surgically-treated patients had a lower incidence of 180-day poor outcome compared to conservatively-treated patients (147/794 vs. 128/466, P <0.001). Based on 794 surgically-treated patients, multivariate logistic analysis revealed the ischemic cerebro-cardiovascular disease history, renal dysfunction, dual antiplatelet therapy, hematoma volume, and Glasgow coma score at admission as poor outcome factors. The DT model, incorporating these above factors, was highly predictive of 180-day poor outcome within the derivation cohort (AUC, 0.94) and validation cohort (AUC, 0.92). Within 794 surgically-treated patients, the DT improved junior clinicians' performance to identify patients at risk for poor outcomes (AUC from 0.81 to 0.89, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provided a DT model for predicting the poor outcome of SSICH patients postsurgically, which may serve as a useful tool assisting clinicians in treatment decision-making for SSICH.

Source apportionment and source-specific risk assessment of bioavailable metals in river sediments of an anthropogenically influenced watershed in China.

Integrated source analysis and risk assessment of metals facilitate the development of targeted risk management strategies. However, previous studies usually addressed total concentration rather than bioavailability, and consequently overestimated metal risk, especially natural source-related risk. In this study, a source-specific risk assessment was conducted by integrating the source analysis of bioavailable metals in surface sediments. Moreover, risk assessment was performed using two bioavailability-based indices: the total availability risk index (TARI) and a modified index of mean probable effect concentration quotients (mPEC-Q). A representative river watershed in eastern China was selected as the study area. Findings revealed that the total concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni in the sediments were 1.4-2.2 times higher than the local soil background values. Using a modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, the dominant fraction for Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr in the studied area was found to be the residual fraction, constituting 53.63-62.44% of the total concentrations. This suggested that a significant portion of the metals potentially originated from natural sources. Nevertheless, the concentration enrichment ratio (CER) indicated that anthropogenic sources contributed significantly, accounting for 67.84-87.68% of bioavailable metals. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model further identified three different sources of bioavailable metals, with a descending concentration contribution sequence of industrial sources (37.61%), mixed traffic and natural sources (33.17%), and agricultural sources (29.22%). Both the TARI and mPEC-Q index values indicated that the bioavailable metals generally posed a moderate risk, and Ni was the priority pollutant. Industrial sources contributed the most to the total risk, although the contribution from TARI-based assessment (37.27%) was lower than that from the mPEC-Q assessment (46.43%). This study provides an example of the consideration of metal bioavailability in the context of source-specific risk assessments to develop more reasonable management strategies.

Epidemiological analysis reveals a surge in inflammatory bowel disease among children and adolescents: A global, regional, and national perspective from 1990 to 2019 - insights from the China study.

Background: The burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among children and adolescents is rising globally, with substantial variation in levels and trends of disease in different countries and regions, while data on the burden and trends were sparse in children and adolescents. We aimed to assess the trends and geographical differences in children and adolescents aged zero to 19 in 204 countries and territories over the past 30 years. Methods: Data on IBD among children and adolescents was collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database from 1990 to 2019. We used the GBD data and methodologies to describe the change in the burden of IBD among children and adolescents involving prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality. Results: Globally, the IBD prevalence cases increased between 1990 and 2019. Annual percentage changes (AAPC) = 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11-0.19, and incidence cases of IBD increased from 20 897.4 (95% CI = 17 008.6-25 520.2 in 1990 to 25 658.6 (95% CI = 21 268.5-31 075.6) in 2019, representing a 22.78% increase, DALYs cases decreased between 1990 and 2019 (AAPC = -3.02; 95% CI = -3.15 to -2.89), and mortality cases of IBD decreased from 2756.5 (95% CI = 1162.6-4484.9) in 1990 to 1208.0 (95% CI = 802.4-1651.4) in 2019, representing a 56.17% decrease. Decomposition analysis showed that IBD prevalence and incidence increased significantly, and a trend exhibited a decrease in underlying age and population-adjusted IBD DALYs and mortality rates. Correlation analysis showed that countries with high health care quality and access (HAQ) had relatively higher IBD age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), but lower age-standardised DALYs rate (ASDR) and age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR). Conclusions: Global prevalence and incidence rate of IBD among children and adolescents have been increasing from 1990 to 2019, while the DALYs and mortality have been decreasing. Rising prevalence and rising incidence in areas with historically low rates will have crucial health and economic implications.

[Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Soil in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area of South-to-North Water Diversion Project].

To explore the occurrence characteristics and influencing factors of microplastics in soil in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area, this study collected soil samples from orchards, dryland, paddy fields, and wetland and identified microplastics in soil via density sorting, microscope observation, and Raman spectrometry. The results showed that microplastics were detected in 64 samples collected in the study area, and the abundance ranged from 645 to 15161 n·kg-1. The spatial distribution of microplastics in the bottom of the reservoir was higher than those in the middle and head of the reservoir, and the abundance of microplastics in the surface soil(0-20 cm) was significantly lower than that in the bottom soil(20-40 cm). The main types of microplastics were polypropylene(26.4%) and polyamide(20.2%), the particle size was mainly concentrated between 50-500 µm(75%), and the common shape was fragments(66.2%). Correlation analysis showed that soil microplastic abundance was closely related to land use, distance from water and housing, population density, and soil properties. From the perspective of microplastic pollution risk, 72.1% of the region's microplastic polymer risk index was at level Ⅲ and level Ⅳ, and there was a certain risk of microplastic pollution in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area. The results of this study can provide support for risk assessment of microplastics.

Empirical assessment of carbon emissions in Guangdong Province within the framework of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality: a lasso-TPE-BP neural network approach.

The escalating global greenhouse gas emission crisis necessitates a robust scientific carbon accounting framework and innovative development approaches. Achieving emission peaks remains the primary goal for emission reduction. Guangdong Province, a pivotal region in China, faces pressure to reduce carbon emissions. In this study, data was leveraged from the China Carbon Accounting Database (CEADS) and panel data from the "Guangdong Statistical Yearbook" spanning 1997 to 2022. Factors impacting carbon emissions were selected based on Guangdong Province's carbon reduction goals, macroeconomic development strategies, and economic-population dynamics. To address multicollinearity, lasso regression identified key factors, including population size, economic development level, energy intensity, and technology factors. A novel STIRPAT extended model, combined with the BP neural network optimized using the TPE algorithm, enhanced carbon emission predictions for Guangdong Province. Employing scenario analysis, five scenarios were generated in alignment with the planning policies of Guangdong Province, to forecast carbon emissions from 2020 to 2050. The results suggest that to achieve a win-win situation for both economic development and environmental protection, Guangdong Province should prioritize the energy-saving scenario (S2), which aligns with the "13th Five-Year Plan's" ecological and green development directives, to reach a projected carbon peak of 637.05Mt by 2030. In conclusion, recommendations for carbon reduction are proposed in the areas of low-carbon transformation for the population, sustainable economic development, and the development of low-carbon technologies.

Carbon emissions trading scheme and regional total factor carbon productivity: based on temporal-spatial dual perspectives.

The carbon emissions trading scheme (CETS) in China is an important market-based environmental policy mechanism for decreasing carbon emissions. This paper calculates the total factor carbon productivity (TFCP) based on data from 275 cities in China from 2007 to 2020 using the DEA method and investigates the impact of the CETS on regional TFCP using the differences-in-differences (DID) method, all against the backdrop of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The research findings reveal that CETS has consistently improved TFCP in pilot cities, and this conclusion has held up following a number of robustness tests. Temporal heterogeneity experiments demonstrate that as implementation time increases, the enhancing effect takes on an inverted "U-shaped" structure with a 7-year effective lifetime. Spatial heterogeneity studies reveal that as one moves away from the pilot cities, the policy effect on surrounding cities' TFCP is inhibited, followed by facilitation. CETS policies can influence regional TFCP through the effects of green innovation and industry upgrading, according to mediation mechanism testing. We present policy recommendations based on the research findings for meeting the "dual" carbon goals and strengthening the carbon trading mechanism.

In Situ Toxicity Reduction and Food Safety Assessment of Pak Choi (Brassica campestris L.) in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil by Jointly Using Alkaline Passivators and Organic Fertilizer.

An economical and effective method is still lacking for cadmium (Cd) toxicity reduction and food product safety improvement in soil-vegetable systems. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce the Cd toxicity to pak choi (Brassica campestris L.) by jointly using passivators and organic fertilizer, highlighting food products' safety based on pot experiments. The results showed that compared with the control, organic fertilizer decreased the Cd content in edible parts and the soil's available Cd by 48.4% and 20.9% on average, respectively, due to the 0.15-unit increases in soil pH. Once jointly applied with passivators, the decrements increased by 52.3-72.6% and 32.5-52.6% for the Cd content in edible parts and for the soil's available Cd, respectively, while the pH increment increased by 0.15-0.46 units. Compared with the control, the transport factor of Cd was reduced by 61.9% and 50.9-55.0% when applying organic fertilizer alone and together with the passivators, respectively. The combination treatment of biochar and organic fertilizer performed the best in decreasing the Cd content in the edible parts and the soil's available Cd. The combination treatment of fish bone meal and organic fertilizer induced the greatest increases in soil pH. The grey relational analysis results showed that the combination treatment of biochar and organic fertilizer performed the best in reducing the potential Cd pollution risk, thereby highlighting the vegetable food safety. This study provides a potential economical and effective technology for toxicity reduction and food safety in Cd-polluted soil.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of dinutuximab ß for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma in China.

BACKGROUND: Dinutuximab ß can be used to treat children with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Due to its high price, whether dinutuximab ß is cost-effective for the treatment of high-risk NB remains uncertain. Therefore, assessing the cost-effectiveness of dinutuximab ß in children with high-risk NB is of high importance. METHODS: The health utilities and economic outcomes in children with high-risk NB were projected using a partitioned survival model. The individual patient data (IPD) of add-on treatment with dinutuximab ß (GD2 group) were derived from the literature, while the IPD of traditional therapy (TT group) were obtained from retrospective data of Shanghai Children's Medical Center. Treatment costs included drugs, adverse event-related expenses, and medical resource use. Utility values were obtained from the literature. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were measured over a 10-year time horizon. Deterministic sensitivity analyses (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were also conducted. RESULTS: Compared with the TT group, QALY increased in the GD2 group by 0.72 with an increased cost of $171,269.70, leading to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 236,462.75$/QALY. DSA showed that the price of dinutuximab ß was the main factor on the results than other parameters. Compared with the TT group, the GD2 group could not be cost-effective in the PSA at the $37,920/QALY threshold. CONCLUSION: Results found that dinutuximab ß is not a cost-effective treatment option for children with high-risk NB unless its price is significantly reduced.

Prognostic assessment of lung adenocarcinoma patients with early-staging diseases: a nomogram based on coagulation-related factors.

OBJECTIVES: Early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) has a great heterogeneity in prognosis that is difficult to evaluate effectively. Thus, we developed and validated an effective nomogram prognostic model based on the clinical and laboratory characteristics of stage I-IIA ADC. METHODS: We included 1585 patients with pathologically diagnosed stage I-IIA ADC who underwent surgery at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. The nomogram was constructed based on the peripheral blood test and coagulation test indicators and evaluated using Calibration plots, concordance index, decision curve analysis and the X-tile software. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazard regression model. The primary end point of this study was RFS. RESULTS: Thrombin time and 4 clinical indicators for RFS were integrated into nomograms. A favourable agreement between the nomogram prediction and validation was observed in the calibration curves for RFS probabilities. The concordance index of the nomogram to predict RFS was 0.736 (95% confidence interval, 0.717-0.755). Moreover, significant differences were shown between the high-risk and low-risk groups in RFS and OS (P < 0.001) after effective cut-off values of risk points were found based on the nomogram. CONCLUSIONS: We established and validated a prognostic nomogram including thrombin time to predict RFS and OS of stage I-IIA ADC patients. This nomogram provided an effective prediction ability for the prognosis of stage I-IIA ADC patients.

The Assessment of Withdrawal Interval for Enrofloxacin in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after Multiple Oral Administrations at Disparate Temperatures.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the residue depletion of EF and CF in yellow catfish to estimate its WTs in plasma and tissues after multiple oral doses for 3 days at 20 mg/kg at 15, 20, and 25 °C. Samples were collected at pre-designed time points after oral doses. A validated method was performed to quantify EF and CF in plasma and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. Statistical differences were conducted using one-way ANOVA analysis. According to the maximum residue limit of China and Europe considering 95% percentile with 95% confidence, the WTs were estimated to be 44, 72, 66, 99, and 95 days at 15 °C; 32, 66, 65, 86, and 73 days at 20 °C; and 32, 61, 64, 55, and 59 days at 25 °C in the plasma, muscle and skin, gill, liver, and kidney, respectively. We found that increased temperature shortened the WTs in plasma and tissues. Therefore, this study can help the risk assessment of EF in aquatic products for human health at different temperatures to avoid residue violation.